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Joints in steel construction: simple Joints to eurocode 3 SCI (The Steel Construction Institute) is the leading, independent provider of technical expertise and disseminator of best practice to the steel construction sector. We work in partnership with clients, members and industry peers to help build businesses and provide competitive advantage through the commercial application of our knowledge. We are committed to offering and promoting sustainable and environmentally responsible solutions. Our service spans the following areas: Membership Consultancy Individual and corporate membership Development Product development Advice Engineering support Members’ advisory service Sustainability Information Assessment Publications SCI Assessment Education Events & training Specification Websites Engineering software The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7QN. Tel: +44 (0)1344 636525 Fax: +44 (0)1344 636570 Email: [email protected] Web: www.steel-sci.com BCSA limited is the national organisation for the steel construction industry; its Member companies undertake the design, fabrication and erection of steelwork for all forms of construction in building and civil engineering. Associate Members are those principal companies involved in the direct supply to all or some Members of components, materials or products. Corporate Members are clients, professional offices, educational establishments etc which support the development of national specifications, quality, fabrication and erection techniques, overall industry efficiency and good practice. The principal objectives of the Association are to promote the use of structural steelwork; to assist specifiers and clients; to ensure that the capabilities and activities of the industry are widely understood and to provide members with professional services in technical, commercial, contractual and health & safety matters. The Association’s aim is to influence the trading environment in which member companies have to operate in order to improve their profitability. The British Constructional Steelwork Association Limited, 4 Whitehall Court, London, SW1A 2ES. Tel: +44 (0)20 7839 8566 Fax: +44 (0)20 7976 1634 Email: [email protected] Web: www.steelconstruction.org Publication P358 Joints in Steel Construction Simple Joints to Eurocode 3 Jointly published by: The Steel Construction Institute The British Constructional Steelwork Silwood Park Association Limited Ascot 4 Whitehall Court SL5 7QN London SW1A 2ES Tel: +44 (0) 1344 636525 Tel: +44 (0) 20 7839 8566 Fax: +44 (0) 1344 636570 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7976 1634 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.steel-sci.com Website: www.steelconstruction.org  The Steel Construction Institute and The British Constructional Steelwork Association 2014 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the UK Copyright Licensing Agency, or in accordance with the terms of licences issues by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organisation outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers, at the addresses given on the title page. Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and information contained herein are accurate to the extent that they relate to either matters of face or accepted practice or matters of opinion at the time of publication, The Steel Construction Institute, The British Constructional Steelwork Association Limited, the authors and any other contributor assume no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations of such data and/or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to their use. Publications supplied to Members of SCI and BCSA at a discount are not for resale by them. Publication Number: SCI P358 ISBN: 978-1-85942-201-4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ii FOREWORD This publication is one of a series of “Green Books” that cover a range of steelwork connections. This publication provides guidance for nominally pinned joints that primarily carry vertical shear and, as an accidental limit state, tying forces, designed in accordance with Eurocode 3 and its UK National Annexes. This publication is cited in the UK National Annex: joints designed in accordance with the principles within this publication can be classed as nominally pinned without calculation. A companion publication (published in 2012) covers moment-resisting joints. Guidance for nominally pinned joints designed in accordance with BS 5950 is available in publication P212 Joints in Steel Construction; Simple Connections. The major changes in scope compared to P212 are: ● Double angle cleats are omitted from the current publication, as it was felt they are not commonly used in the UK. ● A new full depth end plate (i.e. welded to both flanges) has been introduced, which offers a significantly increased tying resistance compared to a partial depth end plate. ● The tying resistance of partial depth end plates is calculated using Eurocode provisions. The revised design model results in an increased tying resistance compared to P212. BS EN 1993-1-8 has clear definitions for connections and joints: the terms ‘joint’ and ‘connection’ refer to the zone where members are interconnected and to the location where elements meet, respectively. In this publication, the distinction in terminology is not emphasised and “connection” is used more generally, reflecting traditional practice in the UK. This publication was produced under the guidance of the BCSA/SCI Connections Group, which was established in 1987 to bring together academics, consulting engineers and steelwork contractors to work on the development of authoritative design guides for steelwork connections. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The BCSA/SCI Connections Group members (2014) comprise: Mike Banfi Arup David Brown SCI Tom Cosgrove BCSA Peter Gannon Severfield (UK) Ltd Ana Girao Coelho University of Warwick Bob Hairsine CADS Ltd Alastair Hughes Consultant Fergal Kelly Peter Brett Associates Abdul Malik SCI Robert Moisey Severfield (Design & Build) Ltd David Moore BCSA Chris Morris Tata Steel David Nethercot Imperial College Alan Pillinger Bourne Construction Engineering Ltd Alan Rathbone CSC UK Ltd (Chairman) Roger Reed Consultant Clive Robinson Tekla Gary Simmons William Hare Ltd Mark Tiddy Cooper & Turner Limited Robert Weeden Caunton Engineering Ltd The primary drafter of this publication was Edurne Nunez Moreno, with assistance from Cyrill Tarbé (both formerly of SCI) and David Brown. Abdul Malik provided additional guidance. The revisions in the 2014 reprint include revised tying resistances for full depth end plates for deeper beams, revised resistances for RHS bases, an additional example using blind bolts, revised guidance for bracing connections and typographical corrections. The revisions were completed by David Brown. Revisions are marked with a black line in the margin. iv PICTORIAL INDEX Partial depth end plates Pages 10 - 82 Tables G.1 - G.7 Full depth end plates Pages 83 - 107 Tables G.8 - G.14 Fin plates Pages 108 - 171 Tables G.15 - G.21 Column splices Pages 172 - 235 Tables G.22 - G.29 Bracing connections Pages 258 - 264 Column bases Pages 236 - 257 Tables G.30 - G.35 v CONTENTS PAGE Foreword iii Acknowledgements iv Pictorial Index v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 About this publication 1 1.2 Joint considerations 1 1.3 Exchange of information 2 1.4 Costs 2 1.5 Sustainability 3 1.6 Major symbols 4 2 Standardised connections 5 2.1 The benefits of standardisation 5 2.2 Components 6 2.3 Geometry 6 3 Beam to beam and beam to column connections 9 3.1 Introduction 9 4 End plates 10 4.1 Introduction 10 4.2 Practical considerations 10 4.3 Recommended geometry 12 4.4 Design 13 4.5 Design procedures for partial depth end plates 13 4.6 Worked examples with partial depth end plates 31 4.7 Design procedures for full depth end plates 83 4.8 Worked examples with full depth end plates 96 5 Fin plates 108 5.1 Introduction 108 5.2 Practical considerations 109 5.3 Recommended geometry 109 5.4 Design 111 5.5 Design procedures 113 5.6 Worked examples 136 6 Column splices 172 6.1 Introduction 172 6.2 Practical considerations 173 6.3 Recommended geometry 174 6.4 Design 174 6.5 Design procedures for cover plate splices for I section columns – Bearing type 175 6.6 Design procedures for cover plate splices for I columns –Non-bearing type 184 6.7 Design procedures for hollow section ‘cap and base’ splices in tension 197 6.8 Design procedures for CHS end plate splice in tension 202 6.9 Worked examples 208 7 Column bases 236 7.1 Introduction 236 7.2 Practical considerations 236 7.3 Recommended geometry 238 7.4 Design 239 7.5 Design procedures 240 7.6 Worked examples 245 vi 8 Bracing connections 258 8.1 Introduction 258 8.2 Angles, channels and flats 258 8.3 Hollow sections 259 8.4 Gusset plates 259 8.5 Buckling resistance 261 8.6 Large bracing forces 264 8.7 Effects of bracing connections on joint performance 264 9 Special connections 265 9.1 Introduction 265 10 References 274 Appendix A Structural integrity 277 A.1 General 277 A.2 Prying and tying forces 277 Appendix B Tying resistance of partial depth and full depth end plates 278 B.1 Partial depth end plates 278 B.2 Full depth end plates 278 Appendix C Welds for end plate and fin plate connections 279 C.1 Basic rules 279 C.2 End plate welds subject to shear 279 C.3 Fin plate welds 280 C.4 Alternative weld design 280 Appendix D Thermal drilling of hollow sections 281 D.1 Introduction 281 D.2 Drilling tool and process 281 D.3 Application & limitations 281 D.4 Further information 282 Appendix E Hollo-bolt connections to hollow sections 283 E.1 introduction 283 E.2 Installation 283 E.3 Material options 284 E.4 Sealing options 284 E.5 Further information 284 Appendix F Blind bolt connections to hollow sections 285 F.1 Introduction 285 F.2 Installation 285 F.3 Material 285 F.4 Bolt resistances 285 F.5 Further information 285 Appendix G Resistance tables; Material strengths; Fastener resistances; Dimensions for detailing; Section dimensions and properties T - 1 Appendix H Section designations T - 183 H.1 Introduction T - 183 H.2 Open sections T - 183 H.3 Hollow sections T - 183 vii viii