Journal 36 - acharya ng ranga agricultural university

98 Pages·2009·0.47 MB·English

J.Res. ANGRAU 36(2&3)1-8, 2008
INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL
PROPERTIES OF VERTISOL UNDER SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor) -
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum) CROPPING SEQUENCE
M. B. DHONDE and B. D. BHAKARE
Department of Agronomy, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri,
District- Ahmednagar, Maharashtra-413722
ABSTRACT
A field experiment on integrated nutrient management in sorghum – wheat cropping sequence
comprising ten treatments was laid out in randomized block design at Main Centre for Cropping System
Research Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 consecutively
for two years to develop appropriate integrated nutrient management system under irrigated condition.
Incorporation of FYM, wheat straw and glyricidia leaves for 25 or 50 per cent N substitution in conjunction with
balanced dose of NPK fertilizers increased infiltration rate, water stable aggregates and organic matter, the
values of which ranged from 0.88 to 0.92 cm h-1, 0.82 to 0.96 mm and 1.10 to 1.27 per cent, respectively;
whereas bulk density decreased from 1.32 to 1.22 Mg m-3. The soil reaction and electrical conductivity
remained unaffected while the organic carbon content increased appreciably and ranged from 0.68 to 0.74 per
cent. The available N, PO and KO status improved after harvest of both the crops due to integrated nutrient
2 5 2
management by the application of 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilisers and 50 per cent N equivalent
with FYM to sorghum in kharif and recommended dose of fertilisers to wheat in rabi than the continuous
application of recommended dose of fertilisers to both the crops.
Sustainable agriculture involves successful management of resources for increased
agricultural production to satisfy changing human needs, while maintaining or enhancing the
environment and natural resources (FAO, 1989). Chavan et al. (2007) reported that the physico-
chemical properties of the soil improved significantly by the addition of organic manures and
that there was very little change due to inorganic fertilisers. It is apparent that there is a need
to generate more information on integrated nutrient recommendations for cropping system
for sustained crop production through increased soil productivity in long term experiments.
The information on the effects of continuously added fertilisers and manures on the physico-
chemical properties in calcareous soils (vertisols) under sorghum- wheat cropping is quite
meagre and needs to be generated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted at the Main Centre for Cropping Systems
Research Project, MPKV, Rahuri. The clay textured soil (fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic
family of Vertic Haplustepts) of the experimental plot was alkaline in nature with pH 8.2, EC
0.27 dS m 1 and organic carbon content of 0.64 per cent. The available N, P O and K O were
2 5 2
153, 32 and 595 kg ha-1, respectively. The soil had 1.32 Mg m-3 bulk density, 0.76 cm h-1
infiltration rate and 27.2 per cent water stable aggregates. A permanent plot experiment on
integrated nutrient supply system in sorghum-wheat crop sequence is in progress since
E-mail- [email protected]
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DHONDE and BHAKARE
1985. This study was conducted for two years during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 as a part of
this trial. The experiment consisted of following ten treatments with four replications involving
use of various levels of NPK fertilisers alone and in combination with organic sources viz;
farm yard manure, wheat straw and glyricidia leaves in a randomized block design. The
recommended dose of 120:60:60 kg NPK ha-1 was used for both the crops.
Treatment details
Tr. Kharif sorghum (CSH- 9) Rabi wheat (HD-2189)
T No fertiliser, no organic manure No fertiliser, no organic manure (control)
1
(control)
T 50% recommended NPK dose 100% recommended NPK dose
2
through fertilisers through fertilisers (120:60:60 kg ha-1)
T 75% recommended NPK dose 75% recommended NPK dose through
3
through fertilisers fertilisers
T 100% recommended NPK dose 100% recommended NPK dose through
4
through fertilisers (120:60:60 kg ha-1) fertilisers
T 50% recommended NPK dose 100% recommended NPK dose through
5
through fertilisers + 50% N fertilisers
through FYM
T 75% recommended NPK dose 75% recommended NPK dose through
6
through fertilisers + 25% N fertilisers
through FYM
T 50% recommended NPK dose 100% recommended NPK dose through
7
through fertilisers + 50% N through fertilisers
wheat straw
T 75% recommended NPK dose 75% recommended NPK dose through
8
through fertilisers + 25% N through fertilisers
wheat straw
T 50% recommended NPK dose 100% recommended NPK dose through
9
through fertilisers + 50% N through fertilisers
glyricidia
T 75% recommended NPK dose 75% recommended NPK dose through
10
through fertilisers + 25% N through fertilisers
glyricidia
The organic manures were incorporated in soil one month before sowing of kharif
sorghum on the basis of nitrogen content as per treatments. Composite soil samples (0-30
cm) were collected from each plot treatment wise before the sowing and harvesting of kharif
sorghum and rabi wheat and analysed for physical and chemical properties as per the standard
analytical methods.
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INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL PROPERTIES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The physical and chemical properties of soil were influenced by the conjoint use of organic
manures and inorganic fertilisers to sorghum- wheat cropping sequence.
Physical Properties
The data on changes in physical properties of the soil due to different nutrient
management treatments in sorghum - wheat cropping system is presented in table 1.
Table 1. Influence of integrated nutrient management on physical properties of soil in
sorghum- wheat cropping sequence
Bulk density Infiltration Hydraulic Water Organic
Treatment
Mg m-3 rate condu- stable matter
ctivity aggre- (%)
Tr. Kharif Rabi (cm h-1) (cm h-1 gates
(mm)
Initial values (1999-2000) 1.32 0.76 1.63 0.74 1.10
T Control contro 1.32 0.80 1.44 0.70 0.67
1
T 50% RDF* 100% RDF* 1.31 0.78 1.42 0.72 0.79
2
T 75% RDF 75% RDF 1.29 0.76 1.40 0.72 0.89
3
T 100% RDF 100% RDF 1.30 0.76 1.42 0.75 0.96
4
T 50% RDF+50% 100% RDF 1.25 0.89 1.86 0.86 1.27
5
N(FYM)*
T 75% RDF +25% 75% RDF 1.28 0.85 1.84 0.82 1.20
6
N(FYM)
T 50% RDF+50% 100% RDF 1.22 0.92 1.94 0.96 1.20
7
N(WS)*
T 75%RDF+25% 75% RDF 1.24 0.90 1.90 0.92 1.17
8
N(WS)
T 50% RDF+50% 100% RDF 1.26 0.88 1.76 0.84 1.17
9
N(GLM)*
T 75%RDF+25% 75% RDF 1.29 0.84 1.72 0.82 1.10
10
N(GLM)
SE+ 0.01 0.02 0.011 0.02 0.02
CD at 5% 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.04
* R DF- Recommended dose of fertiliser WS- Wheat straw
GLM- Glyricidia leaf manure FYM- Farm Yard Manure
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DHONDE and BHAKARE
The bulk density of the soil did not change significantly due to the application of
different levels of fertilisers or control after two years of sorghum - wheat intensive cropping
compared to the initial value. The infiltration rate of water was significantly more in the
control but remained unchanged due to the application of different levels of fertilisers. The
integrated nutrient management by the application of 50 per cent recommended dose of
fertilisers alongwith 50 per cent fertiliser N equivalent organic addition through FYM, wheat
straw or glyricidia to sorghum in kharif and application of recommended dose of fertilisers to
wheat in rabi significantly reduced the bulk density and increased the rate of infiltration of
water compared to control and the initial values. This effect was also similar to the integrated
nutrient management to supply 75 per cent level of nutrients through fertilisers and 25 per
cent N equivalent through these organics in kharif while applying 75 per cent recommended
dose of fertilisers to wheat in rabi.
The hydraulic conductivity and water stable aggregates of the unfertilised soil reduced
significantly after two years of intensive cropping. These properties were similar to control
by the application of different levels of fertiliser. But, the integrated nutrient management
treatments by substituting 75 or 25 per cent N fertiliser with FYM, wheat straw or glyricidia
significantly improved these physical properties. This effect was most prominent by combined
application of wheat straw than FYM or glyricidia with 50 or 75 per cent recommended dose
of fertilisers. The soil organic matter reduced from the initial 1.10 to 0.67 per cent after two
cycles of intensive cropping of sorghum - wheat without the application of fertilisers. It
increased with increase in the level of fertilisers to 0.96 per cent at the recommended level
to both the crops. The combined application of FYM, wheat straw or glyricidia by substituting
50 or 25 per cent N fertilisers in the kharif significantly enriched the soil with organic matter
at the end of two years intensive cropping. The improvement in physical properties of the
soil and organic matter was due to the addition of organic components alongwith inorganic
fertilisers showing significant impact of organic manure in improving the soil structure and
thereby providing better environment for root development and aeration. Similar results were
also reported by Bangar (1991), Lomte et al. (1993) and Patil (1997).
Chemical properties
The data on chemical properties of soil in sorghum- wheat cropping sequence is
presented in table 2. The pH and EC of the soil did not differ significantly due to different
nutrient management practices initially before the sowing of crop in kharif 1999. The pH did
not change even in the second year after the harvest of sorghum or wheat. The EC was
similar after the harvest of sorghum and wheat as in the beginning in unfertilised control. But,
it increased after the harvest of sorghum and again declined after the harvest of wheat in rest
of the treatments. This might be due to the increase in buffering capacity of the soil particularly
in treatments with organic manures. Similar results were also reported by Khiani and More
(1984). The soil fertilised with recommended dose of nutrients had 0.30 EC after the harvest
of sorghum compared to 0.26 in unfertilised soil. This might be due to the accumulation of
salts liberated from the chemical fertilisers. Khiani and More (1984) and Patil (1997) reported
similar results. But, increasing dose of the fertiliser application to wheat did not influence the
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INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL PROPERTIES
eat of wheat Organic carbon (%) 0.39 0.46 0.53 0.55 0.73 0.74 0.69 0.68 0.70 0.67 0.01 0.03
m- wh arvest EC -1 dS m 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.11 0.022
sorghu After h pH 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.2 0.11 NS
n
es of soil i orghum Organic carbon (%) 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.56 0.74 0.70 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.64 0.03 0.05
al properti harvest of s EC -1 dS m 0.26 0.30 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.30 0.02 0.04
nt management on chemiccropping sequence Initial value After (1999-2000) Organic EC pH -1 carbon dS m(%) 0.26 0.37 8.2 0.25 0.45 8.1 0.25 0.50 8.0 0.26 0.53 8.1 0.25 0.73 8.0 0.23 0.71 8.1 0.25 0.71 8.0 0.25 0.68 8.1 0.24 0.69 8.1 0.23 0.65 8.1 0.02 0.01 0.06 NS 0.02 NS WS - Wheat straw FYM - Farm Yard Manure
Table 2. Effect of integrated nutrie Treatment Kharif Rabi pH Control control 8.2 50% RDF* 100%RDF* 8.1 75% RDF 75%RDF 8.2 100%RDF 100%RDF 8.2 50% RDF 100%RDF 8.1 +50% N (FYM)* 75%RDF 75%RDF 8.1 +25% N (FYM) 50% RDF 100%RDF 8.2 +50% N (WS)* 75%RDF 75%RDF 8.1 +25% N (WS) 50% RDF 100%RDF 8.2 +50% N (GLM)* 75%RDF 75%RDF 8.1 +25% N (GLM) SE ± 0.07 CD at 5% NS Recommended dose of fertilisers Glyricidia leaf manure
Treat. No. T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 T 10 * RDF - GLM -
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DHONDE and BHAKARE
EC. The integrated nutrient management by substituting 25 or 50% N fertiliser with FYM or
glyricidia had similar effect as with fertilisers after the harvest of the two crops. But the
substitution of wheat straw in kharif significantly increased the EC both after the kharif and
rabi seasons. Initially, the soil had 0.37 per cent organic carbon in unfertilised soil. It increased
significantly in the fertilised soil with recommended level of nutrients to 0.53 per cent. The
integrated nutrient management treatments further increased the organic carbon significantly.
This trend was persistent even after the harvest of both the sequence crops. Build up of
organic carbon due to continuous application of organic manures and fertilisers could be
attributed to addition of organic matter and also proliferation of roots due to higher biomass
production. Similar results were also reported by More (1994) and Patil (1997).
Available N, P O and K O
2 5 2
The soil available nutrients were substantially influenced by different nutrient
management treatments (Table 3). Initially, the soil had 153.00 kg N, 32.06 kg P O and
2 5
Table 3. Effect of integrated nutrient management on available N, P and K of soil in
sorghum- wheat cropping sequence
Treatment After harvest of sorghum After harvest of wheat
Tr. Kharif Rabi N PO K O N PO K O
2 5 2 2 5 2
Initial values (1999-2000) 153.00 32.06 595.20 - - -
T Control Control 110.40 19.40 552.00 115.30 20.84 528.96
1
T 50% RDF* 100%RDF* 136.20 22.46 621.84 142.30 25.83 719.16
2
T 75% RDF 75% RDF 135.10 33.71 648.96 151.40 32.29 654.84
3
T 100% RDF 100% RDF 210.20 33.71 691.68 195.60 32.65 708.24
4
T 50% RDF + 100% RDF 240.50 38.82 774.12 235.80 37.83 798.72
5
50%N(FYM)*
T 75% RDF+ 75% RDF 216.60 33.71 722.04 215.70 34.07 729.60
6
25%N(FYM)
T 50% RDF + 100% RDF 210.10 43.42 714.48 207.10 36.87 750.48
7
50% N(WS)*
T 75% RDF + 75% RDF 194.30 35.10 658.32 195.90 34.69 685.08
8
25% N(WS)
T 50% RDF 100% RDF 207.00 39.50 655.44 203.60 34.30 705.84
9
50%N(GLM)*
T 75% RDF+ 75% RDF 191.30 28.37 624.12 188.90 29.44 641.76
10
25%N(GLM)
SE+ 1.78 1.71 5.09 5.61 1.58 3.12
CD at 5% 3.65 3.53 10.45 11.52 3.25 6.40
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INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL PROPERTIES
595.20 kg K O ha-1. The respective soil available nutrient reduced to 110.40, 19.40 and
2
552.00 kg ha-1 in the unfertilised control after the harvest of sorghum. After the harvest of
subsequent wheat, the soil had 115.30, 20.84 and 528.96 kg ha-1 available N, P O and K O.
2 5 2
The availability of these nutrients increased with increase in the levels of fertiliser application
to the two crops. The soil had larger quantity of 210.20, 33.71 and 691.68 available N, P O
2 5
and K O ha-1 after the harvest of sorghum supplied with recommended dose of fertilisers.
2
Similarly, a larger quantity of 195.00, 32.65 and 708.24 kg N, P O and K O was available
2 5 2
after the harvest of wheat supplied with recommended dose of fertilisers. A large balance of
available N and K O was recorded due to the recommended dose of fertilisers after the
2
harvest of sorghum due to the combined application of 50 per cent recommended dose of
fertilisers with FYM to substitute 50 per cent N or the application of 75 per cent recommended
dose of fertilisers and FYM equivalent to 25 per cent N fertiliser. These integrated nutrient
management treatments in kharif also had a significant residual effect in that a larger quantity
of N, P O and K O were available after the harvest of succeeding crop of wheat. This may
2 5 2
be attributed to the conjoint application of organic manures and inorganic fertilisers to the
sorghum- wheat cropping sequence. The results are in conformity to those obtained by Das
et al. (2003) under cotton-wheat and Chavan et al. (2007) under sorghum- wheat cropping
sequences.
REFERENCES
Bangar, A. R. 1991. Quantitative evaluation of efficiency of soil tests and fertiliser responses
to sorghum cv. CSH-8R through some soil fertility appraisal techniques under varying
moisture regimes of dryland vertisols. Ph. D. Thesis submitted to MPKV, Rahuri.
Chavan, D. A., Deshmukh, M. S., More, S. S. and Narkhede, W. N. 2007. Impact of long-
term fertiliser application on yield and nutrient availability in sorghum- wheat cropping
system. Paper presented at the state level seminar on soil health enhancement for
food and environmental security, Parbhani 12-13 October 2007.
Das Anup, Prasad M. and Gautam, R. C. 2003. Residual effect of organic and inorganic
sources of nitrogen applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on succeeding wheat
(Triticum aestivum). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 49 (3): 143-146.
FAO 1989. Sustainable development and natural resource management. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, FAO Agriculture series No. 22, Chapter 3,
pp. 84-90.
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DHONDE and BHAKARE
Khiani, K. N. and More, D. A. 1984. Long term effect of tillage operations and farm yard
manure application on soil properties and crop yield in vertisol. Journal of Indian Society
of Soil Science. 32 (3): 392-393.
Lomte, M. H., Ateeque. M., Bharambe, P. R. and Kawarkhe, P. K. 1993. Influence of sorghum
legume associationship on physico-chemical properties of soil. Journal of Maharashtra
agricultural University
More, S. D. 1994. Effect of farm yard wastes and organic manures on soil properties, nutrient
availability and yield of rice-wheat grown on sodic vertisol. Journal of Indian Society
of Soil Science. 42 (2): 252-256
Patil, B. P. 1997. Effect of integrated nutrient management on the forms of soil N, P and K
and their availability under sorghum-wheat sequence in vertisol. Ph. D. Thesis submitted
to MPKV, Rahuri.
8
J.Res. ANGRAU 36(2&3)9 - 16, 2008
COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD
COMPONENTS IN SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.)
E. RAGHUNAIAH, A. GANGA KISHAN and N.A. ANSARI
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030
ABSTRACT
Heterosis and combining ability studies were carried out for yield and yield components in 24
sesame hybrids and their ten parents during rabi, 2005. The results revealed that sca variances were higher
than gca variances indicating the preponderance of non-additive gene action for all traits studied except days
to 50 per cent flowering. EC-310447, KIS-282-2, Swetha thil and JCS-9426 were best combiners for seed yield
per plant along with their major yield contributing traits. KIS-282-2 x Swetha thil followed by JCS-402 x JCS-
9426 and EC-310447 x Swetha thil tested highest standard heterosis and significant sca for seed yield per
plant. Most of the crosses which recorded high sca effects involved at least one parent with desirable gca
effect for that trait.
The knowledge on nature and magnitude of gene action determines the selection of
parents, which when crossed will result in heterotic hybrids or higher proportions of
transgressive segregants. Combining ability analysis provides this information and is frequently
used by plant breeders as a tool to evaluate the prepotency of cultures to be used in breeding
programme to assess the gene action involved in various characters so as to design an
appropriate and efficient breeding method. Information on magnitude of hybrid vigour is
prerequisite in the development of hybrids or varieties with desirable traits. Hence, an attempt
was made in the present investigation to estimate the heterosis and combining ability for
important yield components in sesame.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials for the present study consisted of six lines viz., EC-310439 (L ), EC-
1
310447 (L ), EC-107936 (L ), RT-125 (L ), JCS-402 (L ) and KIS-282-2 (L ) and four testers
2 3 4 5 6
viz., Swetha thil (T ), RT-46 (T ), RT-127 (T ) and JCS-9426 (T ). Twenty four hybrids were
1 2 3 4
evolved by crossing these lines with the testers in “LxT mating design” during kharif, 2004.
These hybrids along with their parents were raised in a randomized block design replicated
thrice during rabi, at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Swetha
thil was the standard check. Each entry was raised in single row of 6 m length with a spacing
of 30 x 30 cm. Recommended package of practices was followed to establish good crop
stand. Observations on five randomly selected plants on each row in each replication were
E-mail : [email protected]
9
RAGHUNAIAH et.al
recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of
effective primaries, number of effective capsules per plant, capsule length (cm), number of
seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight (g), oil content (%) and seed yield per plant (g). The
mean data collected was utilised for estimating the gca and sca effects through Line x
Tester mating design as per Kempthorne (1957). The heterosis was calculated as the superiority
of the F over mid parent. The relative heterosis over better parent as heterobeltiosis and
1
over standard check as standard heterosis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of variance (Table 1) indicated significant differences among lines for
days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primaries, number of
effective capsules per plant and oil content. But there were no significant differences for
grain yield. With exception of capsule length and oil content, all other traits exhibited significant
differences among testers. The interaction between lines and testers was significant for all
yield components indicating the existence of wide variability in the material under study. The
variance components of sca were of higher magnitude than gca variances for all the characters
studied. Further, the ratio of gca to sca variances was less than unity for all characters
suggesting that majority of the total genetic variation was due to non-additive gene action.
Days to 50 per cent flowering might be conditioned by both additive and non-additive gene
action. Jayalaxmi et al. (1999), Mishra and Sikarwar (2001), Sankar and Kumar (2003),
Saravanan and Nandaranjan (2003), Kumar et al. (2004) and Mothilal and Manoharan (2004)
also reported similar type of results in different combining ability studies.
The study of gca effects (Table 2) revealed that RT 125 and RT 127 were good
combiners for earliness in hybrids. For plant height and number of effective primaries, EC-
310447 and Swetha thil recorded low significant positive gca indicating good combiners for
these traits. JCS-402, EC-310447, KIS-282-2 and Swetha thil recorded high gca for number
of effective capsules, number of seeds per capsule and seed yield per plant indicating good
combiners. Gca of parents revealed that the lines EC-310447, JCS-402, KIS-282-2 and
testers Swetha thil and JCS-9426 were best combiners for seed yield per plant. They also
possessed desirable gca effects for several characters studied and could be considered as
good combiners for yield and components.
The specific combining ability studies for all ten characters in 24 hybrids (Table 3)
revealed that the cross EC-310439 x RT-127 was the best specific combination for seed
yield per plant. This also had a significant negative effect for days to 50 per cent flowering
but desirable effect for number of primaries, number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed
weight Another cross EC-107936 x Swetha thil showed desirable sca effects for plant height,
10