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Jesus: One Hundred Years Before Christ PDF

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Jesu-sO neH undreYde arBse fore Christ A StudIynC reatMiyvteh ology ProfesAslovraE rl legard c Century London · Firpstu blisbhyeC de ntuirny1 999 Copyrig©h Atl var Ell1e9g9a9r d AlvaErl legahradsa sserhteidsr ighutn der Ctohpey right, Desigannsd P atenAtcst 1,9 88t,o b ei dentiafiset dh ea uthoorft hiwso rk Firsptu blisihnet dh eU niteKdi ngdoimn 1 999 by Centur2y0,V auxhaBlrli dgReo adL,o ndoSnW IV 2SA RandomH ouse Austra(PltiyaL)i mited 20A lfreSdtr eetM,i lsoPnosi nSty,d ney, New SoutWha le2s0 61A,u stralia RandomH ousNee w ZealaLnidm ited 18P olanRdo ad, Glenfield Auckla1n0d,N ew Zealand RandomH ouse SoAufrtihc (aP tyL)i mited EndluinSia,J ubilReoea d, Parkto2w1n9 3S,o utAhfr ica RandomH ousUe K LimitReedg .N o.9 54009 A CIPc atalorgeuceo frodr t hibsoo k isa vailafrbolme t heB ritiLsihb rary Paperuss edb yR andomH ousUe K Limitaerde natruerycacll,a ble producmtasd efr om woodg rowin ns ustainfaobrsletes . Them anuftaucripnrgo cescsoensf ortmot hee nvironmental regulatoifot nhsec ountorfyo rigin. ISBN0 71267 956I TypesbeytD eltatLytpdeB, i rkenheMaedr,s eyside PrintedM abcyk ayosf C hathapmi cC,h athaKme,n t Acknowledgements On thec ompletoifot nh ibso okw,h ichha st akemne fairn ttoe rritiory previoursaltyh uenrf amiltioma er, I w isht oe xpremsys g ratittuod e altlh osweh oh aveh elpemde finmdy wayi ni t. Firsotfa llt,h eologaincdah li storical wshcohh oalvaepr rso,v ided materi-aeld itioofnt se xttsr,a nslatainodcn osm,m ent-sw hichha s furnishmeed w itahs tartpionign hta,sa llowmeed t op usfhu rthaenrd, helpemde sharpmeyn argumenMto.s to ft hespee oplaer en amedi n my bibliography. SecondIlt yh,a nakl tlh em anys cholafrrso,md ifferdeinstc iplines, withw homI haveb eena blteo t alakb outth ei deapsr esenhteerde . Theyf ormt wog roupOsn.e i si nt heU niversoifGt oyt ebomryg ,h ome baseA.n otheirs i nt heR oyalA cademyo fL etterHsi,s toaryn d Antiquitwiheoss,em onthly meeitniS ntgosc khohlamv eo ffered excelloepnpto rtunfiotbrir eosa chiidnega isna c onvivaanldc ongenial atmosphere. Specitahla nkgso toP rofessBoerr tAillb rektsUopnp,s alfao,r answerimnagn yq uestiaobnosu tth eO ldT estameanntd,f orj oining me ind iscussiaobnosu wti dears pecotfst heologrye,l igiaonnd, histoorfyi deas. ProfesGseozraV ermesO,x forgde,n erouaslllyo wmeed t ou sep arts ofh ist ranslaotfit ohneQ umranS crolilnsm y book. Ia lstoh anmky editMoarr,k B oothL,o ndonf,o ard vicneo to nloyn matteorfss tylaen dp resentabtuitoa nl,so on m atteorfss ubstance. PenguiBno oksg rantmeed p ermisstiooi nn cluqdueo tatifornosm The DeSaedaS crotlrlanss labtyGe edz aV ermes. AlvaErl legard UniversoiftG yo teborSgw,e den Octo�r1 998 Contents Introduction 1 Par1t: R ecoverFiinrtgs- CentCuhrryi stianity 1 Pault,h e ApoosfJt elseuC sh rist 13 Paul'lsi faen dh isr evelations 13 Paul'cso mmunities 20 Paula ndt heG nostics 27 2 TheC hurcohfG odi nt he JeDwiiasshp ora 31 Thee arliCehsrti stioafRn osm e:1 Clement 36 TheP astoofH re nnasa:n a llegoorfty h eC hurcohf G od 45 Instructfioortn hseG entilDeisa:dc he 50 Barnabas:a Hellenistic-tJheewoilsohgt irceaalt ise 54 TheL ettteort heH ebrewas :s ermoonn P salm1 10 59 TheR evelatioofJn o hnM:e ssianhiocp es 63 OvervieCwe:n triadle aisn t hes ixd ocuments 66 Jesudse'a t6h6 - Redempti6o9n- Jesussa'y inagnsd doing7s2 Jesupsr'e -exis7te5-n Rcees urrect7i6o n - 3 EgypPth,i laon dt heG nostics 79 Philo 79 TheG nostmiocv ement 86 GnostiacnsdC hristians 91 4 TheE sseCnheu rchG oodf 96 End-tiamned M essianism 100 Determinainsdmt hec alendar 102 InternatiEosnsaeln ism 105 Biblien terpretation 106 TheT eacheorfR ighteousness 108 TheT eachearn dJ esus 121 5 More EssWerniet ings 125 Enocha ndJ ubilees 125 Testameonftt sh eXl l Patriarchs 128 Messiacho ncepts 130 Qumran1 30 Enoche,x cluditnhgeP arable1s31 - - EnochP arabl1e3s-2 Testameonftt sh eX IIP atriar1c3h-4s 2 Baruc1h3 -6 4 Ezra1 37 6 The LetotfJe armse Pse,t earn dJ ude 139 James 143 Peter 144 Jude 145 Concludirnegm arks 146 7 ColossainadnE sp hesians 148 Colossians 149 Ephesians 153 ParIIt: Deconstirnugtc hteG ospealnsdA cts 8 TheH eavenalnydt heE arthJlesyu s 163 TheJ ewsi nt hReo man Empire 164 Messianism 165 Thep ositiooftn h eE ssenes 167 From inspired tTode iavcihnMeeer s siah 171 FromS pirtiotB ody 177 9 Beginninogfs tGhoes pleilt erature 180 Questioonfds a ting 180 CreatitnhgeG ospelJse:w sC,h ristiEasnsse,n eGsn,o stic1s8 6 10 Ignati-uHsa lfwBaeyt wePeanu aln dt he Gospe2l0s2 11 TheJ esuSst orTya keSsh ape 215 Apostlaensd c ompanions 215 TheT welve 222 Thomas 225 JudaIss cariot 226 Peteanrd Cephas 227 Jamesth, eb rotheorfth e Lord 229 Marya ndJ oseph 233 Jesubsr'e thren 235 Nazareth 238 12 JohnP,a ualn dG nosticism 242 Thep ositioofJn o hn'Gso spel 242 Visioannsd r evelatiinoe nasr lCyh ristian texts 245 Thep hysicaanldt hes piritual 252 13 Overview 257 Epilogue 267 Bibliography 270 Notes 291 Index 315 Introduction I shalalr guien t hibso okf or an entirneelwy p erspectoinv teh e earliheisstt oorfCy h ristiaInnPi atryIt.,w herIed eawli tthe xdtast ing tot hefi rscte ntuADr,y I a rguteh atth ee arliCehsrti stiaamnosn,gt hem Paulr,e gardJeeds uass a greaJte wisphr ophaentd t eachoefrt heir movemen-tb uto new ho hadl iveidn t hed istapnats tT.o them, accordinhgelw ya,s n ota contemporcarruyc,i fibeedf ore teyheesi,r buta historfiigcuarle o,n a parw ithO ldT estamepnrto pheHtiss. teachihnogw,e veorr,r athwehra tt hebye lievteobd e h itse achiwnags, verym uch in theitrh oughtWsh.e n Paula ndh isc ompanions experieneccesdt atviics ioonfsJ esuass a heavenfilgyu ret,h ey inferrtehda Jte suhsa db een' raisfreodl!l thed eadb'y G od.T heya lso thougthhta Jte suasp'p earatnoct eh ema tt hipsa rtictuilmaeri, nt he thirtoifet sh efi rscte ntuArDy, w asa sigfnro m heavetnh atth eL ast Day,G od'Fsi naJlu dgmenwta,sn owa tl onlga satp proachFirnogm. nowo n,t hesyt artteord e garJdes unso to nlays t hef oundeorf t heir movementt,h eiprr opheatn dt eachebru,t a s theiSra vioutrh,e Messiah. Int heG ospelhso,w evewrr,i ttientn h es econcde ntuArDy ( aIss hall arguienP arItI )a,n dt hulso nagf tPera ulv'iss ionsairgyh tthseG, o spel writetroso tkh osvei siotnohs a veb eeenx perieonfcr eesae lv entTsh.e Gospel writers located evtehnetissneP aplreesstuaimnnededd ,a ted themt ot het imoef t hen otoriRooumsa np refeocfPt a lestPionnet,i us PilaIteno. t hewro rdst,h epyl acetdh eJiesru asb ouats f arb ackfro m theoiwrn t imaes P auhla dp lacehdi Jse sufrso m hist imeI.tw asn ow thaJte suwsa sp resenatsea dn i tinerparneta chaenrdw onder,.worker in PalestiTnhea.ta lmoswth ollfiyc tionsatlo rwya s gradually elaboraatneded x tendiendv ariowuasy sb,y m eanso fl egendaanrdy doctrinmaalt erifraolm manyd ifferesnotu rceasn,d t hec reative imaginatoiftho en gospewlr iters. Previoussc hol-arassw elals i nnumeralbalyem eann da mateu-rs 1

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