Jerusalem In The Time Of The Crusades

289 Pages·2001·12.272 MB·English

by  Adrian J Boas

jerusalem in the time
of the crusades
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:1)
In Memory of Dr Walter Pick
J E R U S A L E M I N
T H E T I M E OF T H E
C R U S A D E S
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:1)
Society, landscape and art in the Holy
City under Frankish rule
Adrian J. Boas
London and New York
First published 2001
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 2001 Adrian J. Boas
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-99667-4 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0–415–23000–4(Print Edition)
CONTENTS
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List of plates ix
List of figures and maps xi
Acknowledgements xii
Abbreviations used in the notes xiii
Chronological summary xiv
Map of Jerusalem in the Crusader Period xvi
Introduction 1
PART I: THE MEDIEVAL CITY 3
1 The Physical Setting 5
2 Background to the Crusader Period 8
Jerusalem on the eve of the Crusades 8
Conquest and occupation in the twelfth century 9
Revival 13
The fall of Crusader Jerusalem 15
The thirteenth-century episode 19
3 Administration 21
Lay institutions and administration 21
Ecclesiastical institutions and administration 23
The military orders 26
4 Events in the Life of the City 30
5 Education and Intellectual Life 34
— Contents —
6 The Population 35
Classes 36
Communities 37
PART II: THEPHYSICAL REMAINS OF CRUSADER JERUSALEM 41
7 The Fortifications 43
The forewall (antimuralis) 46
The Templars’ wall 47
The moat 48
The main curtain wall 48
Gates and gate towers 49
Gates of the Temple Mount 63
Towers 68
8 The Citadel 73
9 The Royal Palaces 79
10 The Quarters of the City 83
The Patriarch’s Quarter (Quarterium Patriarchae) 83
The Hospitallers’ Quarter 85
The Syrian Quarter (Juiverie/Judaria/Judearia) 88
The Armenian Quarter 88
The German Quarter 89
The Temple Mount, Augustinian Monastery and the
Templars’ Quarter 89
11 Outside the Walls 94
Extramural buildings and foundations 94
The surrounding countryside 97
12 The Churches and Monasteries 102
The major Crusader churches 102
Churches of the Hospitallers 121
Churches of the Germans 125
The Armenian churches 126
Other churches of the Eastern Rite 128
Other churches 131
Hermitages: the Vicus Hermetarum 132
13 Streets and Squares 134
Roads leading to the City 135
Streets inside the City 136
Squares 140
vi
— Contents —
14 Markets 142
The open markets 142
Market streets and halls 143
15 Other Public Works 156
Hospitals and hospices 156
Bathhouses 161
Stables 163
Archery grounds 164
16 Urban Industry, Crafts, Trades and Institutions of Commerce
and Finance 165
Industry and commerce 165
Financial institutions 167
17 Private Space 169
18 Water Sources and the Communal Water Supply 171
Springs 171
Aqueducts 173
Open reservoirs 173
Cisterns 176
Wells 177
Fountains 177
19 Sewage and Drainage 178
20 Burial Inside and Outside the City 180
The royal burials 180
Tombs in the Chapel of the Forty Martyrs and the Chapel
of St James 181
The Tomb of Philip d’Aubigné in the Parvis of the Church of
the Holy Sepulchre 182
Burials on the Temple Mount 182
Melisende’s tomb and Crusader burials in the Valley of
Jehoshaphat 183
Burial in the German Hospital 183
Graveyard of the knights who fell during the First Crusade 183
Mount Zion 183
The Mamilla Cemetery 184
The charnel house north of St Stephen’s Gate 187
Other burials 187
vii
— Contents —
PART III: ART AND THE CRUSADER LEGACY 189
21 Medieval Art in Jerusalem 191
Sculpture 191
Monumental wall painting and mosaics 194
Manuscript illumination and the Jerusalem Scriptorium 194
Gold and silverwork 197
22 Jerusalem in Medieval Art 199
Jerusalem on medieval maps 199
Buildings of Jerusalem represented on coins, seals, ampullae and
manuscript illumination 200
Conclusion 202
Notes 204
Sources and bibliography 252
Index 265
viii
PLATES
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7.1 The forewall north of David’s Gate 46
7.2 Moat, tower and steps north of David’s Gate 49
7.3 The Haag map of Jerusalem 51
7.4 Frankish capital reused in the Turkish Jaffa Gate 52
7.5 Remains of the Crusader barbican outside St Stephen’s Gate 54
7.6 Medieval Zion Gate Tower 56
7.7 Tanners’ Gate from the north 62
7.8 Tanners’ Gate tower 63
7.9 Capitals reused in Bâb al-Silsila/Bâb al-Sakîna 65
7.10 Double Gate Tower 66
7.11 South-West Tower 71
8.1 Tower of David 74
8.2 Tower of David on a billon denier of Baldwin III (1143–63) 75
9.1 Cambrai map of Jerusalem 81
11.1 Village at al-Kurûm 100
12.1 Façade of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 104
12.2 Details of the sculpture on the façade of the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre 107
12.3 The Chapel of the Last Supper (Cenacle) 113
12.4 Capital in the Church of the Ascension 116
12.5 Church of St Anne 117
12.6 Church of the Tomb of the Virgin in Jehoshaphat 120
12.7 Cloister of St Mary Latin 124
12.8 Church of St Mary of the Germans 127
12.9 St Peter ad Vincula (?) 129
13.1 Templar ownership mark 139
14.1 Frankish shops in David Street 144
14.2 Market on the Cardonorth of David Street 148
14.3 Inscription on a shop in the Central Market Street (Malquisinat) 149
14.4 Openings on roof of a market street 150
14.5 Market on the Cardosouth of David Street 152
14.6 House with shops on the Cardo 153
ix