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’ JAPAN S SECURITY POLICY This book analyses Japan’s security policy after the Cold War and engages with the question of whether, since the Cold War ended, Japan has again become a global security player. The contributions to the book explore Japan’s security policy by providing a detailed overview of the evolution of Japan’s security policy after the Cold War, including the Japan–U.S. Security Treaty and the Senkaku/Daioyu Islands dispute. It also reveals the preeminent security concerns of contemporary Japan by delving into regional security issues such as the Layered Security of Okinawa, the increas ing nuclear threat from North Korea, and the Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1995–6. The book culminates by discussing security in terms of the essential functions of energy, food, and human security, including an assessment of Japan’s energy policy since World War II and an assessment of the impact food security on Japan’s agriculture and trade. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of East Asian Politics, Security Studies and the International Relations of the Asia Pacific. It is also a valuable resource for diplomats and policymakers on Japan and East Asia. Keiji Nakatsuji is a Professor of the College of International Relations at Ritsumeikan University, Japan. POLITICS IN ASIA Japanese Public Sentiment on South Korea Popular Opinion and International Relations Edited by Tetsuro Kobayashi and Atsushi Tago Taiwan and the Changing Dynamics of Sino-US Relations A Relational Approach Hung-Jen Wang Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia Joseph Chinyong Liow Nuclear Governance in the Asia-Pacific Mely Caballero-Anthony and Julius Cesar I. Trajano Strategic Triangles Reshaping International Relations in East Asia Gilbert Rozman Geo-Politics in Northeast Asia Edited by Akihiro Iwashita, Yong-Chool Ha and Edward Boyle Substantive Representation of Women in Asian Parliaments Edited Devin K. Joshi and Christian Echle Activism and Authoritarian Governance in Asia Edited by Amy Barrow and Sara Fuller Japan's Security Policy Keiji Nakatsuji India’s Southeast Asia Policy During the Cold War Identity, Inclination and Pragmatism 1947-1989 Edited by Tridib Chakraborti and Mohor Chakraborty Contemporary Japanese Politics and Anxiety Over Governance Ken'ichi Ikeda For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/ Politics-in-Asia/book-series/PIA. ’ JAPAN S SECURITY POLICY Edited by Keiji Nakatsuji First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Keiji Nakatsuji; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Keiji Nakatsuji to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-13953-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-13955-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-23165-3 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003231653 Typeset in Bembo by Taylor & Francis Books CONTENTS List of illustrations vii List of contributors viii Preface ix PART I Historical Overview 1 1 The Cold War and Japan–US Alliance as Backdrop 3 Keiji Nakatsuji 2 Post-Cold War Crises and A Search for a New Security Policy 12 Keiji Nakatsuji 3 Did Japan Become a Global Security Player Again? 56 Keiji Nakatsuji PART II Regional Issues 95 4 Japan and South Korea: Can the Two Countries Cooperate Over the North Korea Nuclear Crisis? 97 Sachio Nakato 5 Layered Security on Okinawa: Reconciling International, National, and Subnational Narratives 117 Ra Mason vi Contents 6 How Did Japan take the Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1995–6? 140 Keiji Nakatsuji PART III Security Policy by Function 155 7 Japan’s Energy Security 157 Eunjung Lim 8 Japan’s Food Security Policy 177 Hironori Sasada 9 Why Did Japan Engage in Human Security Diplomacy? 198 Kenki Adachi Conclusion 214 Keiji Nakatsuji Index 219 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 4.1 Japan-ROK Security Cooperation 99 8.1 Japan’s Food Self-Sufficiency Rates (1960–2020) 183 8.2 International Comparison of Calorie-based Food Self-sufficiency Rates in 2017 183 9.1 Role Japan Should Play in International Society 202 Tables 4.1 Defining factors for Security Cooperation Between Japan and South Korea 102 4.2 Japan-ROK security cooperation after North Korea’s nuclear tests 111 6.1 Election result 149 8.1 Contributions to Food Self-sufficiency Rates by Item in 2017 182 CONTRIBUTORS ADACHI, Kenki, Ritsumeikan University, Japan. LIM, Eunjung, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea (South Korea). MASON, Ra, University of East Anglia, UK. NAKATO, Sachio, Ritsumeikan University, Japan. NAKATSUJI, Keiji, Ritsumeikan University, Japan. SASADA, Hironori, Hokkaido University, Japan. PREFACE During or after the Cold War, has Japan been exposed to more serious security challenges? It is not easy to answer this question. Most of the reasons are in the uncertainty of the post-Cold War era. In fact, it is not always easy to give a name to the times, but after World War II, it was decided that as early as 1947 when an American journalist Water Lippman called the U.S.–Soviet conflict under progress the Cold War. What about the post-Cold War era? The term post-Cold War seems to be allowed to be used if a new era begins and is less than 10 years old. It is embarrassing, as a person studying international relations, that it is still referred to as the post-Cold War period beyond 30 years. Furthermore, I remember being stunned when some American researchers started calling it the Post-Post-Cold War era shortly after 9/11. Fortunately, this uncreative name has never been established. A reason why we do not have definitive name is related to the rapid changes or perceived changes in the security threats of the post-Cold War era. Immediately after the end of the Cold War, there was growing optimism that one world (glo balization) would emerge, and a peace dividend was expected. However, the existence of the “axis of evil” including Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein immediately began to be called into question, and the importance of regional conflicts came to greater attention. After 9/11, the fight against terrorism or Islamic extremism was brought to the fore. And now it is said that the challenge of U.S.-China rivalry or state capitalism, including that of Russia, is the most important security agenda. How did Japan respond to the situation where the identity of threat was not decided like this? In the Cold War and post-Cold War periods, both continuation and change can be observed in Japan’s security policy. The continuation is that the three fundamentals of Japan’s security policy after World War II are still main tained. They are the so-called Peace Constitution, the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, and the Self-Defense Forces.