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Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945 PDF

320 Pages·1996·17.288 MB·English
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Jews for Sale? This page intentionally left blank Jews for Sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945 Yehuda Bauer Yale University Press New Haven and London Dedicated to the Max and Rita Haber Research Endowment Fund in Holocaust Studies, Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University Copyright © 1994 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in pan, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Designed by Sonia L. Scanlon. Set in Ehrhardt type by Marathon Typography Service, Inc., Durham, North Carolina. Printed in the United States of America by Lightning Source Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bauer, Yehuda. Jews for sale?: Nazi-Jewish negotiations, 1933-1945 / Yehuda Bauer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-300-05913-2 (cloth) 0-300-06852-2 (pbk.) ISBN 13: 978-0-30006-852-8 1. Jews—Germany—History—1933-1945. 2. Holocaust,Jewish(1939-1945)— Germany. 3. World War, 1939-1945—Jews—Rescue—Germany. 4. Germany- Emigration and immigration. I. Title. DS135.G3315B38 1994 940.53'18'0943—dc20 94-27780 CIP A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Contents AAccknkownleodwgmleentds gments vViiii List of Abbreviations ix Note on Names xiii Prologue 1 1 Dellverarance Through Property Transfer 5 2 FallmofalMt-MlmrtBllescmAtleMirt 30 3 Enemies with a Common Interest 44 4 The Road to the" Final Solution" 55 5 "Willy" a 6 What Really Did Happen Slovakia? 91 7 Hlmmler's-Indecision, 1942-1943 102 8 Dogwood's Chains 120 9 Satan and the Sonl-Hungary, 1944 145 10 The Misson to Istanbul 172 Contents vi 11 The Bridge at Saint Margarethen 196 12 The Swiss Talks and the Budapest Tragedy 222 13 The Final Months 239 Epilogue 252 Notes 261 Bibliography 291 Index 217 Acknowledgments This book is the result of a protracted research effort initiated and supported by the Institute of Jewish Affairs in London under the direction of Steven Roth, whose help and interest kept it going for years. His successors, Michael May and later Antony Lerman, were equally helpful, and I am grateful to the IJA for releasing me from formal obligations to them. I am also grateful to Mary Pasti of Yale University Press for having been such an efficient and kind editor. I used materials from the National Archives in Washington, D.C., where the help and kindness extended to me by Robert Wolfe and, especially, by John Taylor and other members of the staff of the Mil- itary Archives were outstanding. The late Martin Broszat was equally helpful at the Institut fur Zeitgeschichte in Munich, as were the archivists at the Bundesarchiv in Koblenz. The late Gyorgy Ranki in Hungary gave me some invaluable materials. I also wish to thank the staff of the British Public Records Office in Kew and the Swiss National Archives in Bern for their kindness. Of the many friends whose help was essential in this venture, my collaboration with Barry Rubin was very important and enjoyable: we found "Dogwood" (Alfred Schwarz) and worked on his role in the OSS together. I am grateful to Gila Fatran, whose book on Slovakia, based on her Ph.D. dissertation, was of great importance in prepar- ing this book. Shlomo Aronson, who worked on much the same mate- rial, reached similar, though not identical, conclusions, and we worked in harmony and mutual friendship; the same is true of Richard Breitman, whose comments were of crucial importance in the last stages of the work. Avraham Barkai prepared much of the material for the Ha'avarah chapter, and I wish to thank him very much for it. Dov Dinur worked on the Hungarian and the Swedish end and helped me a great deal. Rachel Arzt and Miriam Levine were the computer wizards who enabled me, a computer illiterate, to emerge into the present quarter-century. My overworked secretary, liana Dana, bore her fate with fortitude and solicitous care for her viii Acknowledgments viii errant boss. Israel Gutman, my close companion, suffered my evolving theo- ries with the skepticism they deserved. My daughters, Danit and Anat, pro- vided me with the peace of mind that enabled me to write under difficult cir- cumstances. Lastly, with love, I present this book to Ilaniki. Abbreviations AA Auswartiges Amt (German Foreign Office) AB Aliyah Beth ("Illegal" Jewish Immigration to Palestine; B immigration) AHA Aussenhandelsamt der AO (Foreign Trade Office of the AO) AJC American Jewish Committee Altreu Allgemeine Treuhandstelle fur die judische Auswanderung (General Trust Organization for Jewish Emigration) AO Auslandsorganisation der NSDAP (NSDAP Organization Abroad) Ast Aussenstelle der Abwehr (Branch Office of the Abwehr) CIC Counterintelligence Corps of the U.S. Army DDSG Deutsche Donau-Schiffahrtsgesellschaft (German Danube Shipping Company) FS Freiwillige Schutzstaffel (Voluntary Defense Unit [Slovakia]) GG Generalgouvernement (General [German] Government in Poland) HG Hlinkova Garda (Hlinka Guard) lx Abbrevations x HUEF Hilfsverein fur jiidische Fliichtlinge im Ausland (Aid Organization for Jewish Refugees Abroad) HSSPF Hoherer SS- und Polizeifuhrer (Higher SS and Police Leader) la Operations Officer ICJ Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University IGCR Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees IRC International Red Cross JA Jewish Agency for Palestine JAE Jewish Agency Executive JDC American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee KRIPO Kriminalpolizei (Criminal Police) NSDAP Nationalsozialistische deutsche Arbeiter-Partei (Nazi Party) OSS Office of Strategic Services PKR Podkarpatska Rus (Subcarpathian Russia; Karpatalja in Hungarian) RDB Reichsstelle fur Devisenbeschaffung (Reich Office for Currency Acquisition, Foreign Currency Office) RELICO Relief Committee (Committee for Relief of the War-Stricken Jewish Population)

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