Jawetz Melnick&Adelbergs Medical Microbiology

877 Pages·2012·54.92 MB·English

a LANGE medical book
Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s
Medical Microbiology
Twenty-Sixth Edition
Geo. F. Brooks, MD Stephen A. Morse, PhD
Professor of Laboratory Medicine Associate Director for Environmental Microbiology
and Microbiology and Immunology Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and
Chief, Microbiology Section Environmental Diseases
Clinical Laboratories National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic
University of California Infectious Diseases
San Francisc, California Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, Georgia
Karen C. Carroll, MD
Timothy A. Mietzner, PhD
Professor of Pathology
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Associate Professor
Director, Division Medical Microbiology Department of Microbiology and Molecular
The Johns Hopkins Hospital Genetics
Baltimore, Maryland University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh
Janet S. Butel, PhD
Adjunct Associate Professor of Microbiology
Distinguished Service Professor Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health
Chair, Department of Molecular Virology and Mesa, Arizona
Microbiology
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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Contents iii
Contents
Preface xi
I
S E C T I O N
The Meaning of Growth 55
FunDAMenTAlS oF
Exponential Growth 55
MiCroBioloGy 1
The Growth Curve 57
Maintenance of Cells in the Exponential Phase 58
Stephen A. Morse, PhD*, and Timothy A. Meitzner, PhD
Definition and Measurement of Death 58
1. The Science of Microbiology 1 Antimicrobial Agents 60
Introduction 1 Objectives 65
Biologic Principles Illustrated by Microbiology 1 Review Questions 65
Viruses 2
5. Cultivation of Microorganisms 67
Prions 2
Requirements for Growth 67
Prokaryotes 3
Sources of Metabolic Energy 67
Protists 6
Nutrition 68
Chapter Summary 8
Environmental Factors Affecting Growth 69
Review Questions 8
Cultivation Methods 72
2. Cell Structure 11 Chapter Summary 75
Optical Methods 11 Review Questions 76
Eukaryotic Cell Structure 13
6. Microbial Metabolism 77
Prokaryotic Cell Structure 15
Role of Metabolism in Biosynthesis and
Staining 39
Growth 77
Morphologic Changes During Growth 40
Focal Metabolites and Their
Chapter Summary 40
Interconversion 77
Review Questions 41
Assimilatory Pathways 80
3. Classification of Bacteria 43 Biosynthetic Pathways 88
Taxonomy—The Vocabulary of Medical Patterns of Microbial Energy-Yielding
Microbiology 43 Metabolism 91
Criteria for Classification of Bacteria 44 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways 96
Classification Systems 45 Chapter Summary 98
Description of the Major Categories and Groups Review Questions 99
of Bacteria 48
7. Microbial Genetics 101
Subtyping and Its Application 50
Organization of Genes 101
Nucleic Acid–Based Taxonomy 51
Replication 106
Nonculture Methods for the Identification of
Transfer of DNA 107
Pathogenic Microorganisms 53
Mutation and Gene Rearrangement 111
Objectives 53
Gene Expression 111
Review Questions 53
Genetic Engineering 115
4. The Growth, Survival, and Death of Characterization of Cloned DNA 118
Microorganisms 55 Site-Directed Mutagenesis 119
Survival of Microorganisms in the Natural Analysis With Cloned DNA: Hybridization
Environment 55 Probes 119
iii
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iv Contents
Manipulation of Cloned DNA 120 Bacillus cereus 178
Objectives 121 Clostridium Species 178
Objectives 121 Clostridium botulinum 179
Clostridium tetani 180
II Clostridia That Produce Invasive Infections 181
S E C T I O N
Clostridium difficile and Diarrheal Disease 183
iMMunoloGy 123 Review Questions 183
12. A erobic non–Spore-Forming Gram-Positive
Barbara Detrick, PhD
Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Listeria,
8. immunology 123 Erysipelothrix, Actinomycetes, and related
Overview 123 Pathogens 187
Innate Immunity 123 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 188
Adaptive Immunity 127 Other Coryneform Bacteria 191
Complement 138 Listeria monocytogenes 192
Cytokines 140 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 193
Hypersensitivity 141 Actinomycetes 194
Deficiencies of the Immune Response 142 Nocardiosis 194
Clinical Immunology Laboratory (Diagnostic Actinomycetoma 195
Testing) 143 Review Questions 195
Chapter Summary 145
13. The Staphylococci 199
Review Questions 147
Chapter Summary 205
Review Questions 206
III
S E C T I O N
14. The Streptococci, enterococci, and related
BACTerioloGy 149 Genera 209
Classification of Streptococci 209
Karen C. Carroll, MD Streptococci of Particular Medical interest 211
Streptococcus pyogenes 211
9. Pathogenesis of Bacterial infection 149
Streptococcus agalactiae 216
Identifying Bacteria That Cause Disease 150
Groups C and G 217
Transmission of Infection 151
Group D Streptococci 217
The Infectious Process 152
Streptococcus anginosus Group 217
Genomics and Bacterial Pathogenicity 152
Group N Streptococci 217
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Factors 153
Groups E, F, G, H, and K–U Streptococci 217
Bacterial Virulence Factors 154
Viridans Streptococci 218
Chapter Summary 161
Nutritionally Variant Streptococci 218
Review Questions 162
Peptostreptococcus and Related
10. normal Human Microbiota 165 Genera 218
Human Microbiome Project 165 Streptococcus pneumoniae 218
Role of the Resident Microbiota 165 Enterococci 222
Normal Microbiota of the Skin 167 Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive
Normal Microbiota of the Mouth and Upper Cocci 224
Respiratory Tract 167 Review Questions 225
Normal Microbiota of the Urethra 172
15. enteric Gram-negative rods
Normal Microbiota of the Vagina 172
(Enterobacteriaceae) 229
Normal Microbiota of the Conjunctiva 172
Classification 229
Chapter Summary 172
Diseases Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Other
Review Questions 173
Than Salmonella and Shigella 233
11. Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Bacillus The Shigellae 236
and Clostridium Species 175 The Salmonella-Arizona Group 238
Bacillus Species 175 Chapter Summary 241
Bacillus anthracis 175 Review Questions 241
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Contents v
16. Pseudomonads, Acinetobacters, and uncommon 19. Yersinia and Pasteurella 279
Gram-negative Bacteria 245 Yersinia pestis and Plague 279
The Pseudomonad Group 245 Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 245 pseudotuberculosis 281
Burkholderia pseudomallei 248 Pasteurella 282
Burkholderia mallei 248 Review Questions 282
Burkholderia cepacia Complex and Burkholderia
20. The neisseriae 285
Gladioli 248
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 285
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 249
Neisseria meningitidis 291
Acinetobacter 249
Other Neisseriae 292
Other Pseudomonads 249
Chapter Summary 293
uncommon Gram-negative Bacteria 250
Review Questions 293
Aggregatibacter 250
21. infections Caused by Anaerobic Bacteria 295
Achromobacter and Alcaligenes 250
Physiology and Growth Conditions for
Ochrobactrum 250
Anaerobes 295
Capnocytophaga 250
Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Human
Cardiobacterium 250
Infections 296
Chromobacteria 250
Bacteria That Cause Vaginosis 297
Eikenella corrodens 251
Gardnerella vaginalis 297
Chryseobacterium 251
Mobiluncus Species 297
Kingella 251
Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections 300
Moraxella 251
Immunity in Anaerobic Infections 300
Chapter Summary 251
The Polymicrobial Nature of Anaerobic
Review Questions 251
Infections 300
17. Vibrios, Campylobacters, Helicobacter,
Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections 301
and Associated Bacteria 255
Treatment of Anaerobic Infections 301
The Vibrios 255
Chapter Summary 301
Vibrio Cholerae 255
Review Questions 302
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrios 258
22. legionellae, Bartonella, and unusual Bacterial
Aeromonas 259
Pathogens 305
Plesiomonas 259
Legionella pneumophila and Other Legionellae 305
Campylobacter 259
Bartonella 308
Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli 259
Streptobacillus moniliformis 310
Campylobacter fetus 261
Whipple Disease 310
Other Campylobacters 261
Review Questions 310
Helicobacter Pylori 261
Review Questions 263 23. Mycobacteria 313
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 313
18. Haemophilus, Bordetella, Brucella,
Other Mycobacteria 321
and Francisella 265
Mycobacterium leprae 323
The Haemophilus Species 265
Review Questions 324
Haemophilus influenzae 265
Haemophilus aegyptius 267 24. Spirochetes and other Spiral
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus 268 Microorganisms 327
Haemophilus ducreyi 268 Treponema 327
Other Haemophilus Species 268 Treponema pallidum and Syphilis 327
The Bordetellae 268 Diseases Related To Syphilis 331
Bordetella pertussis 268 Borrelia 331
Bordetella parapertussis 270 Borrelia Species and Relapsing Fever 331
Bordetella bronchiseptica 270 Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme Disease 333
The Brucellae 271 Leptospira and leptospirosis 335
Francisella Tularensis and Tularemia 273 other Spirochetal Diseases 337
Review Questions 275 Spirillum minor (Spirillum morsus muris) 337
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vi Contents
Spirochetes of the Normal Mouth and Antimicrobial Activity in Vivo 379
Mucous Membranes 337 Host–Pathogen Relationships 380
Review Questions 338 Clinical use of Antibiotics 381
Selection of Antibiotics 381
25. Mycoplasmas and Cell Wall–Defective
Dangers of Indiscriminate Use 381
Bacteria 341
Antimicrobial Drugs Used in Combination 382
Mycoplasmas 341
Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis 383
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical
Antimicrobial Drugs For Systemic
Pneumonias 343
Administration 384
Mycoplasma hominis 344
Penicillins 384
Ureaplasma urealyticum 345
Cephalosporins 390
Mycoplasma genitalium 345
Other b-Lactam Drugs 393
Cell Wall–Defective Bacteria 345
Tetracyclines 394
Chapter Summary 345
Glycylcyclines 394
Review Questions 345
Chloramphenicol 395
26. rickettsia and related Genera 349 Erythromycins 395
General 349 Clindamycin and Lincomycin 396
Rickettsia and Orientia 349 Glycopeptides and Lipopeptides 396
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma 353 Streptogramins 397
Coxiella Burnetii 354 Oxazolidinones 397
Review Questions 356 Bacitracin 397
Polymyxins 397
27. Chlamydia Spp. 359
Aminoglycosides 398
Chlamydia Trachomatis ocular, Genital, and
Quinolones 399
respiratory infections 362
Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim 401
Trachoma 362
Other Drugs With Specialized Uses 401
Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections and
Drugs Used Primarily To Treat Mycobacterial
Inclusion Conjunctivitis 363
Infections 402
Chlamydia Trachomatis And neonatal
Review Questions 403
Pneumonia 364
Lymphogranuloma Venereum 364
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Respiratory IV
S E C T I O N
Infections 365
Chlamydia psittaci and Psittacosis 366 ViroloGy 407
Chapter Summary 368
Review Questions 368 Jane Butel, PhD
28. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 371 29. General Properties of Viruses 407
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Terms and Definitions in Virology 407
Drugs 371 Evolutionary Origin of Viruses 408
Selective Toxicity 371 Classification of Viruses 408
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis 371 Principles of Virus Structure 414
Inhibition of Cell Membrane Function 373 Chemical Composition of Viruses 415
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis 373 Cultivation and Assay of Viruses 416
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 375 Purification and Identification of Viruses 418
resistance To Antimicrobial Drugs 375 Laboratory Safety 419
Origin of Drug Resistance 376 Reaction To Physical and Chemical
Cross-Resistance 376 Agents 419
Limitation of Drug Resistance 376 Replication of Viruses: An Overview 420
Clinical Implications of Drug Resistance 377 Genetics of Animal Viruses 425
Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity 378 Natural History (Ecology) and Modes of
Antimicrobial Activity in Vitro 378 Transmission of Viruses 427
Measurement of Antimicrobial Activity 379 Chapter Summary 428
Drug–Pathogen Relationships 379 Review Questions 429
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Contents vii
30. Pathogenesis and Control of Viral 36. Picornaviruses (enterovirus and rhinovirus
Diseases 431 Groups) 527
Principles of Viral Diseases 431 Properties of Picornaviruses 527
Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases 431 enterovirus Group 531
Prevention and Treatment of Viral Polioviruses 531
Infections 441 Coxsackieviruses 533
Chapter Summary 449 Other Enteroviruses 536
Review Questions 449 Enteroviruses in the Environment 537
Rhinoviruses 538
31. Parvoviruses 451
Parechovirus Group 539
Properties of Parvoviruses 451
Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus of
Parvovirus Infections in Humans 452
Cattle) 539
Chapter Summary 455
Chapter Summary 540
Review Questions 455
Review Questions 540
32. Adenoviruses 457
37. reoviruses, rotaviruses, and
Properties of Adenoviruses 457
Caliciviruses 543
Adenovirus Infections in Humans 461
reoviruses and rotaviruses 543
Chapter Summary 464
Rotaviruses 544
Review Questions 464
Reoviruses 548
33. Herpesviruses 467 Caliciviruses 548
Properties of Herpesviruses 467 Orbiviruses and Coltiviruses 548
Herpesvirus infections in Humans 471 Astroviruses 551
Herpes Simplex Viruses 471 Chapter Summary 551
Varicella-Zoster Virus 476 Review Questions 551
Cytomegalovirus 480
38. Arthropod-Borne and rodent-Borne
Epstein-Barr Virus 484
Viral Diseases 553
Human Herpesvirus 6 487
Human Arbovirus infections 553
Human Herpesvirus 7 487
Togavirus and Flavivirus Encephalitis 555
Human Herpesvirus 8 488
Yellow Fever 562
B Virus 488
Dengue 564
Chapter Summary 489
Bunyavirus Encephalitis 566
Review Questions 489
Sandfly Fever 566
34. Poxviruses 493 Rift Valley Fever 566
Properties of Poxviruses 493 Colorado Tick Fever 567
Poxvirus Infections in Humans: Vaccinia rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fevers 567
and Variola 496 Bunyavirus Diseases 567
Monkeypox Infections 501 Arenavirus Diseases 569
Cowpox Infections 501 Filovirus Diseases 571
Buffalopox Infections 501 Chapter Summary 573
Orf Virus Infections 501 Review Questions 573
Molluscum Contagiosum 501
39. orthomyxoviruses (influenza Viruses) 577
Tanapox and Yaba Monkey Tumor Poxvirus
Properties of Orthomyxoviruses 577
Infections 503
Influenza Virus Infections in Humans 583
Chapter Summary 504
Chapter Summary 588
Review Questions 504
Review Questions 589
35. Hepatitis Viruses 507
40. Paramyxoviruses and rubella Virus 591
Properties of Hepatitis Viruses 507
Properties of Paramyxoviruses 591
Hepatitis Virus Infections
Parainfluenza Virus Infections 594
in Humans 512
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections 598
Chapter Summary 524
Human Metapneumovirus Infections 600
Review Questions 524
Mumps Virus Infections 601
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viii Contents
Measles (Rubeola) Virus Infections 603 Superficial Mycoses 676
Hendra Virus and Nipah Virus Infections 606 Cutaneous Mycoses 677
Rubella (German Measles) Virus Key Concepts: Superficial and Cutaneous
Infections 607 Mycoses 681
Postnatal Rubella 607 Subcutaneous Mycoses 681
Congenital Rubella Syndrome 609 Sporotrichosis 681
Chapter Summary 609 Chromoblastomycosis 682
Review Questions 510 Phaeohyphomycosis 684
Mycetoma 684
41. Coronaviruses 613
Key Concepts: Subcutaneous Mycoses 685
Properties of Coronaviruses 613
Endemic Mycoses 685
Coronavirus Infections in Humans 615
Coccidioidomycosis 686
Chapter Summary 617
Histoplasmosis 689
Review Questions 617
Blastomycosis 692
42. Rabies, Slow Virus Infections, and Prion Paracoccidioidomycosis 693
Diseases 619 Key Concepts: Endemic Mycoses 694
Rabies 619 Opportunistic Mycoses 694
Borna Disease 626 Candidiasis 694
Slow Virus Infections and Prion Diseases 626 Cryptococcosis 697
Chapter Summary 629 Aspergillosis 699
Review Questions 629 Mucormycosis 701
Pneumocystis Pneumonia 702
43. Human Cancer Viruses 633
Penicilliosis 702
General Features of Viral Carcinogenesis 633
Other Opportunistic Mycoses 702
Retroviruses 635
Key Concepts: Opportunistic
Cellular Oncogenes 641
Mycoses 703
Tumor Suppressor Genes 642
Antifungal Prophylaxis 703
DNA Tumor Viruses 642
Hypersensitivity to Fungi 703
Polyomaviruses 642
Mycotoxins 704
Papillomaviruses 644
Antifungal Chemotherapy 704
Adenoviruses 647
Topical Antifungal Agents 709
Herpesviruses 648
Key Concepts: Antifungal Chemotherapy 710
Poxviruses 648
Review Questions 710
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus 648
How to Prove That a Virus Causes Human
Cancer 649 VI
S E C T I O N
Chapter Summary 649
Review Questions 649 PARASITOLOGY 715
44. AIDS and Lentiviruses 653
Judy A. Sakanari, PhD, and
Properties of Lentiviruses 653
James H. McKerrow, MD, PhD
HIV Infections in Humans 657
Chapter Summary 667 46. Medical Parasitology 715
Review Questions 667 Classification of Parasites 715
Intestinal Protozoan Infections 719
Giardia lamblia (Intestinal Flagellate) 719
V
S E C T I O N Key Concepts: Parasitic Protozoa 719
Entamoeba histolytica (Intestinal and Tissue
MYCOLOGY 671
Ameba) 720
Other Intestinal Amebae 722
Thomas G. Mitchell, PhD
Cryptosporidium (Intestinal Sporozoa) 722
45. Medical Mycology 671
Cyclospora (Intestinal Sporozoa) 723
General Properties and Classification of Fungi 672
Sexually Transmitted Protozoan
Growth and Isolation of Fungi 676
Infection 723
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Contents ix
Trichomonas vaginalis (Genitourinary Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke),
Flagellate) 723 Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke), and
Blood and Tissue Protozoan infections 723 Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)—Tissue
Blood Flagellates 723 Trematodes 745
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T b Schistosoma mansoni, S japonicum, and S
gambiense (Blood Flagellates) 724 haematobium (Blood Flukes) 746
Trypanosoma cruzi (Blood Flagellate) 725 Tissue Cestode infections (Caused by the larval
Leishmania Species (Blood Flagellates) 725 Stages) 746
Entamoeba histolytica (Tissue Ameba)—See Taenia solium—Cysticercosis/
Intestinal Protozoan Infections Section 727 Neurocysticercosis 746
Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid Cyst) 746
and Balamuthia mandrillaris (Free-Living Review Questions 748
Amebae) 727
Plasmodium Species (Blood Sporozoa) 727
VII
Babesia microti (Blood Sporozoa) 731 S E C T I O N
Toxoplasma gondii (Tissue Sporozoa) 732 DiAGnoSTiC MeDiCAl
Microsporidia 733
MiCroBioloGy AnD CliniCAl
intestinal Helminthic infections 733
CorrelATion 753
Key Concepts: Parasitic Helminths 733
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm—Intestinal
Nematode) 734 Karen C. Carroll, MD
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm—Intestinal
47. Principles of Diagnostic Medical
Nematode) 734
Microbiology 753
Ascaris lumbricoides (Human Roundworm—
Communication Between Physician and
Intestinal Nematode) 738
Laboratory 753
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
Diagnosis of Bacterial and Fungal
(Human Hookworms—Intestinal Nematode) 739
Infections 754
Strongyloides stercoralis (Human Threadworm—
The Importance of Normal Bacterial and Fungal
Intestinal and Tissue Nematode) 740
Microbiota 765
Trichinella spiralis (Intestinal And Tissue
Laboratory Aids in the Selection of Antimicrobial
Nematode) 741
Therapy 766
Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke—
Diagnosis of Infection by Anatomic Site 767
Intestinal Trematode) 741
Anaerobic Infections 773
Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm—Intestinal
Diagnosis of Chlamydial Infections 773
Cestode) and Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm—
Diagnosis of Viral Infections 775
Intestinal and Tissue Cestode) 741
Review Questions 783
Diphyllobothrium latum (Broad Fish Tapeworm—
Intestinal Cestode) 742 48. Cases and Clinical Correlations 785
Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm—Intestinal
Central nervous System 785
Cestode) 742
respiratory 789
Dipylidium caninum (Dog Tapeworm—Intestinal
Heart 793
Cestode) 743
Abdomen 795
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia
urinary Tract 800
Malayi (Lymphatic Filariasis—Tissue
Bone and Soft Tissue 802
Nematodes) 743
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 803
Blood and Tissue Helminthic infections 743
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infections 806
Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness—Tissue
HiV-1 and Aids 809
Nematode) 743
infections in Transplant Patients 813
Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm—Tissue
Biologic Warfare and Bioterrorism 817
Nematode) 744
Larva Migrans (Zoonotic Larval Nematode
Index 823
Infections) 745
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