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JOHN STUART MILL The Arguments of the Philosophers EDITOR: TED HONDERICH The purpose of this series is to provide a contemporary assessment and history of the entire course of philosophical thought. Each book constitutes a detailed, critical introduction to the work of a philosopher of major influence and significance. Plato J.C.B.Gosling Augustine Christopher Kirwan The Presocratic Philosophers Jonathan Barnes Plotinus Lloyd P.Gerson The Sceptics R.J.Hankinson Socrates Gerasimos Xenophon Santas Berkeley George Pitcher Descartes Margaret Dauler Wilson Hobbes Tom Sorell Locke Michael Ayers Spinoza R.J.Delahunty Bentham Ross Harrison Hume Barry Stroud Butler Terence Penelhum John Stuart Mill John Skorupski Thomas Reid Keith Lehrer Kant Ralph C.S.Walker Hegel M.J.Inwood Schopenhauer D.W.Hamlyn Kierkegaard Alastair Hannay Nietzsche Richard Schacht Karl Marx Allen W.Wood Gottlob Frege Hans D.Sluga Meinong Reinhardt Grossmann Husserl David Bell G.E.Moore Thomas Baldwin Wittgenstein Robert J.Fogelin Russell Mark Sainsbury William James Graham Bird Peirce Christopher Hookway Santayana Timothy L.S.Sprigge Dewey J.E.Tiles Bergson A.R.Lacey J.L.Austin G.J.Warnock Karl Popper Anthony O’Hear Ayer John Foster Sartre Peter Caws JOHN STUART MILL The Arguments of the Philosophers John Skorupski London and New York First published 1989 by Routledge First published in paperback 1992 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 1989 John Skorupski All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-87024-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-20365-1 ISBN 0-415-20392-9 (set) Publisher’s note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original book may be apparent. FOR BARBARA WITH LOVE Contents Preface xi Abbreviations xiv 1 THE MILLIAN PHILOSOPHY 1 1 Philosophy and its past 1 2 Logic and metaphysics 4 3 Ethics and politics 10 4 The school of experience and association 16 5 Naturalism and the criterion of general good 23 6 The dialectic of criticism and allegiance 27 7 Naturalism, objectivity, autonomy 29 8 Mill in the present 33 2 THE ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE 37 1 ‘Of the necessity of commencing with an analysis of language’ 37 2 Propositions 37 3 Classification of names 39 4 Connotation and denotation 41 5 The import of propositions: Conceptualism and Nominalism 45 6 The import of propositions: Mill’s theory 49 7 Proper names 52 8 Predication, assertion, denial 53 9 Simple and compound propositions 55 10 Mill and Frege 57 3 VERBAL PROPOSITIONS AND APPARENT INFERENCE 61 1 Agenda 61 2 Real and verbal propositions 62 Contents vii 3 Non-connotative propositions are verbal 63 4 Real and apparent inference 64 5 Mill’s ‘Verbal’ and Kant’s ‘analytic’ 66 6 Essence 68 7 Defining a name 70 8 The foundation of an attribute 71 9 ‘Nominalism’ and Mill’s nominalism 74 4 THE JUSTIFICATION OF DEDUCTION 77 1 Introductory 77 2 Analysis of rules of deductive inference 78 3 Mill’s analysis of the syllogism 80 4 ‘Is the syllogism a petitio principii?’ 82 5 General propositions have no probative force of their own 84 6 Demystifying deduction 87 7 All inference is from particulars to particulars 91 8 The Logic of Consistency and the Logic of Truth 94 5 EMPIRICISM IN LOGIC AND MATHEMATICS 98 1 Reviewing the strategy 98 2 Geometry 99 3 Arithmetic: the refutation of ‘Nominalism’ 105 4 Numbers and aggregates 108 5 Arithmetic contains real propositions 111 6 The laws of thought 114 7 Perceptual imagination 118 8 Necessity, aprioricity and conceivability 120 9 The a priori in reasoning 124 Appendix: Mill’s ‘psychologism’ 127 viii Contents 6 INDUCTION AND INDUCTIVISM 130 1 Inductive logic 130 2 ‘The question of Inductive Logic stated’ 132 3 The Law of Universal Causation 136 4 The eliminative methods of induction (i) 138 5 The eliminative methods of induction (ii) 144 6 The place of the eliminative methods in Mill’s inductive logic 145 7 Inductive scepticism and the internal validation of induction 150 8 Hypotheses 153 7 INDUCTION, PERCEPTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 158 1 The ‘phenomenal relativity of knowledge’ 158 2 Inductivism and the manifest image 160 3 Inductivism and inductive scepticism 165 4 Naturalism and the classical pre-understanding of meaning 167 5 The ‘interpretation of consciousness’ 171 6 The ‘introspective’ and the ‘psychological’ methods 175 7 Phenomenalism 178 8 Minds 183 9 Phenomenalism and naturalism 186 10 Subjective and objective 189 8 THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES 192 1 ‘Human conduct as a subject of science’ 192 2 Freedom as rational autonomy 194 3 Empirical and ultimate laws: explanation and reduction 197 4 The primacy of psychology: associationism 200 5 Ethology: the historicity of human nature 204 6 Sociology: the evolutionary science of society 206 7 The methods of social science 208 8 Methodological individualism 211 Contents ix 9 Can there be a ‘science of human nature’? 213 10 Interpretation 215 9 UTILITARIANISM 219 1 Introductory 219 2 The ‘proof’ of the Principle of Utility 220 3 The objectivity of ends: (i) Humean scepticism 223 4 The objectivity of ends: (ii) The desire-satisfaction model 224 5 Hedonism 228 6 The refutation of hedonism 231 7 Kinds of pleasure and categorial diversity of ends 235 8 Impartiality and agent-neutral reasons 238 9 Philosophical utilitarianism 240 10 Utilitarianism and the distinctness of individuals 242 11 Indirect utilitarianism 244 12 Bentham and Coleridge: conservative holism 248 13 Justice and rights 251 14 Autonomy and distribution 253 15 Reflective equilibrium 258 10 LIBERTY 261 1 The themes of On Liberty 261 2 The Liberty Principle 263 3 Foundations for liberty: utility, natural rights, scepticism 265 4 Individuality 269 5 Autonomy 274 6 Paternalism 277 7 Utility and ideals 279 8 Liberty, justice and the private domain 280 9 Liberty of expression: the dialogue model 285
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