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Jon Elster - Comportamentul social - ALL (2013) PDF

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I...XLAIININGS OC:IAl.llliHAVIOUR. Mo� NUl�<n dIl0l ,. r,"hS.eoc iaSlc icncco ln"El ..... Copynp,ClJOJII'lOJO7. oer F.i., .. .b.l ishcd 2007b y, lSoycn dic"3r,1 loCcPms "f, hUen ivcrsoifre.lyml hridJc. E"slnad.Rcpri n,.d2003.lOO9.2010 COMI'ORTAMENTUSLOCIAII'uM .......n.., d�txpliIconpl iiicniJCk .. .a.1e lOJEII . ... ::".opyrIa/o ,C20I,rldiN/'lAll DcIcrtueIQP. IIiIIIiDMcH�D"'. """"11Î ElSI'ER.JON Com.--umd-'al, li.. u l... .al lcletxpllc:Dtld la pilDjeIe lIDdale I JOJII'J:s, rado.I,e .. nr uClh it. - lIuculllfliE,el iiuAraLL2 01.� Bibliosr· '''� ISBN978-606·S37-068-O 1. Cl\it. IonU(II IK.) '" f_drqlwrile_ MIC EdiwrAiLiL. 'liCÎpOm cdiXCInI volunmu .- ,tfi aopiad BI:Ii.. ..n 'i.....i.seu . isI.E di,uALrLi i OoqIWIik-dcdilni""'ieln"�;IfIP\lnlnoxdudriwc c.diwrii. -\lrlipl..l.. ....... 1h..eclisuiburion oflhboioks_idclWnania.wilhmudoewri''''n ",""issionofALLisllrielcld.y prohiloil :.:opyriCIg2 lu0 13b yA LL •.cI i..". .A LL: Bcl.e.onsmoelOtÎlornr.2OA.cl.'. KCIOr6.cod06O�12_""B"u,<i 'fcL:OlI40226oo Fu, 021� 022610 [)cp.1n:unc nNldislribTuo:Il.i0:c2, 1 �022630:0l1�0l26.U :omcnzib: [email protected] www;�ll.ro :\odacun:, "ICodon.Nkulau.Arla-Mw o..lCU fdonon:d:ac l""': <;budiul"'J"OCUl :::on:.:,ul:li: A. .M.a.r i.13IlIb Jc.igncopcnJ: .-\IclQndruNcwx Iipiri.lac'N.I..Corai·S.A. Ion Elster COMPORTAMENTUL SOCIAL FundameexnptleiÎlcşneat ţiiisenoiţc eilael e AII Cuprins PREFŢAĂ.. ..................................................1..1.. ........................................... INTRODUCERE. ......................................................................................1 5 1.. ..EX PLICAŢŞIIME E CANISM.E... .................................... 21 1.E xplic..a...ţ.i..a.. .......................................................................2.3 2.M ecanism...e..l.e.... ...............................................................4.3.. . 3.In terrepta.r..e...a... ...........................................................6.1.. ....... II.. ..G ÂNDIRE.A... .................................................................7 5 4.M otiva.�.i..i..l...e... ...........................................................8.2.. ....... S.I nteresul �piae lrtsrounia..s.l.m. ...u...l. ...................................1. 00 6.M iopişeih ipermet.r....o.p..i..e.... ..................................1....1...4.. . 7.C redin.\.e.....1..e... .............................................................1. .2.6.. . 8.E moţi.i.l..e.. ............................................................................1 45 II..I..A CŢIUN.E...A... ...........................................................1 61 9.D orinşţioe p ortun..i...t..ă...ţ.i.. ..............................................1 .63 10P.e rsoşanise i tu.a..ţ...i...i... .....................................................1.. 75 11A.l egerraeţai o.n...a.l..ă.. ........................................................1..8. 7 12R.a ţionalşiict oamtpeo rtam...e..n...t.. .....................................2. 07 13R.e aqliaii raţion.a..l.i....t...a..t.e.. .........................................2.2..4. 14C.â teivmap licaţii asuprtae xirnd..t.o.er...t.. ..p..r..e...t...ă....r.2i 3i6 IV.. ..L ECŢDIEIS PRINSDEI NŞ TIINŢNEALTEU RI!..2..4 .7 1S .F iziolşoing eiuer oşt..i...i..n....ţ..e.... ........................................2. 51 16E.x plicparţiicnao nsecşiisn eţlee Cnţaitau r.a1....ă... ...................2 60 17S.e lecşţici oam portamentuulm an... .....................................2. .7..4 v ....I NTERACŢIUN.E..A... ........................................2...8..5... . 18C.o nsecinneţien ten{.i...o...n.a..t..e.... ......................................2.8 6 19I.m craqiusnteraa t.e..g..i...c....i... ...........................................2.. 97 20J.o curşiicl oem portame...n.t.u...l.... ........................................3. 13 21.Î ncred.e..r...e...a.. ....................................................................3 24 22N.o rmesloe ci..a...l..e.. .............................................................3. 32 23F.o rmardeeac redinţe .c.o...l.c....c..c....i....v....e.. ...............3..4 .8. .... 24A.C ţiunceoal ec..d..v...ă.. .........................................................3 .62. 25D.e cizia c.o..l..e...c.....d...V.l.i... ................................................3. 73 26O.r ganizşaiiţ nisit i.t...u...ţ..i....i... ..........................................3. .96 CONCLUZIEES:T PEO SIBIŞLĂT IINsŢoAc IALĂ?. ....4.. 11 INDE.X.. .....................................................................4..3..3... .... Cartdeeafa ţăe stoe e di{eixet işnirs eăv izauv iotlău mucluum ia rseu ccdeecs r i� ricNiu a/sn Bdo folrtt IsSM o cSiâaelnJ ocnEes l.sra ebro rdeian2z ă6d e c apitsoulce� cinntaet uerxap licaiţnşi teiii nsţoeclieoa fleer iÎnnad c,e ltaişmipo , a nalais ztăă rilor mentalcer e-didnosrei,şn iţe em oţ-icia rseu nptr ecursaolaaecr �ei uonc ioim,p ara�ie sistemaam toidceăl ucloumip ortamfuenndtaam1e npteat te orailae grearţiiio cnua le sisteamletleer naot diivsec,uc ţupi rei vliacr eep otî nvăşţtai insţoeclieda ilnne e uro­ ştiişnibt ieo loegvioal uţiopnriesctuşămio, t recienrr ee vismteăc aan ismienltoerr ac­ ţiunsioic idaell eac, o mportamsetnrtautlpe âgnilăcad eciczoilae cAtuitvoăr.ou felr oă pte7.egnetnaerraeau lnăom re caniesxmpel icatiîvnşe t�icihnesţioeecl ieba alzeâ,n du-se pes utdeee xempşlifăe c ânadp ellao marvea riedteas tuer -spes iholeocgoineo,m ie comportamebm:iaollăo.şg tiiei.pn oţlei tiiscteo.flr lioes,o �6ile i teraFtoulroăs.ui nn d limbaacjc esşiieb liilb edreja atr gosnpuelc iaElliszriaentrcearcă, săfi ec âmta ip recşiis clairne xpunesraefără,a săr ecurgă,l ami ondseăl,e formale. rnptrro�voo �c oncluzie catoaErles.ta epră rcăa ractceernutlar lşa tli insţoecliocarall iet aattiâvîtem potroibv�a scurantisslmau(bll uiit ecrâaştria )o ,b scurantitsamr(uedl teui mipa tematic). JonE lsteesrtP er ofe(sCohra idreRe a tionae1eS ictiee nScoecsi allaCe osl)l edgee France. aFlAe claldoewm iei AmerAinceşa iŞn tei idneţ e, şpiCr oercruems ponding FellaolAw c ademBireiit aneisctbeee, n eficiuanroubrlu rsaec orddaetF eu ndaJ{oihan SimoGnu ggenhşeiid meF undaRţuisas Sealglep ,ri natlrtee DleeE.l. st aep rr edlaat UniversdiitCnah tieac aşgilo aU niversCiotlautmeabş iiaad eţincaulti tdaept reoaf e­ sor�inavlmi utlattuo nri versdiitSnăt �aitU enlierş eiE uropEas.ta eu torsuaeuld itorul at rei�ziep cait rduec ărp{rii.n cterleme a ir ecennutmeă rânduT-ramsei:t ionaljustiu iHni sroPreirscpaşecti/i&v trei buatnRnidtio tnu itthni� oTr na nsroiDem tioomzeyn. PenJtonrua tfhJiaao nn na PREFAŢĂ Am incepsUăs( c rciaur tdeefaa � cui ntendţeai r ae vioz cuair preec arame pu­ blicaitn1- o9 N8u9al.nSB d o foltsrt iSuo cSidamlcî netsr-fi.un naa li .q iotc ardtees ­ tudle d ife�rimjtu ălm ta ia mbi�idoeacistaăm d oriÎnti �Ciaaln.e aac opeorv ăa rie[ace mulmta im ardee s ubieccuto e c,a ntisceamtnei ficmaatimi avr dee d etalşiiii n rc-un modd ea borddairfeer Ciutt .o actăen oucaa pitaoual cee letaişdiuc raii n c artperae ­ cedendtoăa.cr a piml9eş 1i2e 4a u r ămaîsnb unmăă sunrear evizuite. Deşeis tceu prinzăctaoracnreueas . ev reuan t ratEastt.ie n.a celtaişmipmai . pu­ {ind.a rş im aim uldte câutn[ ratEastt.ie n,t r-muonde lemenitnafro.r şmipal e rso­ nalo. p rezendteai rdeec ia raeu c,r eedu u,n p otencţoinasli depreanbtiarll u ă muri componamesnotcuilFa oll.o sfoeasrct meu lteex empmluel,t dei nterlece u caract er anecdostailuci tealrtaerlfă.ec ânadp ellas mdimia is istemaAtligceebu.rt ai,l iÎzant ă mods poradniudc e,p ăş�ntiev edleul li ceîuna. c eltaişmipc ,a rtaeraoe abordare metodoloşgifii lcoăs orfiacÎrăn tâlînnicăr"\: tiăl ed en ivienlt roduScect oinvt.u roe ază Incerdceaa rp el aşstai instoeclieÎa nld eo menimualil araglş tiinî�nlgo ern erdaol­. menicua rien cluaddetş tiinnţaetluer caâlşteiş . t iinuţmealnei sStece o.n turează. de asemenoeÎ an.c ercarae-fa lcd eep ec itictoonrş tdieem notd uîlnc arper incigpeiniel­e ralaele ex plicraeţgileeim enctoenaszăt rdueit reeoarc uip ir eteenxtpilii cative. Caractneortuellb oirb liogorfaefripicetene t fireuc acraep irteofll eicmtpăo rtanţa dinc ei nc em aim araeI nterneÎtnus lpueic,ai u anlo sru �c aW ikipedGioao,g le. comş iS cholar.Googîlnet.rcucocimât.ti tpoortgi ăisr ie ferirneţleelveaÎ nntt iem p foartsec uratm. o missp ecificsaurresaep leonrt mruul tdei ntarfier matpieicare lel e fac şip entdreus copeprtier7i.leenî tnsa cthei.m îbn.c esrăc-g ih idpeezc itictăotrrie căqi-sursă icămtprouern tealdneit netc,ră er tmioldee rcnlea sciăctecr.ăqe i ş ia rticole des peciaclairtseau tnsetu rsuenloetr e -m«a ig redued episctuaa jtu toIrnutle rnetului şic ătaruet odreil ac araem împrumuattaâdtte m ulÎtn câdta,cin ui -amşe ntiona, 12! P REFAŢĂ acelsutc arruj ustiufnij caod ce c uvinctupe r oprmieuuln ume( Euinrg eerrman Îăn � seamncăo �ofană).1 Cu coaci.te t extpurlo priuc-ozni�sip nUef irneefe rilna�a utocroin temporani, iim en�joineextensnzo peA ristoSteenle.cM ao,n taigLan eR,o chefoucSaaumlude.l JohnsoHn.,CA .n dersSetne,n dhTaolc,q uevPirlolUepS.rt e.c uşmip ea 1a�uit ocrlia ­ siccia,rd em b surlsiet eirnaerpeu izdaeib pioltece azuez aNlee-.a dme bardaesm au l­ tei ntupir{c=i�ii doaacsaăem i gnomreac anissmuegleer daefit leo solfiiet,e ratteuartăr.u şip oezDiaec.nă e glidjoăumă zşeicc iin dceis ecodleme e ditaafsiuepm rian taici{,i ­ unişiii nteracÎ�njfa uvnoiairu elat imseuitd eea nsia uau ltimzecei loarn ia,t unncei expunpeemr icodleua lp uiie rfodaer tmeu ltf.ic itpecza ceşatuit oria tnâpute ntar u recurlgaae u toriltoarct,iep ean tard ua m otitveem einiinfc aev oaurneeali e ctcuur·i prinzătmoualrmtea .iv alordoeacsâlăet c tduern ai şFăa.ca c eaisnto ap ozidţiiree ccut ă ceecaem is ep arceăe stoe c ominpurăo resiona1aiş ztairien s�odcoir(a Îlsnep ecÎinal Americtae)n.d icaren {nău ·iin curadjeelapoză ecs tudesnăÎf niv elţiem bsit răşiisn ăe citealsictăe rmaatiuv reăc hveo;l umduelfa � estoep ledoeaxrtiiepn esnăt ora ub orda· rec uprinzăats otaurdei suolcuiie tăţii. înp regătmiarneuas crisauml buein.e ficdieaa ts istşeinc �o mentadriinpi a r· team ultopre rsoanAIe .t rebsuăim ulţumeisncp .r imurlâ nds.t udenţmielido er laU niversiCtoaltuemabp iean tîrnut reblăorarig leerş eip emrcuo mentaermiii·l e sel ac ursÎunlcare am prezenpteantu pur imdaa tiăd eielxep uÎsnec artdeeafa ţă. Sugestvieinlidete el aP ablKalom anovimn i·afuo sÎtnm odd eosefboilto sitoare. AanunHdy HanşdiO le·JlugSeknoa gu p etretcrueztii lceum inela C ollioduirsec u­ tinodp rimvăe rsiauc năer ţAipio.iÎ .nO sloi.m preucnuHă y llaKradr.Ol . M oenşei JohRno ernearm.c ontinduiastc upfepi aar curusnuezlii lşeij umătaCtoem.e ntariile lonru n umaciă m ·aus alvdaelt a m ult(em ultger!e)ş dearl mii. -asuu gerdaeat s.e ­ menemao,d uiln care aş putesaăc ompleştise ăcz. o nsoleixdpeuzn eirdeeai Ilios ru.n t recunosÎcnăs tpoercl iualRi o emepre ntfraup tcuăml - ai ndemnsaăst c roi cuo ncIu· zieA.m primciotm entraerfeirii tloaai rmer egmualn uscdreil saD iegGoa mbetta, RajSa a.h şid el au nr ecenzceanratep refersaărt ă mânaăn oniCmo.m entarliuiil e Gambetta mmeerniţtiăo nianmt oed s pecÎinalt ruacuâfo ts tf oardteet alşiiad tee maraej utAomr p.u rtcaotn verustaiţcliueWi a ltMeirs chdeels pirdee iplree zenitna te capit1olş0uicare l, inb unmăă suriăai,p arţAimn p.r imşiict o mentîanrs icirf iosa,r te valoroadsele aG, e orAgien scluip er ivliair dee iplree zenitnPa atret 1ea ca. ă rţmiuil.t e dintarcee satpeaaq inânBdeur.nia.Mrd. a nimni -oafe ricto mentcaornisit ruacstui·v e prac apitol2u5lRuo.ib yDna wems· aa jutcautc omemaforaini ep enineasnutper a i Autorsuer le ferlăac eleborpae raă l uGii oacchRosisnion Lai gazza 14dl"i'- Cofbfot14. hoafil (�t.r .) PREFAŢĂI J3 capiwl7efl io1 r2 în.c e ldei nu rmăd.e -lau nguullt imşialpotaren iam. prezenu( vc=rsipurneil imianlcaera ep itodliencl aocre deefaa l im embri"lGorru pudleul iu niu• caraea vuitn tâlsnăiprtiăm ânÎanNl eew Y orikn fi ecatroea mn.şăio ,caz ionaplr,i mă­ vardai,n 1 995În coaJcoeh:Fn e rejoRhanq,u eF1e rnanRdueszs,eH lalr diSnt.e phen HolmeSst.e vLeunk eBsc.r naMradn inP,a squPaalseq uiAdamn o,P neworşsiJk oih n RoemeLer .m ul�umesc tpuetnutroroburi eqiile coşnips rtireutcednvoeas e. Dediacc eacsatrălt ueJi o namşaiJn o annCeoir- ev otrn �egeeid ec e. CiteEsze urilukMio ntaiginnte r aducleurMie. a S cree(cLho ndrPae:n guin, 197r1e)fer;i nlfadP er oUpSrto vdiinn n ouat raduceedriet adteCă . P endergast (LondrPae:n gu2in0. 0C3u)g;n:drik l uPasi cal Înt raducleurAie. a] .Krail sheimer (LondPrean:g u1in99,5 M)ax;i mleuLkia R ochefouÎcnat urladd ucleurLie.T a a ncock (LondPrean:g ui1n9.8 j Ca1r)a cte"luleLia B ruyeirnte r aducleurHie. av anL aun (NewY orkS:c ribn1e88r5.D) es;p ireu bal iureSit endihnat lr aducleurGie. aS ale, S.S alşeiJ .S tewa(nL:o ndPrean:g ui1n79.5 ş)iD; es pDretm ocraţiî�An m erical au i Tocqueviinnl olueta r aducale urAei. Go ldhamm(eNre wY ork: LiobfAr maerryi ca, 200C4el)el.tal rtaed udcienfr raniceză imia parsin.' Penttrrua ducreormeâan eatsrciăm.i tem lcaiM:ti icthodereJiM io ntaigEsnnuie.. E di· [BUurcŞaut rieş2itn01i�.B1iB ufl,lcca uăiPascalr.se e1ş 9,tCug6i Me.6a lli.r ricÎ,ePnlSr ocriUeriSOa tlesp. e3�E. ,d, i,t"O EuŞdtIriia.ri .uAn rcţaBai udficecumiRri,oee 1mşi9ât n6ie,7, , La RouchefoucaMuJnxdi,m ferei Jl« ţiEidi,t uMrian er1va69.7 La, B ruyeCar71U:meke., 2vo I., Edif'lrlpu entlriut eraUtnuirvăe rBsuacluăr, eş1t9i6,S 8t,c ndhDesapl,dragore s teEd.i tuprean · [rLui teraUrnuirvăe rBsuacluăr,e 1ş69t8iA,.l exiTso cdqeu evDti!lPl"tkme ,ocraţie inA meric/l.. 2\ "0H1um.a,n iwB,u cureş2t0i0,(}J5 ..red .)

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