Jerusalem Bible 1966 Study Edition

2067 Pages·1966·86.27 MB·English

by  Gen. Editor Alexander Jones

General Editor

ALEXANDER JONES, L.S.S., S.T.L., I.C.B.

The list of all those who have helped in the preparation of this

Bible is too long to be given in its entirety. The principal collabora­

tors in translation and literary revision were:

Joseph Leo Alstoo

Florence M. Bennett

Joseph Blenkinsopp

David Joseph Bourke

Douglas Carter

Aldhelm Dean O.S.B.

Illtud Evans, O.P.

Kenelm Foster, O.P.

Ernest Graf, O.S.B.

Prospero Grech, O.S.A.

Edmund Hill, O.P.

Sylvester Houedard, O.S.B.

Leonard Johnston

Anthony J. Kenny

D. 0. Lloyd James

James McAuley

Alan Neame

Hubert Richards

Edward Sackville-West

Ronald Senator

Waiter Shewring

Robert Speaight

J. R. R. Tolkien

R. F. Trevett

Thomas Worden

John Wright

Basil Wrightoo

THE
JERUSALEM
BIBLE

DOUBLEDAY & COMPANY, INC.

GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK

Nihil Obstat:
Lionel Swain, S.T.L., L.S.S.

Imprimatur:� John Cardinal Heenan

Westminster, July 4, 1966

The introductions and notes of this Bible are, with minor

variations and revisions a translation of those which appear

in La Bible de Jerusalem published by Les Editions du Cerf,

Paris, (one volume edition, 1961, but modified in the light

of the subsequent revised fascicule edition) under the gen·

era! editorship of Pere Roland de Vaux, O.P. The English

text of the Bible itself, though translated from the ancient

texf.s, owes a large debt to the work of the many scholars

who collaborated to produce La Bible de Jerusalem, a debt

which the publishers of this English Bible gratefully ac·

knowledge.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 66-24278

Copyright© 1966 by Darton, Longman & Todd, Ltd.

and Doubleday & Company, Inc.

All Rights Reserved
Printed in the United States of America

EDITOR'S FOREWORD.

The form and nature of this edition of the Holy Bible have been

determined by two of the principal dangers facing the Christian religion

today. The first is the reduction of Christianity to the status of a relic­

affectionately regarded, it is true, but considered irrelevant to our times.

The second is its rejection as a mythology, born and cherished in emotion

with nothing at all to say to the mind. What threatens the mother threatens

her two children even more seriously: I mean Christianity's adopted child,

which is the Old Testament, and her natural child, which is the New. The

Christian faith, after all, has been able without betrayal to adjust itself to the

needs of succeeding centuries and decades. The Bible, on the other hand,

is of its· nature a written charter guaranteed (as Christians believe) by the

Spirit of God, crystallised in antiquity, never to be changed-and what is

crystallised may be thought by some to be fossilised. Now for Christian

thinking in the twentieth century two slogans have been wisely adopted:
aggiomamento, or keeping abreast of the times, and approfondimento, or

deepening of theological thought. This double programme must be for the

Bible too. Its first part can be carried out by translating into the language

we use today, its second part by providing notes which are neither sectarian

nor superficial.

This twofold need has long been appreciated, and strong action was

taken in France when, under the influence of the late Pere Chiffiot, Editions

du Cerf appealed to the Dominican Biblical School in Jerusalem to meet it.

This led to the production of separate fascicules with a full textual critical

apparatus for the individual books of the Bible, and with extensive notes.

Subsequently, in 1956, a one-volume edition appeared which came to be

known popularly as La Bible de Jerusalem: a careful system of cross­

reference enabled this edition to include all the information from the

fascicules which could be useful to the thoughtful reader or to the student.

This present volume is its English equivalent. The introductions and notes

are a direct translation from the French, though revised and brought up to

date in some places-account being taken of the decisions and general

implications of the Second Vatican Council.

The translation of the biblical text itself could clearly not be made from

the French. In the case of a few books the initial draft was made from the

French and was then compared word for word with the Hebrew or Aramaic

by the General Editor and amended where necessary to ensure complete

conformity with the ancient text. For the much greater part, the initial

drafts were made from the Hebrew or Greek and simultaneously compared

with the French when questions of variant reading or interpretation arose.

Whichever system was used, therefore, the same intended result was achieved,

that is, an entirely faithful version of the ancient texts which, in doubtful

points, preserves the text established and (for the most part) the inter-

v

pretation adopted by the French scholars in the light of the most recent

researches in the fields of history, archaeology and literary criticism.

The translator of the Bible into a vernacular may surely consider himself

free to remove the purely linguistic archaisms of that vernacular, but here

his freedom ends. He may not, for example, substitute his own modern

images for the old ones: the theologian and the preacher may be encouraged

to do this, but not the translator. Nor must he impose his own style on the

originals: this would be to suppress the individuality of the several writers

who responded, each in his own way, to the movement of the Spirit. Still

less must it be supposed that there should be throughout a kind of hieratic

language, a uniform 'biblical' English, dictated by a tradition however

venerable. There is no doubt that in forfeiting this we lose something very

precious, but one hopes that the gain outweighs the loss. It would be arrogant

to claim that this present attempt to translate the Bible into 'contemporary'

English cannot be improved upon, but at least (one believes) it is in this

direction that translations will have to go if the Bible is not to lose its appeal

for the mind of today.

The Psalms present a special problem for translators since, unlike other

parts of the Bible, the psalter is not only a book to be read but a collection

of verse which is sung or chanted. Moreover, many of them are so familiar

in their sixteenth century form that any change may seem to be an

impertinence. Nevertheless, here too the first duty of a translator is to

convey as clearly as he can what the original author wrote. He should not

try to inject a rhetorical quality and an orotundity of cadence which belong

more truly to the first Elizabethan age in England than to the Hebrew

·originals. He must avoid the pure bathos of prosy flatness, of course, but

he will be aware that there is no longer an accepted 'poetic language'

which can be used to give artificial dignity to plain statements. It would

certainly be dangerous to give the form of the translation precedence over

the meaning.

It is in the Psalms especially that the use of the divine name Yahweh

(accented on the second syllable) may seem unai."Ceptable-though indeed

the still stranger form Yah is in constant use in the acclamation Hallelu-Yah

(Praise Yah! ). It is not without hesitation that this accurate form has been

used, and no doubt those who may care to use this translation of the Psalms

can substitute the traditional 'the Lord'. On the other hand, this would be

to lose much of the flavour and meaning of the originals. For example, to

say, 'The Lord is God' is surely a tautology, as to say 'Yahweh is God'

is not.

An Index of Biblical Themes has been provided in this edition. It is not

a luxury or an afterthought; it is a key to a treasure, for the use of serious

readers and. of preachers. It is for those who are not studying one single

book or passage but wish to find out what the Bible as a whole has to say

on a particular theological idea. Since the date and provenance of the

individual books will have been given in the introductions, this index will

be a guide to the historical development of biblical revelation, a pointer

to the raw material of a dynamic biblical theology. It is based on the simi­

lar index in the Bible de Jerusalem but is considerably wider in scope. The

compilation of this index was undertaken as a labour of love by members

vi

of the Theological Studies Group of the Newman Association, under the

leadership of Mr Martin Redfem. Our sincere thanks must go to all these

people who gave their spare time so generously.

The format of this edition has been chosen to make intelligent reading

easier, and the single column arrangement has for this reason been adopted:

The division of the text by bold-type section headings should enable the

reader to see at a glance what is the subject-matter of the pages before him.

The poetic passages are printed as verse and the lines with fewer stresses

in the Hebrew are indented. Very occasionally there is a word-distribution

that does not correspond to the lines in the Hebrew: this has been done

deliberately, though reluctantly, for the sake of clearer English.

A list of collaborators will be found in the introductory pages: to all of

these we express our thanks, not least because they have been so patient with

changes in their manuscript for which the General Editor must accept the

ultimate responsibility. As for the work of the publishers, it is here for all

to see, but only the writer of this Foreword can fully appreciate their

devotion to it. An inadequate word of thanks also to Miss Eva Bumley who

typed and, without complaint, often retyped every word of this edition with

the greatest accuracy. Certain students of Upholland College in Lancashire

were of great help in the early days: may God reward them. But there are

many others whose prayers and sympathy and repeated kindness in difficult

days have given constant support: we think they will recognise themselves

in this poor and vague acknowledgement.

Christ's College, Liverpool

1st June 1966

vii

Alexander J ones

CONTENTS

List of principal collaborators

Editor's Foreword
.

List of abbreviations

ii

V

X

The books of the Hebrew and
Greek Bibles
.
.

Explanation of typographical and
reference systems
•
.
•
•

THE OLD TESTAMENT

THE PE NTATEU C H

Introduction to the Pentateuch

Genesis . .

Exodus .

Leviticus

Numbers

Deuteronomy .

T H E H I S TOR I C A L BOOKS

Introduction to the Books of
Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Samuel
and Kings
.
.

The Book of Joshua

The Book of Judges .

The Book of Ruth

The Books of Samuel

The Books of Kings

Introduction to the Books of
Chronicles, Ezra and Nehe-
miah
.
.
.
•
.
•
•
.
.

The Books of Chronicles
.
.
•

The Book of Ezra and Nehemiah

Introduction to the Books of
Tobit, Judith and Esther

Tobit

Judith

Est her

Introduction to the Books of
Maccabees .
.
.
.
.
.
•

The First Book of Maccabees
•

The Second Book of Maccabees

5

15

78

131

169

220

267

275

306

339

344

417

491

496

570

601

605

622

640

654

657

693

THE W I S D O M B O OKS

Introduction
to the
Wisdom
Books
.
.

Introduction to Job •
.
.

Job
.
.
.
.
.
.

Introduction to The Psalms

The Psalms
.
.
.

Introduction to The Proverbs

The Proverbs .

Introduction to Ecclesiastes .

Ecclesiastes

Introduction to The Song of
Songs .
.
.
.
.
.

The Song of Songs
.
.
•
.

Introduction to The Book of
Wisdom .

The Book of Wisdom

Introduction to Ecclesiasticus

Ecc1esiasticus .
.
•

T H E PRO P HE T S

Introduction to the Prophets .
.
(Isaiah 1124; Jeremiah 1125;
Lamentations
1128;
Baruch
1128;
Ezekiel
1129;
Daniel
1131; Hosea 1134; Joel 1140;
Amos 1134; Obadiah 1140;
Jonah ll41 ; Micah 1135; Na­
hum 1137; Habakkuk 1137;
Zephaniah 1136; Haggai 1138;
Zechariah 1138; Malachi 1139)

Isaiah

Jeremiah

viii

xii

xiv

721

726

729

779

786

931

933

978

980

991

993

1004

1006

1034

1036

1115

1142

1249

Lamentations
•
.
.
1341
Jonah
•
•
.
•
.
.
. .

Baruch
.
.
.
.
1353
Micah
•
.
.
.
.

Ezekiel
1362
Nahum
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Daniel
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1423
Habakkuk
•
.
.
.
.
•
.

Hosea
.
.
.
.
. .
1451
Zephaniah.
.
•
.
.
.
.
•

Joel
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1469
Haggai
•
.
.
.

Am os
1477
Zechariah
.
.
.
.
.
•
.

Obadiah
.
.
.
.
•
.
1491
Malachi •
.
•
.
•
.
•
•
•

THE NEW
TESTAMENT

Introduction
to
the
Synoptic
Philippians •
•
•
•
•
•
Gospels .
.
.
.
.
.
.
s
Colossians
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
The Gospel according to Saint
1 Thessalonians
.
.
•
.
.
•
Matthew.
.
. . . . .
.
IS
2 Thessalonians
•
The Gospel according to Saint

.
.
.
.
•

Mark .
65
1 Timothy .
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.

The Gospel according to Saint
2 Timothy
•
•
.
.
.
.
•
.

Luke . .
.
.
. . . .
.
90
Titus .
.
•
•
•
.
•
.
•
.

Introduction to the Gospel and
Philemon
.
.
•

Letters of Saint John
139
Hebrews

The Gospel according to Saint
Introduction to the Letters to all
John .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
146
Christians

Introduction to the Acts of the
Saint James
.
.
.
•
.
Apostles .
.
. . .
.
.
.
195
I Saint Peter
•
.
.
•
The Acts of the Apostles .
.
.
200
2 Saint Peter
•
•
• .
Introduction to the Letters of
1 Saint John
.
•
.
Saint Paul
.
251
2 Saint John
•
•
•
•
.
Romans.
.
•
.
.
267
3 Saint John
.
.
.
•
.
.
•
1 Corinthians
•
.
.
.
292
Jude
•
.
.
. .
.
•
2 Corinthians •
•
•
.
•
•
•
311
Introduction to the Book of
Galatians
322
Revelation
•
.

Ephesians
.
.
.
.
•
330
The Book of Revelation
.

SUPPLEMENTS

Chronological table •
•
•
•
•

Genealogical table of the Hasmo-

455
Palestine of the Old Testament

Jerusalem of the Old Testament

1494

1497

1508

1513

1520

1527

1530

1544

338

344

350

355

358

364

368

371

373

391

398

401

407

411

420

421

422

427

430

naean and Herodian dynasties
415
Egypt, the Sinai Peninsular and Pal-
Calendar
•
•
•
•
.
•
•
•

Table of weights and measures
•

Index of biblical themes in the
notes .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.

Maps

The Near East in ancient times

477
estine at the Exodus

479
The tribal areas under Joshua

Southern part of the Fifth Satrapy

483
Palestine of the /l(ew Testament

Jerusalem of the New Testament

The journeys of Saint Paul

ix

Genesis

Exodus.
•

Leviticus

Numbers

Deuteronomy

Joshua

Judges
•

Ruth

1 Samuel

2 Samuel

1 Kings

2 Kings
•
•
l Chronicles

2 Chronicles

Ezra. . .

Nehemiah.

To bit

Judith
•
•

Esther . .
1 Maccabees .

2 Maccabees .
Job .

Psalms .
•

Proverbs
,
,

Ecclesiastes

Song of Songs
Wisdom

Ecclesiasticus •

Isaiah
•
•

Jeremiah .
•

Lamentations

Baruch .

Ezekiel .
•
•
Daniel

Hosea

Joel .

.
.
.

Am os

Obadiah
•

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

The books of the Bible in biblical order

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.

Gn

Ex

Lv

Nb

Dt

Jos

Jg

Rt

1 s

2S

1K

2K

1 Ch

2Ch

Ezr

Ne

Tb

Jdt

Est

1M

2M

Jb

Ps

Pr

Qo

Sg
Ws

Si

Is

Jr

Lm
Ba

Ezk

Dn

Ho

Jl
Am

Ob

Jonah
•

Micah
•
•

Nahum.

Habakkuk

Zephaniah

Haggai .
•

Zechariah
•

Malachi

Matthew

Mark

Luke

John

Acts

Romans

1 Corinthians

2 Corinthians

Galatians .

Ephesians .

Philippians

Colossians

1 Thessalonians .

2 Thessalonians .

1 Timothy.

2 Timothy.

Titus

Philemon

Hebrews

James .

1 Peter .

2 Peter .
1 John

2John

3 John

Jude.

Revelation

Jon

Mi

Na

Hab

Zp

Hg

Zc

Ml

Mt

Mk

Lk

Jn

Ac

Rm

1 Co

2 Co

Ga

Ep

Ph

Col

1 Th

2 Th

1Tm

2Tm

Tt

Phm

Heb

Jm

1 p

2P

1 Jn

2Jn

3 Jn

Jude

Rv

The books of the Bible in alphabetical order of abbreviations

Ac

Am

Ba

1 Ch

2Ch

1 Co

.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

Acts
2 Co

•
•
Amos

•
. Baruch

1 Chronicles

2 Chronicles

l Corinthians

X

Col

Dn

Dt

Ep

Est

2 Corinthians

Colossians

•
.
. Daniel

Deuteronomy

. Ephesians

•
.
•
Esther

Ex
Ezk
Ezr
Ga
Gn
Hab
Heb
Hg
Ho
Is
Jb
Jdt
Jg
Jl

Jm
Jn
1 Jn
2 Jn

3 Jn
Jon

Jos
Jr
Jude
1K
2K

Lk
Lm
Lv

l M
2 M
Mi

Add.
•
•
•

Arab .
•

Ch.

Ch.
Conj . .
Corr .
•

• Exodus

• Ezekiel
.
. Ezra
Galatians
Genesis
Habakkuk
Hebrews

• Haggai

•
Hosea

•
Isaiah

. Job

• Judith

Judges

. Joel
James
John

1 John

2 John

3 John
Jonah

• Joshua
Jeremiah

•
. Jude
1 Kings
2 Kings
Luke
Lamentations

.
Leviticus

• 1 Maccabees

• 2 Maccabees

•
•
•
Micah

Mk
Ml
Mt
Na
Nb
Ne

Ob

1 p
2 P

Ph

Phm

Pr

Ps

Qo

Rm

Rt

Rv

1 s

2 S

Sg

Si
Tb

1 Th

2 Th

1 Tm

2 Tm

Tt

Ws

Zc

Zp

.
.
.

.
.

•
•
•
Mark
Malachi
Matthew
. Nahum
Numbers

• Nehemiah
Obadiah

•
•
•
•
• 1 Peter

•
. 2 Peter

Philippians

Philemon

•
Proverbs

•
. Psalms

Ecclesiastes

Romans

Ruth

Revelation

•
1 Samue(

. 2 Samuel

Song of Songs

. Ecclesiasticus

•
.
Tobit

• 1 Thessalonians

• 2 Thessalonians

.1 Timothy

•
.2 Timothy

Tit us

Wisdom

. Zechariah

Zephaniah

Other abbreviations not in common use

• additional words
in­
cluded by some author­
ities

•
.
.
•
.
Arabic
. the 'Chronicler' (as well
as the Books of Chro­
nicles)

.
.
.
•
.
chapter(s)
.
conjectural reading
. text has been corrected

Hebr .
•

Lat.
•

LXX .

M.T
.
•

Om .
•
•

Theod.

Var
.
•

Vulg .

xi

•
Hebrew language/text

•
.
.
•
.
.
. Latin

. the Greek ' Septuagint'

•
•
.
Massoretic Text

• words omitted by some

authorities

•
.
Theodoret

• variant reading

•
•
•
•
•
Vulgate

THE HEBREW BIBLE

The canon of the Hebrew Bible, fixed by the Palestinian Jews at the beginning of the Christian
era, is preserved by modern Jews and, in the case of the Old Testament, by Protestant
Christians. It contains only the Hebrew books and excludes the books written in Greek and
the Greek supplements of Est her and Daniel.

The Hebrew Bible is divided into three parts, as follows:

I. THE LAW (The Pentateuch)

I. Genesis (called, from the first words of the Hebrew text, 'In the beginning')
2. Exodus ('These are the names')
3. Leviticus ('And Yahweh called Moses')
4. Numbers ('In the wilderness')
5. Deuteronomy ('These are the words')

11. THE PROPHE TS

A. The 'Earlier Prophets'
6. Joshua
7. Judges
8. Samuel
9. Kings (I & II together)
B. The 'Later Prophets'

10. Isaiah
11. Jeremiah
12. Ezekiel
13. 'The Twelve' prophets, in the order followed by the Vulgate: Hosea, Joel, Amos,
Obadiah,Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

Ill. THE WRITINGS (or Hagiographa)

14. Psalms (or 'Praises')
15. Job
16. Proverbs
17. Ruth
18. The Song of Songs
19. Ecclesiastes ('Qoheleth')
20. Lamentations
21. Esther
(These last five are known as the 'five rolls'; they were read on Jewish feast days)
22. Daniel
23. Ezra-Nehemiah
24. Chronicles

The Jewish Bible thus consists of 'twenty-four books'.

xii

THE GREEK BIBLE

The Greek Bible of the Seventy (Septuagint), for the use of the Jews of the Dispersion,
comprises the following, of which the order varies according to ditferent MSS and editions:

1. The books of the Hebrew Bible, translated into Greek with variations, omissions and
additions (important ones in Esther and Daniel).
2. Books which do not belong to the Hebrew Bible (although several of them reflect
a Hebrew or Aramaic origin) and which are part of the Christian Canon ('deutero­
canonical'). The Church regards these as being inspired in the same way as the books
of the Hebrew Bible. They are indicated in italics in the list below.
3. Books which, although sometimes used by the Fathers and ancient ecclesiastical
writers, have not been accepted by the Christian Church ('apocryphal' works). These
are placed in square brackets in the list below.

With the exception of these apocryphal books, the content of the Greek Bible is the same
as that of the Old Testament accepted by the Church, though different in order. The list on
pp. viii-ix shows the books in the usual order.
The list of the books of the Greek Bible of the Seventy is given below as it is found
in Rahlfs' edition.

I. LAW AND HISTORY

Genesis
Ex· •Jus
Lc1 iticus

Numbers
Deuteronomy

Joshua
Judges
Ruth

The four 'Books of Kingdoms': I and 2
=Samuel; 3 and 4 = Kings

The Paralipomena, I and 2 ( = Chro­
nicles)

GREEK
= J.
B.
= VULG.
[I Esdras]
[1 Esdras]•
[3 Esdras]
2 Esdras
Ezra
1 Esdras
eh. 1-10
2 Esdras
Nehemiah
2 Esdras or
eh. 11-23
Nehemias
[2 Esdras]•
[4 Esdras]

Esther, with passages peculiar to the
Greek
Judith
Tobit

1 and 2 Maccabees (plus the apocryphal
3 and 4)

11. POETIC AND
PROPHETIC BOOKS

The Psalms
[Odes]
The Proverbs of Solomon

Ecclesiastes
The Song of Songs
Job
The
Book
of Wisdom ('Wisdom of
Solomon')
Ecclesiasticus ('Wisdom of Siraeh')

[Psalms of Solomon]

The Twelve Minor Prophets, in the
following order: Hosea, Amos, Micah,
Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum,
Ha­
bakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zecha­
riah, Malaehi
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Baruch eh. 1-5
Lamentations
Baruch eh. 6 ('Letter of Jeremiah')
Ezekiel
Daniel eh. 13 ('Susanna')
Daniel eh. 1-12 (3:24-90 is peculiar to
the Greek)
Daniel eh. 14 ('Bel and the dragon')

• When referred to in the notes of the Jerusalem Bible

xiii

EXPLANATION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL

AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS

Chapter numbers

The beginning of a new chapter is usually marked by a large bold numeral.

A smaller bold numeral is used when a new chapter begins inside a

paragraph, or to mark a fragment of a chapter separated from the main

portion by material of a different chapter.

Verse numbers

In the Old Testament, the division into verses follows the Hebrew. The

verse numbers are printed in ordinary roman type. Where the verse­

numbering of the Vulgate differs, it is given in addition in italic figures.

In a few places, italic verse numbers are also used for some of the passages

incorporated from the Septuagint, e.g. Dn 3 (cf. notes), of which the

numbering duplicates that of neighbouring Hebrew material.

The beginning of each verse is indicated in the line by a dot
• preceding

the first word except when a verse starts at the beginning of a line or begins

a new chapter. When a Vulgate verse begins at a different point, this is not

indicated.

Occasionally verse numbers are given a suffix letter a, b or c. This is

generally to mark a rearrangement of parts of the verse, or to relate a

reference from elsewhere in the Bible to a specific part of the verse.

Italics in the text

The chief use of italic type in the text is to distinguish words which are

quotations from, or close allusions to, another book of the Bible. The

origins of such quotations are given as references in the margin. (Conversely,

where a passage will be found quoted in a later book, its wording is not

printed in italics, but the fact is indicated by a reference in the margin,

preceded by a 7' sign, to the place where the quotation will be found: see

explanation of Marginal References below.

Italics are also used (as in Est and Dn) to distinguish supplementary

passages brought in from the Septuagint, and the inclusion of such material

is always specified in a footnote.

Footnotes

In each chapter, footnotes are lettered serially. Footnotes are printed

on right-hand pages only, and normally the notes relating to the left-hand

page are separated by one or more blank lines from those relating to the

right-hand page.

xiv

The footnotes assume that the reader has already read the Introduction
to the book (or group of books) concerned. From time to time there are
'general' notes which explain special biblical terms that recur, or themes
which are of importance, e.g. 'remnant' (cf. note on Is 4:3), 'Son of man'
(cf. note on Mt 8:20). These general notes are often interconnected, and a
note on one passage may refer the reader to a note on the same theme
elsewhere. A guide to these general thematic notes is provided by the index
of biblical themes included in this volume, and· its uses are explained below.

Punctuation of biblical references

Chapter and verse are separated by a colon, e.g. Ex 20:17. In a succession
of references, items are separated by a semi-colon, e.g. Ex 20:1 7; Lv 9: 1 5.
The ·same practice is followed in a succession of references to different
chapters of one book, e.g. Ex 20:17 ; 21:3 or Ex 15 ; 17 ; 20.

Marginal References

The marginal references direct the reader's attention to other passages
in the Bible (or to footnotes attached to them) which can contribute to an
understanding of the text-sources of quotations, earlier use of special terms,
phrases, or images and the explanation of allusions whether explicit or
implied. The references often occur in groups all relating to one text line;
in such cases, the position of the first reference indicates the line to which
the whole group applies. The typographical design of this Bible makes it
possible to place two marginal reference lines against each line of text; the
first reference of a group may therefore appear slightly above or slightly
below the text line.
The end of one group of references and the beginning of a new group
is normally marked by a space; where this is not possible, the first line of
the new group is printed in italic type.
Within a group of references, the order of items is:

1. References to the sources of italicised quotations from other books.
2. References to other passages in the saine book; these are not preceded
by the abbreviated book name.
3. References to passages in other books of the Bible; these are given
in biblical order.
References to different books always begin on separate lines. When one
reference line cannot accommodate all the references to one book, the
references are continued (without repetition of the abbreviated book name)
on new lines which are indented slightly away from the text.

Symbols in biblical references

.A
In some cases, a group of marginal references which begins near the foot
of a left-hand page has to be continued at the top of the facing page. The
references which are thus displaced from a previous page are distinguished
by a solid triangle added to each, to show that they do not· relate to the
lines opposite which they appear.

XV