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Jesus Christ in World History PDF

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STUDIEN ZUR STUDIES IN THE ETUDES INTERKULTURELLEN INTERCULTURAL D’HISTOIRE GESCHICHTE HISTORY INTERCULTURELLE DES CHRISTENTUMS OF CHRISTIANITY DU CHRISTIANISME Jan A. B. Jongeneel Jesus Christ in World History 149 PETER LANG Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften (cid:45)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:68)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:192)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:177)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:192)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:177)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)- munity more than anybody else. This study describes and analyzes the per- ceptions and receptions of Jesus as the Messiah/Christ in six continents from the beginning of the Common Era until today. He appears to be "present" both within and beyond the traditional borders of Christianity. Individuals and peoples represent him and/or misrepresent him in their cyclical and/or linear settings. "(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:191)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:68)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)- (cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:191)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3) authoritative framework for examining the range of interpretations of Jesus Christ over the past two millennia by the major religious traditions and ide- ologies." Prof. Wilbert R. Shenk, Fuller Graduate School of Intercultural Studies, Pa- sadena, USA. "This book unfolds history from various religious and ideological perspec- tives, tracing faith formulations and comparing them with the Christian view of Jesus as the Messiah/Christ. The extensive but precise scholarly content provides excellent reading into religions, philosophy, theology and mission. A commendable resource book for seekers of God." Prof. Siga Arles, Centre for Contemporary Christianity, Bangalore, India. Jan A. B. Jongeneel is Honorary Professor Emeritus of Missiology at Utrecht University. He published a missiological encyclopedia in two volumes (re- cently reprinted in Bangalore) and supervised 41 missiological dissertations. He is editor of the series MISSION (Zoetermeer) and the series Studies in the Intercultural History of Christianity (Frankfurt am Main). www.peterlang.de Jesus Christ in World History STUDIEN ZUR INTERKULTURELLEN GESCHICHTE DES CHRISTENTUMS ETUDES D’ HISTOIRE INTERCULTURELLE DU CHRISTIANISME STUDIES IN THE INTERCULTURAL HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY begründet von / fondé par / founded by Walter J. Hollenweger und/et/and Hans J. Margull† herausgegeben von / édité par / edited by Richard Friedli, Université de Fribourg Jan A. B. Jongeneel, Universiteit Utrecht Klaus Koschorke, Universität München Theo Sundermeier, Universität Heidelberg Werner Ustorf, University of Birmingham Vol. 149 PETER LANG Frankfurt am Main · Berlin · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Wien Jan A. B. Jongeneel With the Assistance of Robert T. Coote Jesus Christ in World History His Presence and Representation in Cyclical and Linear Settings PETER LANG Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at <http://www.d-nb.de>. All Scripture quotations are from the New Standard Revised Version of the Bible, copyright 1989. ISSN 0170-9240 ISBN 978-3-635-00238-6 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2009 All rights reserved. All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. www.peterlang.de Contents Foreword and Acknowledgments x 1 Perceptions and Receptions of Jesus Christ 1 Methodological reflections 4 Overview of presentation 5 2 World History, World Religions, and Worldviews 9 Outlining world history 9 Surveying world history 11 From oral traditions to scripts and alphabets 11 From incidental truth-findings to complete belief systems 13 From Roman Empire to corpus Christianum and corpus Islamicum 19 From Western to worldwide orientation 21 Transformation through globalization 23 History in the perspective of world religions and worldviews 26 Linear versus cyclical views 26 Immanent versus transcendent views 31 Final observations 32 3 Messianic Expectations and Beliefs before the Common Era 34 Messianic expectations and beliefs outside Israel 35 Ancient civilizations 35 Jaspers’s axial period 36 Roman empire 37 Messianic expectations and beliefs in Israel 38 The terms “Messiah” and “Christ” 39 Anointed people in Israel 39 Political messianism 40 Spiritual messianism 42 Apocalyptic messianism 46 Final observations 48 4 Jesus, the Messiah/Christ 51 Sources of our knowledge 51 Jewish sources 52 Greco-Roman sources 53 Christian sources 54 Jesus’ life and work 59 Baptism and communion with God 60 Public ministry 61 Cross 65 Resurrection 66 Jesus’ identity 68 v Jesus’ self-determination 69 Christology of the apostles and evangelists 74 Final observations 76 5 From the Birth of Christianity to the Rise of Islam 78 Cyclical worldviews 79 Primal societies 79 Eastern societies with sacred texts 80 Linear worldviews preceding Christianity 81 Zoroastrians 82 Jews 82 Linear worldview of Gentile Christianity 86 Development of the Christian faith 87 Encounter with traditional philosophers, mystery religions, Gnosticism, and Manichaeism 94 Developments in understanding time and Christ 102 Advance of the linear view of history 103 Presence and representations of Jesus Christ 105 6 From the Rise of Islam to the Discovery of New Worlds 108 Cyclical worldviews 109 Primal societies 109 Eastern societies with sacred texts 110 Western societies: The Buddha and astrology 115 Linear worldviews 115 Zorastrians 116 Jews 116 Christians and the corpus Christianum 119 Muslims and the corpus Islamicum 126 Developments in understanding time and Christ 137 Advances in linear worldviews following Muhammad 137 Presence and representations of Jesus Christ vis-à-vis emerging Islam 139 7 From the Discovery of New Worlds to the French Revolution 142 Cyclical worldviews 143 Primal societies 143 Eastern societies with sacred texts 146 Western societies under classical Greek influences 152 Religious linear worldviews 154 Jews 154 Christians 157 Muslims 166 Secular linear worldviews 168 Deists and atheists 168 vi Empiricists, historians, and scholars of comparative religions 170 Rationalists and idealists 175 Impact of French Revolution 176 Christian polemics and apologetics 177 Developments in understanding time and Christ 178 Extension of the linear worldview in the age of emerging secularism 179 Presence and representations of Jesus Christ vis-à-vis emerging secularism 181 8 From the French Revolution to World War I 185 Cyclical worldviews 186 Primal societies 186 Eastern societies with sacred texts 188 Eastern influences in Western societies 198 Religious linear worldviews 204 Jews 204 Christians 206 Muslims 213 Secular linear worldviews and the Christian response 216 Philosophers, scientists, and scholars of comparative religion 216 Religious pluralists 219 Christian apologetics 220 Developments in understanding time and Christ 221 Linear views challenged by the renaissance of the East 221 Presence and representations of Jesus Christ vis-à-vis the renaissance of the East 222 9 From World War I to the End of World War II 225 Cyclical worldviews 226 Primal societies 226 Eastern societies with sacred texts 228 Eastern influences in Western societies 234 Religious linear worldviews 237 Jews 237 Christians 242 Muslims 248 Secular linear worldviews and ideologies 251 Worldviews 251 Ideologies 254 Christian apologetics 261 Developments in understanding time and Christ 262 Linear views challenged by emerging ideologies 263 Presence and representations of Jesus Christ vis-à-vis ideologies 264 vii 10 From the End of World War II to the Present 266 Cyclical worldviews 267 Primal societies 267 Eastern societies with sacred texts 269 Eastern influences in Western societies 277 Religious linear worldviews 283 Jews 283 Christians 289 Muslims 299 Linearly oriented new religious movements 303 Secular linear worldviews and the Christian response 304 United Nations 304 Worldviews 304 Marxism/communism 306 Christian apologetics 308 Developments in understanding time and Christ 310 Cyclical and linear views in a globalizing world 310 Presence and representations of Jesus Christ in a globalizing world 311 11 Messianic Expectations and Beliefs in the Wake of Jesus Christ 315 Messianic figures and movements in cyclical contexts 316 Primal societies 316 Hinduism 319 Buddhism 321 China 322 Japan 323 New religious movements in the West 325 Jesus Christ vis-à-vis cyclically oriented messianianism 326 Messianic figures and movements in linear contexts 328 Judaism 329 Christianity 332 Movements influenced by Christianity 338 Islam 339 Secular worldviews and ideologies 342 Jesus Christ vis-à-vis linearly oriented messianism 344 Black and female messianic figures and movements 345 Black messianic figures and movements 345 Feminist messianism 348 Jesus Christ vis-à-vis black and feminist messianism 350 Messiah Jesus and politics, spirituality, and apocalyptism 350 Jesus Christ and political messianism 351 Jesus Christ and spiritual messianism 352 viii

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