Технология Java Card ™ для смарт-карт: архитектура и руководство программиста

342 Pages·2008·4.648 MB·Russian

by  Жикун Чен

Êîðïîðàöèÿ Sun Microsystems © 2000 ã. Âñå ïðàâà çàùèùåíû.
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Sun, Sun Microsystems, ëîãîòèï Sun, Java, Java Software, Java Card, Java SDK,
Java 2 Standard Edtition è Java 2 Enterprise Edition ÿâëÿþòñÿ òîâàðíûìè çíàêàìè
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âåííîñòüþ ñâîèõ çàêîííûõ âëàäåëüöåâ.
ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ ÏÐÅÄÎÑÒÀÂËßÞÒÑß ÏÎ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÓ "ÊÀÊ ÅÑÒÜ", ÁÅÇ
ÊÀÊÈÕ-ËÈÁÎ ßÂÍÛÕ ÈËÈ ÏÎÄÐÀÇÓÌÅÂÀÅÌÛÕ ÃÀÐÀÍÒÈÉ, ÂÊËÞ-
×Àß,  ×ÈÑËÅ ÏÐÎ×ÅÃÎ, ÃÀÐÀÍÒÈÈ Â ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈÈ ÈÕ ÐÛÍÎ×ÍÛÕ
ÊÀ×ÅÑÒÂ, ÍÅÍÀÐÓØÅÍÈß ÏÐÀ ÍÀ ÈÍÒÅËËÅÊÒÓÀËÜÍÓÞ ÑÎÁÑÒ-
ÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÜ ÈËÈ ÏÐÈÃÎÄÍÎÑÒÈ Ê ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÞ Â ÒÅÕ ÈËÈ
ÈÍÛÕ ÊÎÍÊÐÅÒÍÛÕ ÖÅËßÕ.
ÝÒÀ ÏÓÁËÈÊÀÖÈß ÌÎÆÅÒ ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÒÜ ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÍÅÒÎ×ÍÎÑÒÈ
ÈËÈ ÎÏÅ×ÀÒÊÈ.  ÍÅÅ ÌÎÃÓÒ ÂÍÎÑÈÒÜÑß ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈß; ÝÒÈ ÈÇ-
ÌÅÍÅÍÈß ÁÓÄÓÒ ÂÊËÞ×ÀÒÜÑß Â ÍÎÂÛÅ ÈÇÄÀÍÈß ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÉ
ÏÓÁËÈÊÀÖÈÈ.
ÊÎÐÏÎÐÀÖÈß SUN MICROSYSTEMS ÈÌÅÅÒ ÏÐÀÂÎ Â ËÞÁÎÅ ÂÐÅÌß
ÂÍÎÑÈÒÜ ÓÑÎÂÅÐØÅÍÑÒÂÎÂÀÍÈß È/ÈËÈ ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈß Â ÏÐÎÄÓÊÒ
(ÏÐÎÄÓÊÒÛ), ÎÏÈÑÀÍÈß ÊÎÒÎÐÛÕ ÏÐÈÂÎÄßÒÑß Â ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÉ
ÏÓÁËÈÊÀÖÈÈ.
Содержание
Ïðåäèñëîâèå......................................................................................................................10
Îá ýòîé êíèãå ....................................................................................................................12
×ÀÑÒÜ 1. ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ.....................................................................................................15
Ãëàâà 1. Íà÷íåì ñíà÷àëà..................................................................................................16
1.1. Ñìàðò-êàðòû.........................................................................................................16
1.1.1. Êðàòêàÿ èñòîðèÿ..........................................................................................17
1.1.2. Ïðåèìóùåñòâà ñìàðò-êàðò..........................................................................17
1.1.3. Îáëàñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ...................................................................................18
1.2. Ïðîáëåìû ðàçðàáîòêè ïðèëîæåíèé äëÿ ñìàðò-êàðò.........................................20
1.3. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå òåõíîëîãèè Java äëÿ ñìàðò-êàðò...............................................21
1.3.1. Ïðåèìóùåñòâà òåõíîëîãèè Java Card.........................................................21
1.3.2. Êðàòêàÿ èñòîðèÿ òåõíîëîãèè Java Card......................................................22
Ãëàâà 2. Ââåäåíèå â ìèð ñìàðò-êàðò ...............................................................................24
2.1. Îáçîð òåõíîëîãèè ñìàðò-êàðò.............................................................................24
2.2. Îñíîâíûå òèïû ñìàðò-êàðò ................................................................................25
2.2.1. Ñðàâíåíèå êàðò ïàìÿòè è êàðò ñî âñòðîåííûì ìèêðîïðîöåññîðîì............25
2.2.2. Ñðàâíåíèå êîíòàêòíûõ è áåñêîíòàêòíûõ êàðò .........................................26
2.3. Àïïàðàòíûå ñðåäñòâà ñìàðò-êàðò........................................................................27
2.3.1. Êîíòàêòû ñìàðò-êàðòû ...............................................................................27
2.3.2. Öåíòðàëüíûé ïðîöåññîð ñìàðò-êàðòû.......................................................28
2.3.3. Ñîïðîöåññîðû ñìàðò-êàðò..........................................................................28
2.3.4. Ñèñòåìà ïàìÿòè ñìàðò-êàðò........................................................................28
2.4. Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ñî ñìàðò-êàðòàìè....................................................................30
2.4.1. Óñòðîéñòâà ñ÷èòûâàíèÿ êàðò è õîñò-ïðèëîæåíèÿ ....................................30
2.4.2. Ìîäåëü âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñî ñìàðò-êàðòàìè...............................................30
2.4.3. Ïðîòîêîë APDU..........................................................................................31
2.4.4. Ïðîòîêîë TPDU..........................................................................................33
2.4.5. Ñîîáùåíèå ATR..........................................................................................33
2.5. Îïåðàöèîííûå ñèñòåìû ñìàðò-êàðò ..................................................................33
2.5.1. Ôàéëîâûå ñèñòåìû ñìàðò-êàðò ..................................................................34
2.5.2. Êîðíåâîé êàòàëîã (Master File) ..................................................................35
2.5.3. Êàòàëîã (Dedicated File)..............................................................................35
2.5.4. Ôàéë äàííûõ (Elementary File)...................................................................35
2.6. Ïðîãðàììíîå îáåñïå÷åíèå ñìàðò-êàðò..............................................................35
2.7. Ñòàíäàðòû è ñïåöèôèêàöèè ñìàðò-êàðò............................................................36
2.7.1. Ñòàíäàðòû ISO 7816.....................................................................................37
2.7.2. Ñòàíäàðòû GSM ..........................................................................................37
2.7.3. Ñïåöèôèêàöèÿ EMV...................................................................................37
2.7.4. Ñïåöèôèêàöèè Open Platform....................................................................38
2.7.5. Èíòåãðèðîâàííàÿ ñðåäà OpenCard Framework..........................................38
2.7.6. Ñïåöèôèêàöèè PC/SC................................................................................38
×ÀÑÒÜ 2. ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈß JAVA CARD..........................................................................39
Ãëàâà 3. Îáçîð òåõíîëîãèè Java Card..............................................................................40
3.1. Îáçîð àðõèòåêòóðû ..............................................................................................40
3.2. Ïîäìíîæåñòâî ÿçûêà Java Card ..........................................................................41
3.3. Âèðòóàëüíàÿ ìàøèíà Java Card...........................................................................42
6 Ñîäåðæàíèå
3.3.1. Ôàéëû CAP è ýêñïîðòíûå ôàéëû..............................................................42
3.3.2. Êîíâåðòåð Java Card....................................................................................43
3.3.3. Èíòåðïðåòàòîð Java Card.............................................................................44
3.4. Èíñòàëëÿòîð Java Card è âíåøíÿÿ èíñòàëëÿöèîííàÿ ïðîãðàììà....................45
3.5. Ñðåäà èñïîëíåíèÿ Java Card ...............................................................................46
3.5.1. Âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ JCRE.......................................................................47
3.5.2. Êàê ðàáîòàåò JCRE âî âðåìÿ ñåàíñà ñâÿçè ñ óñòðîéñòâîì ñ÷èòûâàíèÿ........48
3.5.3. Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå âîçìîæíîñòè ñðåäû èñïîëíåíèÿ Java Card..................49
3.6. API, ïîääåðæèâàåìûå ïëàòôîðìîé Java Card....................................................49
3.6.1. Ïàêåò java.lang........................................................................................50
3.6.2. Ïàêåò javacard.framework.....................................................................50
3.6.3. Ïàêåò javacard.security.......................................................................51
3.6.4. Ïàêåò javacardx.crypto.........................................................................51
3.7. Àïëåòû Java Card..................................................................................................52
3.8. Ñîãëàøåíèå î ïðèñâàèâàíèè èìåí ïàêåòàì è àïëåòàì.....................................52
3.9. Ïðîöåññ ðàçðàáîòêè àïëåòà.................................................................................53
3.10. Èíñòàëëÿöèÿ àïëåòà...........................................................................................55
3.10.1. Àïëåòû ROM..............................................................................................55
3.10.2. Ïðåäîïðåäåëåííûå è çàãðóæàåìûå àïëåòû .............................................55
3.10.3. Èíñòàëëÿöèÿ çàãðóæàåìûõ àïëåòîâ .........................................................56
3.10.4. Îáðàáîòêà îøèáîê â ïðîöåññå èíñòàëëÿöèè àïëåòà...............................57
3.10.5. Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ èíñòàëëÿöèè.......................................................................57
Ãëàâà 4. Îáúåêòû Java Card..............................................................................................58
4.1. Ìîäåëü ïàìÿòè Java Card.....................................................................................58
4.2. Ïîñòîÿííûå îáúåêòû...........................................................................................59
4.3. Âðåìåííûå îáúåêòû.............................................................................................60
4.3.1. Ñâîéñòâà âðåìåííûõ îáúåêòîâ...................................................................60
4.3.2. Òèïû âðåìåííûõ îáúåêòîâ .........................................................................61
4.3.3. Ñîçäàíèå âðåìåííûõ îáúåêòîâ...................................................................62
4.3.4. Çàïðîñû ê âðåìåííûì îáúåêòàì ................................................................62
4.4. Êðàòêî î ñîçäàíèè è óäàëåíèè îáúåêòîâ............................................................63
Ãëàâà 5. Àòîìàðíîñòü è òðàíçàêöèè................................................................................64
5.1. Àòîìàðíîñòü.........................................................................................................64
5.2. Àòîìàðíîå îáíîâëåíèå áëîêà äàííûõ â ìàññèâå...............................................65
5.3. Òðàíçàêöèè...........................................................................................................65
5.3.1. Ôèêñàöèÿ òðàíçàêöèè.................................................................................66
5.3.2. Ïðåðûâàíèå òðàíçàêöèè.............................................................................66
5.3.3. Âëîæåííûå òðàíçàêöèè ..............................................................................67
5.3.4. Ðàçìåð áóôåðà òðàíçàêöèé .........................................................................67
5.3.5. TransactionException............................................................................68
5.3.6. Èçìåíåíèå çíà÷åíèé ëîêàëüíûõ ïåðåìåííûõ è âðåìåííûõ îáúåêòîâ
â ïðîöåññå âûïîëíåíèÿ òðàíçàêöèè..........................................................68
Ãëàâà 6. Èñêëþ÷åíèÿ Java Card è èõ îáðàáîòêà.............................................................71
6.1. Èñêëþ÷åíèÿ â ïàêåòå java.lang ......................................................................71
6.2. Èñêëþ÷åíèÿ Java Card.........................................................................................72
6.2.1. Êîä ïðè÷èíû èñêëþ÷åíèé Java Card.........................................................73
6.2.2. Âîçáóæäåíèå èñêëþ÷åíèé â Java Card.......................................................73
6.2.3. ISOException.............................................................................................74
6.2.4. UserException...........................................................................................75
Ñîäåðæàíèå 7
Ãëàâà 7. Àïëåòû Java Card................................................................................................76
7.1. Îáçîð àïëåòîâ.......................................................................................................76
7.1.1. Èíñòàëëÿöèÿ è âûïîëíåíèå àïëåòîâ.........................................................76
7.1.2. Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå õîñò-ñèñòåìû è àïëåòîâ..................................................77
7.2. Êëàññ javacard.framework.Applet...............................................................77
7.3. Ìåòîä install....................................................................................................78
7.3.1. Ñîçäàíèå îáúåêòîâ â êîíñòðóêòîðå àïëåòà................................................80
7.3.2. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ýêçåìïëÿðà àïëåòà â JCRE....................................................80
7.3.3. Îáðàáîòêà ïàðàìåòðîâ èíñòàëëÿöèè .........................................................81
7.3.4. Äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ èíèöèàëèçàöèÿ àïëåòîâ.................................................83
7.4. Ìåòîä select ......................................................................................................83
7.4.1. Ôîðìàò è îáðàáîòêà êîìàíäû SELECT APDU.........................................84
7.4.2. Àïëåò ïî óìîë÷àíèþ...................................................................................85
7.5. Ìåòîä deselect..................................................................................................85
7.6. Ìåòîä process....................................................................................................86
7.7. Äðóãèå ìåòîäû êëàññà javacard.framework.Applet....................................86
Ãëàâà 8. Ðàáîòà ñ ïàêåòàìè äàííûõ APDU.....................................................................88
8.1. Êëàññ APDU ...........................................................................................................88
8.1.1. Îáúåêò APDU ..............................................................................................89
8.1.2. Ðàçìåð áóôåðà APDU..................................................................................89
8.2. Èíòåðôåéñ ISO7816............................................................................................89
8.3. Ðàáîòà ñ ïàêåòàìè APDU â àïëåòàõ....................................................................90
8.3.1. Ïîëó÷åíèå ññûëêè íà áóôåð APDU...........................................................90
8.3.2. Ïðîâåðêà çàãîëîâêà êîìàíäû APDU.........................................................90
8.3.3. Èçâëå÷åíèå äàííûõ èç êîìàíäû APDU ....................................................91
8.3.3.1. Ïîëó÷åíèå áîëüøèõ áëîêîâ äàííûõ.................................................92
8.3.4. Îáðàáîòêà êîìàíäû APDU è ãåíåðàöèÿ îòâåòíûõ äàííûõ......................94
8.3.5. Îòïðàâêà îòâåòíûõ äàííûõ APDU.............................................................94
8.3.5.1. Îòïðàâêà äàííûõ èç äðóãèõ ìåñòîïîëîæåíèé.................................96
8.3.5.2. Îòïðàâêà áîëüøèõ îòâåòíûõ áëîêîâ äàííûõ...................................97
8.3.6. Âîçâðàùåíèå ñëîâà ñîñòîÿíèÿ ...................................................................98
8.4. Ñïîñîáû îáðàáîòêè êîìàíä APDU, çàâèñÿùèå îò ïðîòîêîëà.........................99
8.4.1. Ìåòîä getProtocol.................................................................................100
8.4.2. Ìåòîä getInBlockSize...........................................................................100
8.4.3. Ìåòîä getOutBlockSize.........................................................................101
8.4.4. Ìåòîä setOutgoingNoChaining............................................................102
8.4.5. Ìåòîä getNAD............................................................................................102
8.4.6. Ìåòîä waitExtension.............................................................................102
8.5. Âûâîäû ...............................................................................................................103
Ãëàâà 9. Áðàíäìàóýð àïëåòîâ è ñîâìåñòíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå îáúåêòîâ........................105
9.1. Áðàíäìàóýð àïëåòîâ...........................................................................................105
9.1.1. Êîíòåêñòû..................................................................................................106
9.1.2. Âëàäåíèå îáúåêòàìè..................................................................................107
9.1.3. Äîñòóï ê îáúåêòàì.....................................................................................107
9.1.4. Êîíòåêñòû è äîñòóï ê âðåìåííûì ìàññèâàì...........................................108
9.1.5. Ñòàòè÷åñêèå ïîëÿ è ìåòîäû......................................................................108
9.2. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå îáúåêòîâ ðàçíûìè êîíòåêñòàìè ............................................109
9.2.1. Ïåðåêëþ÷åíèå êîíòåêñòîâ .......................................................................109
9.2.2. Ïðèâèëåãèè JCRE.....................................................................................110
9.2.3. Îáúåêòû–òî÷êè âõîäà â JCRE..................................................................110
8 Ñîäåðæàíèå
9.2.4. Ãëîáàëüíûå ìàññèâû.................................................................................111
9.2.5. Èíòåðôåéñíûé ìåõàíèçì ñîâìåñòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ.........112
9.2.5.1. Èíòåðôåéñ ñîâìåñòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ......................................112
9.2.5.2. Îáúåêò èíòåðôåéñà ñîâìåñòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ........................112
9.2.5.3. Ïðèíöèïû äåéñòâèÿ èíòåðôåéñíîãî ìåõàíèçìà ñîâìåñòíîãî
èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ ...............................................................113
9.2.5.4. Ïðèìåð ñîâìåñòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòà
ðàçíûìè àïëåòàìè .........................................................................114
9.2.5.5. Ñîçäàíèå îáúåêòà èíòåðôåéñà ñîâìåñòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ......115
9.2.5.6. Çàïðîñ îáúåêòà èíòåðôåéñà ñîâìåñòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ..........116
9.2.5.7. Ïðèìåíåíèå îáúåêòà èíòåðôåéñà ñîâìåñòíîãî
èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ...............................................................................117
9.2.5.8. Ïåðåêëþ÷åíèÿ êîíòåêñòîâ â ïðîöåññå ñîâìåñòíîãî
èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ ...............................................................119
9.2.5.9. Òèïû ïàðàìåòðîâ è ðåçóëüòàòîâ ìåòîäîâ èíòåðôåéñà
ñîâìåñòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ..........................................................120
9.2.5.10.Àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ êëèåíòñêîãî àïëåòà ..........................................121
9.2.5.11.Ìåòîä getPreviousContextAID................................................124
9.2.5.12.Âûâîäû...........................................................................................125
Ãëàâà 10. Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå êðèïòîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ôóíêöèé.....................................127
10.1. Ââåäåíèå â êðèïòîãðàôèþ...............................................................................127
10.1.1. Øèôðîâàíèå è ðàñøèôðîâêà.................................................................128
10.1.2. Äàéäæåñò ñîîáùåíèÿ...............................................................................130
10.1.3. Öèôðîâàÿ ïîäïèñü ..................................................................................131
10.1.4. Ñëó÷àéíûå äàííûå..................................................................................132
10.2. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå êðèïòîãðàôèè â ïðèëîæåíèÿõ äëÿ ñìàðò-êàðò ...................133
10.2.1. Îáåñïå÷åíèå áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðèëîæåíèé...............................................133
10.2.2. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñìàðò-êàðò â êà÷åñòâå çàùèùåííîãî ñðåäñòâà
èäåíòèôèêàöèè........................................................................................134
10.2.3. Âûâîäû.....................................................................................................134
10.3. Êðèïòîãðàôè÷åñêèå API, ïîääåðæèâàåìûå ïëàòôîðìîé Java Card.............135
10.3.1. Ïðèíöèïû ðàçðàáîòêè............................................................................135
10.3.2. Àðõèòåêòóðà..............................................................................................135
10.3.3. Ñòðóêòóðà ïàêåòîâ...................................................................................137
10.4. Ïðèìåðû ïðîãðàìì..........................................................................................138
10.4.1. Âû÷èñëåíèå äàéäæåñòà ñîîáùåíèÿ........................................................138
10.4.2. Ñîçäàíèå êðèïòîãðàôè÷åñêîãî êëþ÷à...................................................140
10.4.3. Ñîçäàíèå è ïðîâåðêà öèôðîâîé ïîäïèñè..............................................142
10.4.4. Øèôðîâàíèå è ðàñøèôðîâêà äàííûõ ...................................................144
10.4.5. Ãåíåðàöèÿ ñëó÷àéíûõ äàííûõ ................................................................145
Ãëàâà 11. Áåçîïàñíîñòü ïëàòôîðìû Java Card..............................................................147
11.1. Ñðåäñòâà áåçîïàñíîñòè ïëàòôîðìû Java Card................................................147
11.1.1. Ñðåäñòâà áåçîïàñíîñòè ÿçûêà Java.........................................................147
11.1.2. Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ñðåäñòâà îáåñïå÷åíèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè ïëàòôîðìû
Java Card.....................................................................................................148
11.2. Ìåõàíèçìû áåçîïàñíîñòè ïëàòôîðìû Java Card...........................................149
11.2.1. Ïðîâåðêà â ïðîöåññå êîìïèëÿöèè ........................................................149
11.2.2. Ïðîâåðêà ôàéëîâ êëàññîâ è ïðîâåðêà ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ
ïîäìíîæåñòâó ÿçûêà................................................................................150
11.2.3. Ïðîâåðêà ôàéëîâ CAP è ýêñïîðòíûõ ôàéëîâ.......................................151
Ñîäåðæàíèå 9
11.2.4. Ïðîâåðêà ïðè èíñòàëëÿöèè....................................................................153
11.2.5. Êðèïòîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà öåïî÷êè ñîçäàíèÿ àïëåòîâ ......................155
11.2.6. Îáåñïå÷åíèå áåçîïàñíîñòè âî âðåìÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ ...............................155
11.2.7. Êðèïòîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ïîääåðæêà ïëàòôîðìû Java Card.........................157
11.3. Çàùèòà àïëåòîâ.................................................................................................157
×ÀÑÒÜ 3. ÐÓÊÎÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ ÄËß ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÈÑÒÀ È ÏÐÈÅÌÛ
ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß...........................................................................159
Ãëàâà 12. Ïîøàãîâîå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ðàçðàáîòêå àïëåòà............................................160
12.1. Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå àïëåòà...................................................................................160
12.1.1. Îïðåäåëåíèå ôóíêöèé àïëåòà ................................................................160
12.1.2. Îïðåäåëåíèå AID äëÿ àïëåòà..................................................................161
12.1.3. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñòðóêòóðû êëàññîâ è ôóíêöèé ìåòîäîâ àïëåòà...............161
12.1.4. Îïðåäåëåíèå èíòåðôåéñà ìåæäó àïëåòîì è åãî õîñò-ïðèëîæåíèåì........162
12.1.4.1. SELECT APDU...............................................................................163
12.1.4.2. VERIFY APDU...............................................................................164
12.1.4.3. CREDIT APDU..............................................................................164
12.1.4.4. DEBIT APDU.................................................................................164
12.1.4.5. GET BALANCE APDU..................................................................165
12.2. Ðàçðàáîòêà êîäà àïëåòà....................................................................................165
12.2.1. Ïðèìåð êîäà àïëåòà «ýëåêòðîííûé êîøåëåê».......................................165
12.2.2. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ êîíòðîëÿ çà îøèáêàìè â àïëåòàõ .......................................170
12.3. ×òî äàëüøå?......................................................................................................171
Ãëàâà 13. Îïòèìèçàöèÿ àïëåòîâ....................................................................................172
13.1. Îáùàÿ îïòèìèçàöèÿ äèçàéíà àïëåòà..............................................................172
13.2. Áûñòðîäåéñòâèå àïëåòà....................................................................................173
13.3. Âûçîâ ìåòîäîâ..................................................................................................173
13.4. Ñîçäàíèå îáúåêòîâ â àïëåòàõ...........................................................................173
13.5. Ïîâòîðíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå îáúåêòîâ ..............................................................174
13.6. Óñòðàíåíèå èçáûòî÷íîãî êîäà........................................................................175
13.7. Äîñòóï ê ìàññèâàì...........................................................................................176
13.8. Ñðàâíåíèå îïåðàòîðîâ switch è if-else....................................................177
13.9. Àðèôìåòè÷åñêèå îïåðàòîðû ...........................................................................179
13.10. Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ïåðåìåííûõ â àïëåòàõ............................................................179
Ãëàâà 14. Ðàáîòà ñ òèïîì äàííûõ int...........................................................................181
14.1. 32-ðàçðÿäíûå àðèôìåòè÷åñêèå îïåðàöèè......................................................181
14.2. Ðàçìåðû è èíäåêñû ìàññèâà............................................................................191
14.3. Õðàíåíèå è âû÷èñëåíèå äàííûõ òèïà int.....................................................191
14.4. Âûâîäû .............................................................................................................195
×ÀÑÒÜ 4. ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈß...........................................................................................197
Ïðèëîæåíèå A. Ïîäìíîæåñòâî ÿçûêà Java Card..........................................................198
Ïðèëîæåíèå B. Èíòåðôåéñ ïðèêëàäíîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ Java Card 2.1.............205
Ãëîññàðèé........................................................................................................................338
Áèáëèîãðàôèÿ .................................................................................................................341
Предисловие
Êíèãà, êîòîðóþ âû äåðæèòå â ðóêàõ, îëèöåòâîðÿåò âàæíóþ âåõó â èñòîðèè ñìàðò-
êàðò. Îíà âîïëîùàåò êàðäèíàëüíûå èçìåíåíèÿ â îòðàñëè: ñìàðò-êàðòû ïåðåñòà-
ëè áûòü çàêðûòûìè óçêîñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè, êîòîðûå ìîãëè
âûïóñêàòü è ïðîãðàììèðîâàòü òîëüêî íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûå òåõíè÷åñêèå «ãóðó». Îíè
ïðåâðàòèëèñü â ïîëíîöåííûå ïðîãðàììèðóåìûå îáúåêòû, êîòîðûå ìîæíî ëåãêî
èíòåãðèðîâàòü â èíôîðìàöèîííûå ñèñòåìû ñ ïîìîùüþ îáùåäîñòóïíûõ èíòåð-
ôåéñîâ è øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ ÿçûêîâ ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ.
È ÷òî æå ýòî äàëî? Èìåþò ëè âñå ýòè ïåðåìåíû êàêîå-òî çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ÷åëîâå-
÷åñòâà èëè òîëüêî äëÿ îòðàñëè âûñîêèõ òåõíîëîãèé? Íà ñàìîì äåëå òåïåðü ñìàðò-
êàðòû – ýòî íå ïðîñòî âû÷èñëèòåëüíûå ïëàòôîðìû. Óæå äîêàçàíà èõ íàäåæíîñòü
è áåçîïàñíîñòü. Â ñìàðò-êàðòàõ ìîæåò õðàíèòüñÿ êëþ÷ äëÿ äîñòóïà ê âàøåìó áàí-
êîâñêîìó ñ÷åòó, âàø ïàðîëü äëÿ ïðîñìîòðà ïëàòíûõ òåëåêàíàëîâ è äàæå âàøà èñ-
òîðèÿ áîëåçíè.
Íî äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû ñìàðò-êàðòû ñòàëè íåîòúåìëåìûì àòðèáóòîì íàøåé æèç-
íè, íóæíî ðåøèòü íåêîòîðûå ïðîáëåìû: îáåñïå÷èòü èõ áûñòðîå ðàñïðîñòðàíå-
íèå, ñîçäàòü óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ïîÿâëåíèÿ íîâûõ ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûõ ìîäåëåé èñïîëüçî-
âàíèÿ, èäòè â íîãó ñ áûñòðûì ðàçâèòèåì Èíòåðíåòà è ïðè ýòîì îáåñïå÷èòü íåîá-
õîäèìûé óðîâåíü çàùèòû.
Êëþ÷ ê ðàçðåøåíèþ ýòèõ ïðîáëåì – ÿçûê ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ Java™ – õîðî-
øî çàùèùåííàÿ è íàäåæíàÿ îáúåêòíî-îðèåíòèðîâàííàÿ ïëàòôîðìà, êîòîðàÿ óñ-
ïåøíî ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ èíòåðíåò-ïðèëîæåíèé. Ýòè êà÷åñòâà îñîáåííî
âàæíû äëÿ ñìàðò-êàðò, âåäü îíè âñå ÷àùå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â ìàññîâûõ ñåòåâûõ ñðå-
äàõ. Ïëàòôîðìà Java îáåñïå÷èâàåò íåîáõîäèìûé óðîâåíü áåçîïàñíîñòè è íàäåæ-
íîñòè áëàãîäàðÿ òîìó, ÷òî â íåé ðåàëèçîâàíû òðè âàæíåéøèõ ïðèíöèïà:
• Ïðîñòîòà: ïðîãðàììèñòû ìîãóò î÷åíü áûñòðî îñâîèòü ýòîò ÿçûê, à îòëà-
äèòü ïðîãðàììó Java ãîðàçäî ïðîùå è áûñòðåå, ÷åì ïðîãðàììû äëÿ äðóãèõ
ïëàòôîðì.
• Èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü: ÿçûê Java ñîäåðæèò ñðåäñòâà îáåñïå÷åíèÿ
áåçîïàñíîñòè êàê íà óðîâíå òèïîâ äàííûõ, òàê è íà óðîâíå äîñòóïà ê ïàìÿ-
òè. Ïëàòôîðìà Java èìååò äîñòàòî÷íî ðàçâèòûå ñðåäñòâà çàùèòû ïî ñðàâ-
íåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûìè ÿçûêàìè ïðîãðàììèðîâà-
íèÿ. Ýòè ñðåäñòâà ïîçâîëÿþò óñïåøíî áîðîòüñÿ ñ íåñàíêöèîíèðîâàííûì
äîñòóïîì ê äàííûì è çëîóìûøëåííûìè âòîðæåíèÿìè.
• Çàùèùåííîñòü: â ïëàòôîðìå ðåàëèçîâàí âñòðîåííûé çàùèùåííûé ìåõàíèçì
çàãðóçêè, êîòîðûé ïîçâîëÿåò óñòàíàâëèâàòü ðàçëè÷íûå óðîâíè äîâåðèÿ ïðè
èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðîãðàìì èç ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ âíåøíèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ.
Ïðîèçâîäèòåëè ñìàðò-êàðò óæå äàâíî èñêàëè çàñëóæèâàþùóþ äîâåðèÿ è íà-
äåæíóþ ïðîãðàììíóþ ïëàòôîðìó. Íî ðåàëüíûé êîììåð÷åñêèé ñïðîñ íà èíòåë-
ëåêòóàëüíûå ñìàðò-êàðòû, ïîäõîäÿùèå äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè äîñòóïà ê ñåòè, ïîæà-
ëóé, âïåðâûå âîçíèê â 1988 ãîäó. Òîãäà êîìïàíèÿ News Group çàïóñêàëà â Âåëè-
êîáðèòàíèè ñâîé ïðîåêò BSkyB (êîòîðûé ïîçæå ïîëó÷èë íàçâàíèå SkyTV) – èí-
íîâàöèîííóþ ñèñòåìó ïëàòíîãî ñïóòíèêîâîãî òåëåâèäåíèÿ. Äëÿ åãî ðåàëèçàöèè