Jewish Renaissance in the Russian Revolution PDF
Preview Jewish Renaissance in the Russian Revolution
JewishRenaissanceintheRussianRevolution Jewish Renaissance in the Russian Revolution Kenneth B. Moss HarvardUniversityPress Cambridge,Massachusetts London,England 2009 Copyright©2009bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Moss,KennethB. JewishrenaissanceintheRussianrevolution/KennethB.Moss. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-674-03510-2(cloth:alk.paper) 1.Jews—Russia—Intellectuallife—20thcentury. 2.Hebrewlanguage—Socialaspects— Russia—History—20thcentury. 3.Yiddishlanguage—Socialaspects—Russia—History— 20thcentury. 4.Russia—Intellectuallife—20thcentury. 5.Languageandculture. I.Title. DS134.82.M672009 305.892(cid:2)404709041—dc22 2009008220 ForAnne,Itsik-Leyb,andArn-Volf Khane’n,mitlibeundankshaft, unmaynekinderItsik-LeybunArn-Volf: “inshpilfunfriyorikeshtraln, derherikhdemreynemgepilderfunkinder” —undavkeaf aloshnaneygenem! Contents NoteonTransliterationandTranslation ix Introduction 1 1 TheTimeforWordsHasPassed 23 2 TheConstitutionof Culture 60 3 UnfetteringHebrewandYiddishCulture 101 4 ToMakeOurMassesIntellectual 142 5 TheLiberationof theJewishIndividual 173 6 TheImperativesof Revolution 217 7 MakingJewishCultureBolshevik 253 Conclusion 280 Notes 299 Acknowledgments 358 Index 361 Illustrationsfollowpage172. Note on Transliteration and Translation BecausemostofthesourcesforthisstudyareinHebrew,Russian,Yiddish, and in a very few cases Ukrainian, I have had to transliterate extensively. ForYiddishsources,Ihavetransliteratedaccordingtotheguidelinesofthe YIVOInstitute.Notethatthetransliterationsremaintruetothespellingin theYiddishoriginals,however,whichoftendeviatesfromYIVOstandards, because this is relevant historical information for those interested in the development of the language and its culture. For Hebrew, Russian, and Ukrainian sources, I have generally followed Library of Congress rules. I havetriedtokeepdiacriticalmarkstoaminimum,buthavechosentouse ÎfortheHebrew(k)hetinthetitlesofHebrewpublicationsandthenames ofHebraistorganizations.IhavetransliteratedHebrewinaccordancewith contemporarystandardsof pronunciationratherthanseekingtoapproxi- matetheAshkenazipronunciationthatmostofthehistoricalactorswould have used, except where that approximation provides relevant historical information; thus, I refer to the Jewish Enlightenment as the haskalah ratherthanthehaskole.Bythesametoken,transliteratingYiddishaccord- ingtotheYIVOstandardmeansthatIdonotseektoapproximatethedi- verseregionaldialectsofthehistoricalactorsthemselves.Foralllanguages, I have sometimes deviated from these transliteration rules when dealing with personal names relatively familiar to English-language readers (for example,SholemAleichemratherthanSholemAleykhem). Someofthehistoryrelatedinthisbooktookplaceatsitescharacterized by extensive ethnolinguistic mixing. When discussing towns and regions that substantial numbers of Jews called by a particular name,I have used that name rather than the Ukrainian, Polish, Lithuanian, Belorussian, or Russianequivalent,exceptincaseswherethelocationhasafamiliarname inEnglish(forexample,Warsawinsteadof Varshe).Giventhatthereisno linguistically (or politically) neutral choice in such matters when one is ix
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