JAPANESE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYA AND THE PHILIPPINES

323 Pages·2012·11.2 MB·English

INFORMATION TO USERS
This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While
the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document
have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original
submitted.
The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand
markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction.
1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document
photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing
page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages.
This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent
pages to insure you complete continuity.
2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it
is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have
moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a
good image of the page in the adjacent frame.
3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being
photographed the photographer followed a definite method in
"sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper
left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to
right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is
continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until
complete.
4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value,
however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction couid be made from
"photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver
prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing
the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and
specific pages you wish reproduced.
5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as
received.
Xerox University Microfilms
300 North Zeeb Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
I
I
73-20,637
HORNER, Layton, 1914-
JAPANESE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYA AND
THE PHILIPPINES.
The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1973
History, modern
University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan
© 1973
LAYTON HORNER
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED.
JAPANESE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYA AND
THE PHILIPPINES
by
Layton Horner
A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In the Graduate College
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
19 7 3
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
GRADUATE COLLEGE
I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my
direction by Layton Horner
entitled JAPANESE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYA
AND THE PHILIPPINES
be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
J
„jvr . /? '/
6- ^' c . //vw 3
c
-!
Dissertation Director Date
After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the
follot/ing members of the Final Examination Committee concur in
its approval and recommend its acceptance:"'-"
ftyie, -yu-ts', j?7_5
Vk-X,
This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's
adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the
final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into
the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory
performance at the final examination.
STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
This dissertation has been submitted in partial
fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The
University of Arizona and is deposited in the University
Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of
the Library.
Brief quotations from this dissertation are
allowable without special permission, provided that
accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for
permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of
this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the
copyright holder.
' 7
C:
SI GNED: • - d ty y x Nr" ^ ^ v.
1
1/
ACKNOWLEDGMENT S
Doubtlessly, there are a multitude of better written
dissertations but, certainly, there are few, if any, written
by an individual who has been more competently or more
generously served in his efforts to gather and present
material than the author. In keeping with the title of this
work, a geographical listing seems an appropriate way to
acknowledge his sincere appreciation and thanks to his
benefactors:
In Malaysia, Chin Kee Onn and the staff of the
National Archives, Kuala Lumpur.
In the Philippines, Raul Toledo and the staff of the
National Archives, Manila.
In Japan, Seiichi Makino, James Y. Matsumoto, Yoichi
Itagaki, Saburo Matsuyama, and Kyoko Taki.
In the United States, Yoji Akashi; and at The
University of Arizona, my major professor and dissertation
director, Dr. Gail Bernstein, and my reviewing committee
members, Dr. Earl H. Pritchard and Dr. Boyd C. Shafer. ">•
From all of the foregoing, the author has gotten far
more than he can acknowledge verbally. His appreciation,
hopefully, will show in his relations with his students.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ix
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. THE IDEOLOGY OF JAPANIZATION 7
III. TOKYO'S PLANS FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA 18
The Basic Guidelines 18
Proposals of Japan's Southeast
Asian Experts 22
Japanese Personnel—Selection and
Training for the Southern
Regions 26
The Japanese Press Looks at Malaya
in 1942 28
The Japanese Press Looks at the
Philippines in 1942 33
Mindanao, Japan's Pre-War "Colony" . . 38
IV. THE MECHANICS OF POLITICAL CONTROL 41
Malaya 41
The Sultans, a Vital Issue 41
The New Order Comes to Selangor .... 53
The Malayan Chinese 57
Eurasians 70
The Philippines 72
The Elite Responds 72
The Philippine Chinese 86
Filipino Moslems 90
V. THE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION: FEW CARROTS,
MANY STICKS 92
Malaya 92
Advisory Councils of State (Shu-
Sanjakai) 92
Jikeidan (Voluntary Vigilance Corps
for Self-Preservation ana Self-
Protection) 96
v
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued
Page
Law and Order, 1942 .......... 99
The Brain Trust, or Professors in
the Field 102
Annual Departmental Reports, 1942,
State of Selangor 105
The Philippines 114
Vargas and "Principles of
Administration" . . 114
The Kalibapi and the Republic ..... 115
Neighborhood Associations—A
Control Device "Made in Japan" ... 118
A National Police Force on Japanese
Lines 121
Executions by Firing Squads 123
Slapping, An Old Japanese Custom . . . 125
VI. EDUCATION, RELIGION, AND PROPAGANDA: TOOLS
FOR JAPANIZATION 127
Malaya 127
Unity Via Language 127
Malay Schools in Selangor 136
Indian Schools in Selangor 140
Chinese Schools in Selangor ...... 142
Nippon Gakko (Japanese Schools) in
Selangor 144
Higher Education in Selangor 146
Propaganda—Newspapers 146
"And Now, Direct from Tokyo, NHK
Presents1' 150
Religion 152
Popular Entertainment and
Divertissements 161
The Philippines . 168
Rules for Schools 168
Mass Calisthenics 182
Teacher Training in Japanese ..... 184
Education Under the Republic 186
Religion 190
Propaganda 196
VII. THE COLLAPSING ECONOMIES: THE ACHILLES'
HEEL OF DAI TOA . 199
Malaya 199
Trade Prospects, December, 1942 .... 204
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued
Page
Employment: Jobs For All as War
Needs iMount . » 209
Self-Sufficiency in Food, An
Impossible Dream 213
Inflation 225
Gambling Farms ............ 230
The Philippines
Price Controls 233
Military Scrip, the Root of Much Evil . 237
Agriculture for Dai Toa 240
A Spectre Walks the Land---Hunger . . . 246
Shipping Losses Precluded Prosperity . 247
VIII. THE UNDERGROUND—AVENGERS, BANDITS, AND
COMMUNISTS ....... 250
Malaya 250
The Philippines 258
IX. OCCUPATIONS COMPARED: JAPAN IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA AND THE UNITED STATES IN JAPAN 266
APPENDIX A. PROCLAMATION TO ALL THE AUTHORITIES
AND THE PEOPLE OF THE COMMONWEALTH
OF THE PHILIPPINES, COMMANDER-IN-
CHIEF, JANUARY 3, 1942 282
APPENDIX B. MINUTES OF INTERVIEW BETWEEN
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE IMPERIAL
JAPANESE FORCES AND THE MAYOR OF
MANILA, JANUARY 7, 1942 284
APPENDIX C. ORDER NO. 1, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF TO
JORGE B. VARGAS, JANUARY 23, 1942 . . . 286
APPENDIX D. GREETINGS ON FOUNDATION DAY,
FEBRUARY 11, 1942 288
APPENDIX E. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FALL OF SINGAPORE,
FEBRUARY 16, 1942 289
APPENDIX F. COMMUNIQUE, GOVERNOR, STRAITS
SETTLEMENTS, FEBRUARY 16, 1942 .... 291
APPENDIX G. INFLATION VALUES—IPOH BLACK MARKET . . . 293
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued
Page
APPENDIX H. PROCLAMATION BY DAI NIPPON'S
COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, MAY 25,
1944 296
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 298