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Japan’s First Modern War: Army and Society in the Conflict with China, 1894–95 PDF

234 Pages·1994·13.09 MB·English
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JAPAN'S FIRST MODERN WAR Japan's First Modern War Army and Society in the Conflict with China, 1894-95 Stewart Lone Lectwer in History University of New South Wales ~~ ~ in association with ,.............. Palgrave Macmillan © Stewart Lone 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994 978-0-333-55554-5 All right~ reserved. \:o reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copnight, Designs and Patents Act I 988, or under the terms of anv licence permitting limited copying issued by the C:opvright Licensing Agcnn, 90 Totten ham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does am unauthorised act in rebtion to this publication mav be liable to criminal prmn ution and civil claims for damages. First published in Crear Britain I <J'l-1 bv TilE MACMILL\\: PRFSS LTD Houndmills, Basingstokc. Hampshire RC:.?I :.?XS and London Companies and "'l"escntatin·s throughout the world r This book is published in :vlacmillan 's ' Slur/it's in Alditrn)" find Strr:ltg:r 1/i.\lm)· General Editor: \1ichael Dock! ill Reader in \~·ar Studies. King's College, London A catalogue record f(n this book is available from the British l.ihran. ISBN 978-1-349-39031-1 ISBN 978-0-230-38975-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230389755 First published in the l'nitcd States of America 1< J<H bv Scholarly and Reference Division, ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, 1\:C.. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-12277-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lone, Stewart. Japan's first modet n war: Army and society in the connie! with China, 1894-95 I Stewart Lone. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-12277-5 I. Chinese-Japanese War, 1894-1895. 2._japan-Militarv rcbtions -East Asia. 3. East Asia-'VIilit:ny relations--Japan. I. Tille. DS765.L66 1994 952.03' l--dc20 'H-162'l2 CIP Only in war will a nation truly become a nation Heinrich von Treitschke Even the most sublime creations of society cany within themselves the element of their own destruction Carl von Clausewitz Contents Acknowledgements vm Ablrreviations x Noles vm Introduction 1 2 The Origins of War: japan, the Army, and East Asia 12 2 Wartime Strategy and Diplomacy: Questions of Unity 30 3 The Soldier's Experience 51 4 The Home Front: Mobilising Support 78 5 The Home Front: Patriotism, Profit and Loss 102 6 Novice Imperialist: Occupation Policies in Korea and Manchuria 123 7 Discipline and Control: The Army as Civilisation 142 8 Wartime Strategy and Diplomacy: Closing the War 164 Conclusion 178 Noles 188 Bibliography 213 Index 219 Vll Acknowledgements The opportunity to thank those people who have assisted and mad~ possible a research project may not occur many times in one lifetime. I take great pleasure, therefore, in listing a number of individuals who have helped me in one way or another over the past few years. Teachers who inspired me to abandon the pursuit of riches for the dubious pleasures of spending every teaching break in some library dungeon include those who first taught me about Japan at Sheffield University, notably Graham Healey and Ms Mitsuko Sasaki; also Professor Patrick O'Neill, formerly of SOAS, University of London, whose patience, courtesy, and understanding were exemplary; and my former supervisors at the Australian National University, Drs Richard Mason, John Caiger, and Andrew Fraser. Professor Ian Nish, also of the University of London, has been most kind and generous in his comments in more recent times. Professor Marius Jansen of Princeton University likewise provided encouragement at an early stage in this project. Professor Peter Dennis, our head of chambers at University College, Australian Defence Force Academy, deserves a special mention for unfailing support both spiritual and from the department's monetary resources. In Japan, I express grateful thanks to Professor Ito Takashi of Tokyo University; Dr Tanaka Hiromi of the Japan National Defence Academy; my old friend Dr Nagai Kazu ofRitsumeikan University and his wife Mari for repeated kindness over the years; Mr Koike Seiichi of the Foreign Ministry Archives; and the staff of the Boei Kenkyujo Library, Tokyo. With outstanding generosity, the late Mr Kitane Yutaka, former head of the Meiji Shimbun Zasshi Bunko, University of Tokyo, donated several years' worth of microfilm for the Gifu Nicki Nicki newspaper, and this kindness was continued by the invaluable Ms Ft~jii and her colleagues at the Meiji Shimbun Zasshi Bunko. Others to offer unstinting support include the staff of the Fukushima Prefectural Library, and my good friends at the Gifu Prefecture Historical Archives, Messrs Ito Katsushi and Usui Susumu. Finally, for rest, recuperation, and an idyll in the heart of Vlll Acknowledgements IX Tsuchiura, Ibaragi prefecture, my deepest thanks to Dr Saga Junichi and his family. Ms Belinda Holdsworth was a most kind, generous and patient editor, and I must thank Dr Michael Dockrill for his own patience as series editor. Ms Helen Boxall provided most helpful assistance with research on the japan Weekly Mail. A special mention to my friend and colleague Garry Collins of the Australian National University for taking me to court (tennis) and away from my desk o~ a weekly basis - the sine qua non of research. For their friendship over many years, my profound thanks to David Pollard, Garry and Michiko Evans. In the end, I take responsibility for all errors and omissions in this work; anything that is good within it I attribute to my wife, Yimei, and to my parents.

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