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JOINT EVOLUTION OF BLACK HOLES AND GALAXIES © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Series in High Energy Physics, Cosmology and Gravitation Gravitation: From the Hubble Length to the Planck Length Edited by I Ciufolini, E Coccia, V Gorini, R Peron and N Vittorio Neutrino Physics K Zuber The Galactic Black Hole: Lectures on General Relativity and Astrophysics H Falcke and F W Hehl The Mathematical Theory of Cosmic Strings: Cosmic Strings in the Wire Approximation M R Anderson Geometry and Physics of Branes Edited by U Bruzzo, V Gorini and U Moschella Modern Cosmology Edited by S Bonometto, V Gorini and U Moschella Gravitation and Gauge Symmetries M Blagojevic Gravitational Waves Edited by I Ciufolini, V Gorini, U Moschella and P Fré Classical and Quantum Black Holes Edited by P Fré, V Gorini, G Magli and U Moschella Pulsars as Astrophysical Laboratories for Nuclear and Particle Physics F Weber The World in Eleven Dimensions: Supergravity, Supermembranes and M-Theory Edited by M J Duff Particle Astrophysics Revised paperback edition H V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and K Zuber Non-Accelerator Particle Physics Revised edition H V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and A Staudt Ideas and Methods of Supersymmetry and Supergravity or A Walk Through Superspace Revised edition I L Buchbinder and S M Kuzenko © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Series in High Energy Physics, Cosmology and Gravitation JOINT EVOLUTION OF BLACK HOLES AND GALAXIES Edited by M Colpi Department of Physics University of Milano Bicocca, Italy V Gorini Department of Physics and Mathematics University of Insubria at Como, Italy F Haardt Department of Physics and Mathematics University of Insubria at Como, Italy U Moschella Department of Physics and Mathematics University of Insubria at Como, Italy New York London © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-7503-0999-7 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-7503-0999-8 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005054924 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Joint evolution of black holes and galaxies / edited by Monica Colpi … [et al]. p. cm. -- (Series in high energy physics, cosmology, and gravitation) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7503-0999-7 1. Black holes (Astronomy) 2. Galaxies. 3. Cosmic physics. I. Colpi, Monica. II. Series. QB843.B55J65 2006 523.8’875--dc22 2005054924 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at is the Academic Division of Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface xi Editors xiii Contributors xv Introduction xvii 1 Observational Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Some Useful Formalism 5 1.3 General Considerations 7 1.4 Resolved Stellar Dynamics 11 1.4.1 Stellar Proper Motion Studies: The Galactic Center 11 1.4.2 Integrated Stellar Dynamics 14 1.5 Gas as a Tracer of the Gravitational Potential 17 1.5.1 Water Maser Disks 18 1.5.2 HST Observations of Gas and Dust Disks 21 1.6 Tackling the Unresolvable: Reverberation Mapping 24 1.6.1 Observational Support as to the Reliability of Reverberation Mapping Masses 31 1.6.2 Secondary Mass Estimators Based on Reverberation Mapping 32 1.7 Scaling Relations for SMBHs 33 1.7.1 The M L Relation 33 B (cid:15)(cid:0) 1.7.2 The M (cid:27) Relation 35 (cid:15)(cid:0) 1.7.3 Black Hole Masses and Light Concentration 39 1.7.4 Black Hole Masses and Dark Matter Halos 41 1.8 Black Hole Demographics 44 1.9 The Future 50 References 55 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2 JointEvolutionofBlackHolesandGalaxies: Observational Issues 63 2.1 Galaxy Activity: Generalities 64 2.2 Local Evidence on the Interplay Between the Stellar and GravitationalOrigin of AGN Activity 64 2.2.1 The Starburst-AGN Connection 64 2.2.2 The Missing Type-II AGN Population and Ultralu- minous Infrared Galaxies 65 2.3 The Cosmic History of Galaxy Activity 65 2.4 Constraints on the Cosmic Energy Budget 67 2.4.1 Obscured AGNs and Origin of the X-Ray Background 67 2.4.2 TheCosmicIRBackground: ContributionsbyAGNs and Starburst Galaxies 67 2.5 Current Observational Programsand Future Perspectives 68 2.6 Current Issues on Local Active Galaxies 68 2.6.1 A Census of Local Active Galaxies 68 2.6.2 The Missing Type-II AGN population 73 2.6.3 IR Spectroscopy of Obscured Sources 74 2.6.4 X-Ray Spectroscopy of ULIRGs 78 2.6.5 An EvolutionarySequence for Galaxy Activity 81 2.6.6 Local Active Galaxies, Conclusions 88 2.7 Faint Active Galaxies at High Redshifts: Overview 88 2.7.1 High-Redshift Optical Quasars 89 2.7.2 High-Redshift Radio Galaxies 95 2.7.3 The X-Ray View 98 2.7.4 Long-Wavelength IR and Millimetric Surveys 99 2.7.5 Physics of the IR-Submillimeter Galaxy Population 104 2.7.6 High-Redshift Active Galaxies: Conclusions 109 2.8 Radiative and BaryonicRemnants of Past Activity 110 2.8.1 The CosmologicalBackgroundRadiation 110 2.8.2 CosmologicalEvolutionary Patterns for AGNs 118 2.8.3 Coeval Evolution of Starbursts and AGNs 126 2.8.4 Theoretical Issues 128 2.8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 131 References 133 3 Galaxy Formation in the Hierarchical Universe 139 3.1 Formation and Evolution of Structure 141 3.1.1 Talking About Lumpiness 141 3.1.2 The Primordial and Linear PowerSpectra 142 3.1.3 Linear Growth of Perturbations 147 3.1.4 Non-Linear Evolution 148 3.2 The Formation of Dark Matter Halos 150 3.2.1 The Spherical Tophat Collapse Model 150 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 3.2.2 The Dark Matter Halo Mass Function: Press{Schechter 153 3.2.3 The Conditional Halo Mass Function: Extended Press{Schechter 156 3.2.4 Merger Trees 156 3.2.5 AgreementBetweenSemi-AnalyticandN-BodyMeth- ods 158 3.3 Spatial Clustering and Bias 161 3.3.1 Bias 161 3.3.2 Analytic Models of Bias 162 3.4 Dark Matter Halos: Internal Properties and Correlations 165 3.4.1 Halo Pro(cid:12)les 165 3.4.2 Angular Momentum 167 3.4.3 Correlation Between Halo Properties and Formation History 169 3.5 Galaxy Formation Within the CDM Paradigm 173 3.5.1 Consumer’s Guide to Galaxy Formation Models 173 3.5.2 Gastrophysics 175 3.5.3 Basic Predictions of CDM-Based Galaxy Formation Models 186 3.6 Concluding Thoughts 200 References 202 4 Feedback in Cosmic Structures 207 4.1 Introduction 207 4.2 Basics 208 4.2.1 Closely Scale-Invariant DM 210 4.2.2 Plasma in Hydrostatic Equilibrium 211 4.3 Issues Arising 214 4.3.1 Gravitational Heating 214 4.3.2 Scale-Invariant Baryons? 215 4.3.3 Cooling or Heating? 215 4.4 Preheating by SNe 216 4.4.1 How Preheating A(cid:11)ects the Density Run 217 4.4.2 How Preheating Changes the Boundary Condition 217 4.4.3 The Overall Outcome, Hierarchical Preheating 219 4.5 Feedback from AGNs 222 4.5.1 External Preheating by AGNs 222 4.5.2 Internal Impacts of Quasars 223 4.6 Enhanced Sunyaev{Zel’dovichE(cid:11)ects 227 4.7 Discussion and Conclusions 231 References 235 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 5 The Formation of Primordial Luminous Objects 239 5.1 Introduction 239 5.2 Physical Cosmology 241 5.2.1 Fluctuations in the Early Universe 241 5.2.2 From Fluctuations to Cosmological Structures 248 5.3 PrimordialGas Properties 253 5.3.1 Cooling 253 5.3.2 Molecular Cooling 253 5.3.3 Chemistry 259 5.4 Numerical CosmologicalHydrodynamics 264 5.4.1 Adaptive Re(cid:12)nement Codes (ENZO) 265 5.4.2 Formation of the First Star 267 5.4.3 SPH Results 270 5.5 ProtostarFormation and Accretion 271 5.5.1 Analytical Results 271 5.5.2 Mono-Dimensional Models 273 5.6 Discussion 278 5.6.1 UV Radiation Feedback 279 5.6.2 Supernovae Feedback and Metallicities 282 References 286 6 The Evolution of Baryons Along Cosmic History 291 6.1 CosmogonicPreliminaries 292 6.2 The Dark Ages of the Universe 293 6.2.1 Basic Physics of Recombination 293 6.2.2 Post-RecombinationUniverse 294 6.2.3 Linear Growth of Perturbations 297 6.3 The Emergence of Cosmic Structures 298 6.4 The Epoch of Reionization 301 6.4.1 Reionization Equation 302 6.4.2 Reionization by Massive Stars 304 6.4.3 Reionization by Miniquasar 306 6.5 Preheating and Galaxy Formation 309 6.5.1 Preheating 309 6.5.2 Metal Enrichment 310 6.6 The Intergalactic Medium After Reionization 312 6.6.1 Photoionization Equilibrium 313 6.6.2 Gunn{Peterson E(cid:11)ect 315 6.6.3 A Clumpy IGM 316 6.7 Conclusions 319 References 321 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 7 Feedback Processes at Cosmic Dawn 325 7.1 Shock Waves 326 7.1.1 Hydrodynamics of Shock Waves 326 7.1.2 Hydromagnetic Shock Waves 327 7.1.3 Supernova Explosions 328 7.2 Photoionization 330 7.3 Thermal Instability 332 7.4 The Need for Feedback in Cosmology 335 7.4.1 The OvercoolingProblem 335 7.4.2 Dwarf Galaxies: Feedback Lab 338 7.4.3 Blowout, Blowawayand Galactic Fountains 343 7.4.4 Further Model Improvements 345 7.5 The Gentle Feedback 347 7.5.1 Feedback as ISM Sterilization 347 7.5.2 A Porosity-RegulatedFeedback 351 7.5.3 Advanced Multiphase/Feedback Schemes 352 7.6 Feedback in the Early Universe 353 7.6.1 Stellar Feedback 355 7.6.2 Chemical Feedback 361 7.6.3 Radiative Feedback and Reionization 366 References 384 8 The Ecology of Black Holes in Star Clusters 387 8.1 Introduction 387 8.1.1 Setting the Stage 388 8.1.2 Fundamental Timescales 394 8.1.3 TheE(cid:11)ectofTwo-BodyRelaxation: DynamicalFric- tion 396 8.1.4 Simulating Star Clusters 398 8.1.5 Performing a Simulation 405 8.2 Theory of Star Cluster Evolution 407 8.2.1 Phase A: t < 10 Myr 407 8.2.2 Phase B: 10(cid:24)Myr > t < 100 Myr 412 8.2.3 Phase C: t > 100 M(cid:24)yr(cid:24) 413 (cid:24) 8.2.4 The Consistent Picture 415 8.3 Black Holes in Star Clusters 417 8.3.1 The Formation of Intermediate Mass Black Holes in Phase A Clusters 418 8.3.2 Calibration with N-Body Simulations 423 8.3.3 Simulating the Star Cluster MGG11 427 8.3.4 Black Hole Ejection in Phase B and C Cluster with t > 100Myr 432 rt (cid:24) 8.4 Discussion and Further Speculations 436 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 8.4.1 Turning an Intermediate Mass Black Hole in an X- Ray Source 436 8.4.2 SpeculationontheFormationofSupermassiveBlack Holes 437 8.4.3 Is the Globular Cluster M15 a Special Case? 438 8.4.4 TheGravitationalWaveSignatureofDenseStarClus- ters 439 8.5 Concluding Remarks 446 References 448 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC