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The following text is taken from Prospects (UNESCO, International Bureau of Education), vol. XXIII, no. 1/2, 1993, p. 173-96. ©UNESCO:International Bureau of Education, 1999 This document may be reproduced free of charge as long as acknowledgement is made of the source. 1 J A N A M O S C O M E N I US )0761-2951( Jean Piaget gnihtoN si ,reisae ro erom ,suoregnad naht ot taert na rohtua fo 003 sraey oga sa nredomdna elp mla ax.cet ihAp gys utdfo nohte tnry etrrcaoerropm es t n fnm ido o i ognncmaetiiiilhrfhcto ecnacifing ie shttuo byasrevortn oe c hshtit iswte enmoitaterpret nfdion iski hsteitluciff ie dhfto fo sicnarF s’nocaB krow dna( eht elpmaxe si fo ralucitrap tseretni ,ereh ecnis ,nocaB saew ,won ksaw eno ’ ssfeuo cinrnouei omtfso aoCdrni apys l ndtsienatewouuq qeyrbf .)miehmoS s ednilotoc i h asro;Brotdeeh n chtlientuafbe oatie ncnsesorm oif nsrof rreoeeuphdcxtoeemrp e,zw ios shag a ndhcsainpiy kamfafneiwoithnte iecu s df-m eioeselsrihoepcthr iwn risiiphme ,tsiroeht eh dessim tcatnoc htiw eht laer ecneics fo sih ,emit taht fo .oelilaG suinemoCdluoc esiwekil eb detneserper rehtie sa a rosrucerp fo yranoitulove ,yroeht citeneg,ygolohcysp ;noi tlaacnuod ientoa in dtrlnaeaactnuno dii ,e tsy dcdggenoonsuh lia ftnohbdeohclmcaiyehstcp ro sa naaicisyhp aothewm dah on aedi fo eshttnemeriuq e frlloaactingeomliorhecpyxrseop n os si.i f as ssrof esdtyo oedueclfehictaah tsufnt,it ahdid ctnorsa hablweuassneorit anceuvdee .tcerroc nediblu oswtnemegd uejmert xeese hl tltaeY ehT l ameerlbor psi ot dn i efrgudo e—’nlssiwgu onifninoktei mrhowcCihw sahneeb os hcum dehcirne yb eht seirevocsid fo eht puorg won gnikrow ta eht suinemoC etutitsnIni ton—eugarP tahw si elbarapmoc htiw nredom ,sdnert ot eht tcelgen fo eht ,tser tubtahw ;denocatit cy dartn rosanpeiihltai ch e cgpt e nsaf zeieoyChk r ttnfl gei ioashnehtetuhtiktvam erapmoc siht htiw tahw ew wonk dna tnaw .yadot rehtiE suinemoC nac evah onetaidemmi tseretni rof su ta eht tneserp emit ro sih tseretni rof su sdneped no taht lartnec eroc fothguoht hci hswi ot edbnu on fi mye ntdhasnc y ai dseh tllwsiu b soeioe hbstrnsspi oxe pehmtro ffoa w eef l.psmaiesdi nI eht tsrif trap fo siht ,noitcudortni ew llahs erofereht yrt ot revocsideht gn ikor etblels a,ehswst rganpideec c o u ew,snhtnit e;hgtnikn i’hstuine msnoaiC etdnianimod tuo eht stcepsa fo eh ts’t stiane orkigrtoawcu dhecihw era l ltintastrop mriof ,su ni eht thgilfo . soeutlbissec csamr endtietats esrae dliartn eecseht I t klocuticpi fyfli ed,m ret erisvt iex,wesoghni t’isruwi n sh eensg fhmeaueot ohmowoCWrght tuo eht gnidiug saedi fo eht ,metsys hcihw si lluf fo seitirucsbo ,dna ,semitemostnerappa .snoitcidartnoc nI eht tsrif ,ecalp woh era ew ot tnuocca rof eht tcaf taht a naigoloeht deruomanefo scisyhpatem dna deubmi htiw eht evitaluceps tirips fo eht htneetneves yrutnec dluohsevah denrecnoc flesmih htiw noitacude ot eht tniop fo gnitaerc a taerG‘ ?’citcadiD erehTerew ;ddneapol e nvsdeedaedohb hltaeim cneipas t hrs cennicoihiwtuti tlsannioita c yudndeaeemdni eseht dah neeb .debircsed ektaR dna ,detslA rof ,ecnatsni erew ylbaborp eht tsrif otward ’su innoeimtonCetta ot gni h,cs amyeeltllbaoircpepse ni eht dleif fo e.gnaouigtncaulrtstnuiB ere hstaw a gno lyaw ot g noeigrd olpfiueu bby h np ao og ie snftldoioaonlrchaituwhnadpeec llits redaorb metsys dnuora .ti sreknihT dna ,srehposolihp morf engiatnoM dna sialebaRot 1 setracseD dna ,zinbieL dah esiwekil edam dnuoforp skramer tuoba ,noitacude tub ylnosa ecn eeilcas cesv- ila tel sscueournfhtiiot nfc .yetsslm oa anonNwsreoC ieidoaieitmrhatlloroc fo noitacude ,tub tel ti eb ,detaeper eh edam ti eht yrev eroc fo a ’yhposnap‘ ,hcihw nisih ,gnikni hstaw oettutitsno ca cliahr pe.onmseeogtlsiyhsp woH nac ew nialpxe os lanigirodna ?yrutn ehctneetnev ees h fteoldd iem h nt,ismelbo r fptonemeta tlasausunu ehT tirips ni hcihw suinemoC thguos ot etirw eht dehsinifnu krow nwonk saeht lare n’enGo‘itatlusnoC saw eht tseb foorp taht eht tra fo gnihcaet saw dednetni ot eb ehteroc fo ’yhpo s;nfalpe‘sti ti ,,yolsll aasttnneudoicccnai rof eht eruliaf fo e h.tesirpretne daetsnIfo gnid lpiuu b e nl e iblytc,i adcn te sesoaetag,tihrbri ahdlavtetcfhteahivssotlttdibwonnaotiunk saw ot eb eht—yhposnap enirtcod fo eht evissergorp tnemeveihca fo eht dlrow‘ fo’saedi nihtiw eht desopmirepus sdlrow esohw lellarap atarts mrof eht suinemoC—esrevinusaw , y e,ayhswb tidh n tmali(aacihpos o ll s licasaehiawptc ag dnaiidus r seueasphwua c,edbecrof si eht tsom gnitseretni tcepsa fo eht ,)krow ot ek asmnoitacifilpmi sdna snoitalimissahcihw d e , htd mts ceso he u iyuvionctrb.eodrlrohtwusomh see ltromyfielhhoaspshHasctnniiowfc sganwikatr e hd ncn.a uu lrSylohafposo l nioohtiptcudo r gdt fnnnaoiiidki v noforoipti bemhat euqinu ni eht htneetneves .yrutnec ecneH eht emas :melborp woh era ew ot nialpxesiht gnigrem fo eht deen rof a citametsys sisab rof noitacude htiw lareneg lacihposolihp ?noitaluceps erehT si rehtona .ytluciffid ehT drowerof ot The Great Didactic ,stsartnoc htiwmlac ,gnirad eht a iroirp dohtem eht rohtua sdnetni ot wollof htiw eht laciripme ro airoiretsop .srossecede rs pifkhor olwanoitacu de ehfctoitsiretcara hsctnemirep xgenihcaet aesimor po terutne veW Great Didactic dfeoe dd, n n nsilaoegltmna ilghlntaih c taefrelo a to e.hh.wt. sai hl tleavo rohpts ie,wwylts a…Lwoll oolfti atfonn atclus ee rhtta ho,tsytniatr ehct imwe hgtnihcaet ,tiar hoe stireir ul pf ftb olr oaa ,teeenrmy sthe oa …tttterstialhfamat hnsetun woyi atyma adelnhutof .slooh clsasrevi ngunidnu o ffto rlaasrevi neu hfto 2 tuB si hetsimorp fo na a ir oeicrnpeic s ,fnooi t,ag cn ’uinsdkaueaot mrsreaosdnuneiu‘nemoC s,ms e t ofe ei gtlsnmm,ne eodgis orhcan hmetowikti wf heohesec enci harsnssteoeaitfibhcts ,elpmaxe dna dnif taht suinemoC si tnetnoc htiw eht yroeht fo :noitasnes eht‘ hturtdna ytniatrec fo ecneics dneped erom no eht ssentiw fo eht sesnes naht no gnihtyna ,’eslero ,ecneicS‘ ,neht sesaercni ni ytniatrec ni noitroporp sa ti sdneped no suousnes.noitpecrep 3 erehT netfo smees ot eb emos noitcidartnoc neewteb eht lareneg selpicnirp eht rohtua t s,tunimi aeg ra.eeHalum r s yo f imnffoohsaosimciri pcmietsilausnes-is a e udhsqntmaialcorp erofereht eb demussa taht ereht si na lanigiro noitcennoc neewteb eseht tahwemos el b,asltincenmoecteart rsdina taht ereht si a siseht ngynsiknil nam htiw erutan os sa otwohs .yhposoli hspi h fteonotsy eek h stsiseco repvitacu dee hythw ,gs nu tei isur doniB ey, r tethlnsol moteoicleonricirC etato .masmomct eueldhbEtorp gn i fne oihde atlhlr itotth oacrhoc sn i;eeh m testgoel’inhfo nidihsatn lwimcases feafcaorp stn e s mls etaeehsilh uctttjon sdsuy.uaotemcekia cmsoaS a e ldoehr wess diuyiibsnneomcoC sub specie educationis. ehT taerg selpicnirp fo ecaep dna eht lanoitanretni noitazinagrofo noitacude taht ekam mih a rennurerof fo os ynam nredom snoitutitsni dna sdnert fothguoht h e c,dre einnuvnwhaataewmahe nwstiesbeh te nu, y qmsem, snieisoksinthirriustwfohewkil yfroet s eynfhmootitanal p ex dshennatoaitaluc e sptfisnohem ellaert n eedshceattseg gtussuj na s’tsinoitacude yhposolihp ni na ega nehw noitacude saw a rettam rehtie foseuqinhcet detroppusnu yb yroeht ro fo lareneg snoitavresbo tuohtiw yna tpmetta ot etutitsnoc aecneics .noit ag cnruiodhe cfaoet sd e eyeinrlh taen Tylc vofeueoik cbc feiseosfiw efdn xchiad eitdcnelsirpafombmoc stpecnoc ni ’suinemoC yhposolihp naht esoht hcihw era yliranidro nekat sa—tneiciffus 2 stpecnoc esohw yrev nrettap si hcus sa ot ekam ti elbissop ot etatser eht lartnec saedi foeht metsys ni nredom .smret sihT snialpxe eht dlofow tnoisserpmi fo dedomtuo mrof dna-ot-pu .skr osw’tsinoitacu dteae re ghgtnida enre hsweviec eyrllaunitn oe cnhoci hewcnatsb uestad nI siht ,tcepser ’suinemoC scisyhpatem seil neewteb msicitsalohcs sa deripsniyb eltotsirA dna eht msilacinahcem fo eht htneetneves .yrutnec enoyrevE nac ees ehtpihsnik dl unoohistce ntnc o esc,rimihsdtic itr c if,esp ot pnmn uysoeidbhecnpraaoBs o nlseiiehhwpteb ton eb ;dessertsrevo eht niam stniop ot eb tpek ni dnim era eht nruter ot erutan dnaeht instauratio magna . ehT nailetotsirA egaugnal desu yb suinemoC si tnedive ;hguone tubeh yltnatsnoc sdnet ot ecalper eht elibom myihcrareih fo smrof yb eht stpecnoc fo ecnavdadna ,ecnegre mdena yb eht aedi fmosilellar arpo ynomra hgnoma eht su o.isrmaovdgnik nIrehto ,sdrow eh netfo sdnuos a cinotalP-oen ,eton dna naJ akcotaP sah etiuq ylthgir dial ssertsno .allenapm a fCtoa h ntdo n,aecneulf nsiiht 4 sihT hcaorppa ot eht noitseuq seod yawa htiw emos fo eht seitluciffid dna sdehsna detcep xtehnguil no eht nia mseniltuo fo eht .krow ehT lartnec aedi si ylbabor ptaht foerutan sa a rotaerc fo ,smrof ,hcihw gnieb detcelfer ni eht namuh ,dnim sknaht ot ehtmsilellarap .lc aierthu aT tsmna so en l e tgena,csunwa neoea it mdorrkerefniupahebo attmtdeaarhcnotude redr osi ee lh ,ptegi unc frintothi ucreb apcee nht,e tcusiq imedas nnra yoedt hantcayucrdreac tl r afaen ro phosgs tiueinthtaatn ci.us dd s E ns ’ytka n sel ushfilirn ao aiaohuoentmothietarn evitamrof ssecorp ot hcihw lla sgnieb era tcejbus dna si ylno eno tcepsa fo taht tsav .tnempoleved ehT tnecsed ro ,’noissecorp‘ ni hcihw eht noitacilpitlum fo sgnieb ,stsisnocsi dehcta myb eh tdr anwopiutom ta eht level fo ;nyatmiuvh idtncaa si hdt r,anwopiuhtcoimhw lliw dael su ot eht ,muinnelliM segrem otni eno suoena ttnnoepmspoleved fo erutan dnaeht evi t.asc sunedoceiotrapcudE si erofereh tton detimil ot eht noitca fo loohcs dna ylimaf tubsi trap dna lecrap fo lareneg laicos .efil namuH yteicos si na lanoit a:cyutdeeic ohsguohtlasiht aedi saw to nyltici ldpexteats litnu eh thtne e,tyer nu’its nnuyeihcnpeomsooCli hepvag miha espmilg fo .ti ecneH eht gnitrecn oncosiitdibma fo eht ’c iohtp‘o—snnoaipt‘pec nhoccaetlla sgniht ot lla nem dna morf lla stniop fo dna—’weiv eht latnemadnuf noinu neewtebeht .noitazinag rloanoitanret n filoae dei hdt nlaae dlianoitacude eW n as cunhita gn aae d s ,isufn uioa dini twnsnecsaoapemiahimosroCy gChapatem htiw eht sseltnuoc lacitcarp smelborp eh deretnuocne sa a egaugnal rehcaet dna rezinagrofo d,esg la eonovoatehmi chn gscar,naeyintd nintinii ufn oniit af eroyhohdtbpea oslasaeoblihp s’eru ttfacone p esnsnaoioitac utd aeth ct eaghfntips a ynrsaiguli n’esguine m.onCoitac undoe evitamrof yrenihcam dna os gnitargetni eht evitacude ssecorp otni a metsys ni hcihwsiht .si xlaaitnes see hdteed n sisisecorp eW nac ees ta eht emas emit woh eht ,noitamalcorp ta eht gninnigeb fo The Great Didactic , fo n a mens coii adnilr nfeetaohftaoliauitoncic cs riecseunepwrnhdebaotespcpear os ynam segassap ni taht .krow suinemoC saw ton a ,tsilausnes ,hguoht sa ew llahs ,eeseh n e t eem nd hwseeeyttisi llel uc oibbefietail ofkfslefasahumortspap ratio dna eht operatio5 to ,revew o,hwe isv i nh.Inoiting o fcroetcara hecvit cea hetzisahpme e gnsdoeeitltawaeosrnnckes ni tah t , sstelidain vgsoiarsp ti ,er etwaht tes yfstfuioov ei entfhacottan oephst dnim dnaknil ti pu htiw eht suoenatnops ytivitca taht setaerc lairetam .sgniht tsuJ sa tra setatimi,erutan gnidrocca ot eht naileto t,sailruAmrof os noitasnes dna( siht si a erutraped morf eht sweivfo eht )scitetapirep sekam ti elbissop ot hsilbatse-er eht ynomrah neewteb eht evitca redrofo .tcejb ugsniviecr eep h ftyotienatno pes hdt n,asehca ehtci h,wsgniht ,yllaniF ew nac dnatsrednu yhw suinemoC emaceb eht eltsopa fo lanoitanretni noitaroballoc ni noitacud e.flesti oN tbuod eht ladici rstealrgfgurts taht yltnatsno cdecrofmih o tcni igealritx ed ndaeni us rirhee rhatc onba isg aodlnoaeh trsoat aecvuadg e msinhosareorf sih tsilanoitanretni ,snoitcivnoc tsuj sa sih latnemirepxe krow sa a rehcaet dedivorpeht tniop-gnitrats rof sih gnikniht no .noitacude tuB tsuj sa sih gnikniht no taht tcejbussaw 3 detargetni otni a noitpecnoc fo eht dlrow erehw noitac usddeeecorp morf eht evitamrofnoitca ltl ar aeraf r m gposeyaneinlcathelengabiu t snlaeaevndeoiit a, ne l r ro adefussintoticanahoins .ecnav dda nyanomr a fheonirtcod nI ,troh s’suinemo Cmetsys si yll a;ntrneettnsiisnoc dna eht nia mtneutitsn oscknilfo ,selp il catn nni ,ourrtiopo ntcfe reachyorcatljaueapd tmp ehaa,g ieutdcooenhnm etmtriaehhtoc yllaunit nroect s eahhmct i,hswria fcfiatsalo hlsoc latslseaawnoitanre t dnlniaai cgoontsiylppa .dednuopxe e’csnuaicniefmi onrCgoifs ruo emit ts uemrofereht eb thguos yb ecnerefer oteht sexa fo sih ;metsys ,ro ni rehto ,sdrow ew tsum yrt ot gnirb a nredom tniop fo weiv otraeb nop uemhetts ys sa,r he schnltuta acsahnue rto dpfpeisourvaei mdt,nih icdi ehftmwiaolrofsi rieht ,txetnoc dluow evig esir ot yrartibra .snoitaterpretni etipseD ,secnaraeppa suinemoCsi yll areersolc ot su ni nsoiihtpec nfoo ct nse’mnpaoml esvaed trap dna lecrap fo taht foerutan si hn isdnefe de hseseh tlaicep seh tf otso mn inaht Great Didactic. II tpecxE ni a wef ,sesac eht elc ann eeesrreuewiftnfeeibm dodCna su si eechnter etfafhitdseil neewteb -htneetneves dna yrutnec-hteitnewt syaw fo .gnikniht eW on regnol eveilebtaht s celtillnsb iey ad wmhsnnfppu eaooae t l thesoedethrtvlmteeid dhnrcuo fo n a,my tneiriocos eht noitcaretni neewteb nam dna ,erutan ot yas gnihton fo eht swal fo .erutan eW evah tupa t ssua meldairt n’escuine md,onnCaoitaluc eepl sp emf c i osaesnelhicptne iectsar a spfeeoisres egn nilaahtcnema dd snroiu athf hegttytuenaidr edwt sxfeeeohr ttp oendthoentcsiops neabrt n see,avt seaf;yedhoe r citn of naietoeemhshi ititcn thso eiistgtiieiul sq.hodcpou shSantaermt neeb detneserp yllacihposolihp erofeb gnieb tliub pu yllacifitneics otni a erometarobale erutcurts ro detcejbus ot citametsys cifitneics .gnikcehc citsimotA ,stpecnoc esoht fo .selpma xeelbiss ospseltnu ogcno mdaet i ecyb a,m.c t,enoitavresnoc gnidnat ssh itehictwnteorNeffi dni ,do hstueimnemoC yyalmdetbuod neubderedisnoc rfeodn u eo dshf,natyagolohc ylsaptnempole vane eidcdiite n eesfhgrotosruc e er efhpsnotao .dehca es ralhip ue phttnempolev efedoga te shodttetsuj dnaoitcurts neivissergo rfmpoets yas htiW drager ot eht tsrif fo eseht owt ,stnio psuinemoC sah nee bdeterpre trneihtie saa tnenoporp fo eht yroeht fo etanni latnem—seitluc atfnempoleved gnieb detubirtta ot aerem noitarutam fo demroferp ro—serutcurts sa na tsiciripme ohw sredisnoc eht dnim sa a ydnl eol e .liadlen ltuecg o,i advadsyisfmtaiteibtioerr plharrgelewTsfpdaconnruenieedrkstni , felveisttaicidn ifo eht s’rohtu ala e.rnoitis oepkiL ll asnasitrap fyotienatn odpnsa ytivitcani eht ,tcejbus eh si desucca semitemos fo gninael sdrawot nisimroferp dna semitemosfo gnitar eeghgtax etra pdeyal p.’ es ycutbnipeneiecrmneoopCc xfeo m seihltell afroap namdna .t nriaolpuci tshnritoahiiptwt cde ennzniioncit uy rldce ls seueoborlhucstan smisilellar ahpcuS nepo ot eht owt snoit cdeejnbooitnem evoba fi ti si deviecnoc sa ,citats tub ti si a enirtcodfo msim aonty dethn tettaxh et re t evrish iektetdnehar igtmof lorol to adfeilhrr teodtwnaatmaht evitamrof ,redro tnerehni ni eht s’tcejbus ,snoitca ,hcihw gnidrocca ot ,suinemoCstneserper .fles tsiseco repvitacu de ehd tntanempolev efw doae lhhttob hs tud iirsW naknegromeoi o rwtoCtat—u cgooint l ieplh hplcdtaaan—eottcenehistop snoitac iflopmi sih feile b.t nnei mspeoh lseeiHv uergdunoift ssiedpyt fo sloohc srof tahwew dlu owho snlelca nceeh c t,rs sduerdooloo ofoji, h da ryrdsam:ecolenpnigoaha ifctntnsiaicude dna .htuoy ,dnA htiw yllaer elbakrame r,noitiutni eh spsarg eht tcaf taht eht emas smroffo eg dye rleawrsoasn ektcae nhcae fo t, ensdeselnhur eotaeyvpcfetese fhnleboitertdnraomcrep sfm oreh o h c yfyteinnlahhiinw twis aesmille vees lenhetew teecbneref fet i hadd;thnstadeen egdelwo ndekernailtuo -re or.detatse rnI a egassap fo The Great Didactic ot hcihw .JatteboiP ylthgir sllac noitnetta ni eht noitcudortni ot sih hcnerF ,noitalsnart suinemoC stneserpeht 4 gniwollof noitisoporp gnidrager eseht evisseccus sepyt fo ,sloohcs hcihw swohs peed :gnidnatsred nluacigolohcysp hg u eosshleTohothcs ,etbneref feiwd od ton hsiw meht ot htcn ae,erstegfnfiih dttub rehtar ehtemas sgniht ni ta n.erreenfnfaimd I ,naem lla sgn ihhctihw nac ekam nem ylur t,nem dna e hdtenryaleulrt ;denrael yeht dluohs eb thguat ni noitaredisnoc fo eht s’lipup ega dna eht dradnats fo sihroirp .draw pyullauda rdgn estyaw ldaluo hhsci h,wnoitaraperp sihT si a yrev etarucca noitapicitna fo eht evisseccus snoitcurtsnocer fo eht emas dnikfo egdelwonk morf egats ot egats .g.e( morf noitca ot elpmis noitatneserper dna ecnehtot ,)noitcelfer gnidrocca ot eht metsys fo evitucesnoc tnempoleved hcihw nredom citeneg .esyla n oa stduelba nse aybgolohcysp eroM ,yllareneg ni eht htxis fo eht selpicnirP‘ rof gnitatilica FgnihcaeT dna,’ydutS sui nseemvoiCre dmorf eht aedi t snfueoomepnoal tee nvhgoetnpdiswo leleorfh t,selurhcihw thg i nmeebt t sinrriewt tfeo ldlog no e h etrlob oaeodc rsifa y —loyenlprhropeteoavdheocms :deilp pmaodl e osysletanutrof ndu n,allits 1. fI eht ssalc noitcurtsni eb deliatruc sa hcum sa ,elbissop yleman ot ruof hours, and if the same length .yd uettsav i rrtop ffeee mblfiot 2. fI eht lipup eb decrof ot eziromem sa elttil sa ,elbissop taht si ot ,yas ylno eht tsom tnatropmi;sgniht of the rest they need only grasp the general meaning. 3. fI gnihtyreve be arranged to suit the capacity of the pupil, which increases naturally with study and age. 6 nI rehto ,sdrow fi eht dlihc si yllaer a gnieb ni ssecorp fo suoenatnops ,tnempolevedneht laudividni ,yduts tnednepedni ,sesicrexe dna eht noitamrofsnart fo seiticapac htiw egaera ;elbissop eht loohcs dluohs erofereht ekat egatnavda fo hcu sseitilibi sdsaoeptsni fognirongi meht no eht noitpmussa taht lia noitacude nac eb decuder ot ,lanretxe labrev dnacinomenm noissimsnart fo tluda egdelwonk hguorht eht s’rehcaet sdrow ot eht s’lipup .dnim ,eurTni ynam rehto ,segassap suinemoC smees ot yal sserts no .ytivitpecer ehT elor fo segamidna ral irm ei yhs,dntdna oeame rgsudioepl who cn oiklt henrw niofenhohupt f a,et aheettmsandes ,stxet raeppa ot tcidartnoc eseht rehto .stnemetats tuB fi ew raeb ni dnim eht aedi foeht lellarap neewteb evitamrof erutan dna eht gniniart fo ,nam ti si elbissopmi ton ot dragereht feovitacid n sisael uerer hetvoba .tnempolev eedvit cfeaol oe rhfntooitingoc ear fI ew won og otni eht sliated fo siht yroeht fo noitacude desab nosuoenatnops ,tnempoleved ew era kcurts yb eht nredom dnuos fo a elohw seires fo ,stnemeta testipsedeht .thgu o dhnntoai tnceaew tpeibhsnoita l eeyfhrroto ethutc-r aef ecoalncesba msse i vtl yl pelroae l aovcfl’rennoa sehioro untcaTe iepks ,ngaitttethsnsmtairoloiCpf ro gnidnopserroc ynomrah rehtar naht ecnedneped neewteb eht evitingoc snoitcnuf rosnagro ( mens, cerebrum, ratio s e) vslee isdtm(nieavhittca manus, operatio, artes .) tuB sa noos saeh semoc ot laed htiw ,gnihcaet eh stcerroc sih hcaorppa dna ylidaets smriffa eht ycamirpfo :noitca nemstfarC od ton dloh rieht secitnerppa nwod ot ;seiroeht yeht tup ,meht ot krow tuohtiw yaled os tahtyeht yam nrael ot egrof latem yb ,gnigrof ot evrac yb ,gnivrac ot tniap yb ,gnitniap ot pael yb .gnipael eroferehTni sloohcs tel eht slipup nrael ot etirw yb ,gnitirw ot kaeps yb ,gnikaeps ot gnis yb ,gnignis ot nosaer yb,gninosaer ,.cte os taht sloohcs yam ylpmis eb spohskrow ni hcihw krow si enod .ylregae ,suhT yb doog ,ecitcarp llalliw feel at last the truth of the proverb: Fabricando fabricamur.7 suinemoC seog sa raf sa ot dnefed siht elpicnirp neve ni egaugnal ,gnihcaetgnisserts ysl e ret:ltadaspslehemuuctla mceux sirresatp t r tlseaenaisphersrntmunui ptoofoaccolneved 5 gn ittscrai fgdn nisatd cry ealsnlwneofroceenrta f teafshomtuc r eis,hcenttloopinmtnacaxace eb decuded morf a elur sselnu eht elur si ,dootsrednu tub gnidnatsrednu fo eht elursevired .ecitca rspuoenatno pndsiezili tyudaer lsaelpma xfneooitazinag reovitcaort ee rhmtorf 8 sihT elpicnirp fo roirp ytivitca si deterpretni yb suinemoC ni eht tsedaorb ,esnesni ecnadrocca htiw sih enirtcod fo ,ytienatnops sa gnillac otni yalp ylsuoenatlumis sdeendna ,stseretni ro evitceffa ,noitavitom dna lanoitcnuf ecitcarp sa a ecruos fo .egdelwonk nIrehto ,nt ouhibgt ucsnoaei r s-nshsi g iut ecmntit oru io nna deu,knreaexcsaomwreadeoevrrCmobw ytivitca desab no .tseretni .P ,tevoB ni siht ,noitcennoc setouq lareves elbakramer.segassap ehT tsrif seno gnoma meht era gnitseretni rof rieht daorb :epocs oD‘ ton ekatrednuyna gnih ctaueothti wtsr igfnisuora eht tseretni fo eht .’lipup dnA :nia gsayawlA‘ rgenfifhotemos hcih wlliw eb ehltboabe edr ng;aalufe seu h’tsl ispdunpi mlliw suht eb demir pdna yehtlliw ".no i gytA en dndgim,aerato y etis sr dlhrthssefeerrt-atairhmtaeirpetonwgwetciravnooeeipf , ddeeennimr ey tl sger tten da y eooitenn.endh cleaymcfe chgaojaWoebl tuowfsh eocfiyovsp e ssstrusuieo ngcoegetmu roseC regu hndgtie nhc fitodonernn mpa igongnseeihbk tafefrobni redro o tetaerc a ot — tpgranagitlsle ta elat ro a e l,tytri ol, tersconf adtns ankiaerb ti ffo nieht .elddim tahW suinemoC si gnisu ereh si ton yltcaxe a ,deen tub tahw eht tsigolohcysp.K .’sdeen-isau qd‘ell as ca,hnoit cdaetpurret nhic uftsocef fe ehdteidu ts sao hh,wniweL sihT lanoitcnuf retcarahc fo eht ytivitca ro ytienatnops ni hcihw suinemoCseveileb yllarut asndael mih ot ekat a raelc dnats htiw drager ot ephithsn oniete awlltaeecrbitcarpdna .ndso e dilgse o t anshsh nsnmiuTi tyieortcheauioss tmwqtfei nidcrdenawneehionttcnneoisc elpicnirp fo eht yrasseceN‘ snoitidnoC rof gnihcaeT dna ,’gninraeL hcihw si desserpxesa d een ehosntpnuoitc erl ef wat e’e fgr.ftAnm iir avoeifrgo freebt tsaemrap eerrput a:Ns‘wollof rof loohcs tnempiuqe ,skoob( ,serutcip ,snemiceps ,sledom ).cte erofeb snossel ,nigeb suinem osCekat pu eht lar tnnoeictseuq fo eh tsnoi tnaeleewrt ehbceeps dna eh tegdelwonkfo :tcidr eevvisic esdi hstecnuono resphegaugn arleh td onnait afrLoehca ertem r so.aAfsgniht segaugnaL era denrael ni sloohcs erofeb eht ,secneics ecnis eht tcelletni si deniated rof emos sraey revoeht yduts fo ,segaugnal dna ylno neht dewolla ot deecorp ot ,secneics ,scitamehtam ,scisyhp .cte dnA tey sgnihtera essential, words only accidental; things are the body, words but the garment; things are the kernel, words the shells and husk. Both should be prevented to the intellect at the same time, but [and the stress is mine] particularly the things, since they are as much objects of understanding as are languages. 10 nI rehto ,sdrow dniheb eht nailetotsirA egaugnal fo rettam dna ,mrof ro ecnatsbusdna ;,gd ,nnsriaae d helacria uueetbtc cnfu eoreutvqsie sssst e ro rseteguvhoietr nrp,etmnoeCdicca eh si yl leurfawa fo eht mra henod mysbi l gat nb ari-rehoroestudvrdu—unenc esofpiotacude egdelwonk( flatus vocis ) detaicossa htiw erem ,sdrow sa tcnitsid morf eht laeregdelwonk detaerc yb eht noitca fo eht lipup nopu eht stcejbo fo sih .yduts , gynlil kaearheetpnssemGret fo eht dnoces fo eht selpicnirP‘ rof gnitatili cganFihcaeT dna ’ydutS era llits eromtneuqole eshetrape r,ps‘uine mso yC,a’serut a:Nd‘enoit nte smeuljpicn idrnpo crees h etefhosot onhatht ’ s .en o mvietterigrih ogeos,fbfleabiretam 11 ltan ni osofm, itpoow stnreeiauFihhcovttumdae ot gniyas tyalhlta ndoeirt iceungqudcfealwon kni‘( yna ,tneve gnuoy slipup tsum ebdeubmi htiw eht tnedra erised ot wonk dna )’nrael sdnet ylsuoenatnops ot emoceb ;dezinagro tinac erofereht eb detanidro-oc htiw lacigol dna labrev serutcurts reverehw hcus noitanidro-ocsi desab nopu a ,dnuos ’gnirised-mrof‘ laitini .tnetnoc lamroF noitcurtsni taht sedecerp .msilab rkoe ctvssadub a,edl nraeh h et,nhototnet n eogfhcnotidnatsrednu owT fo seeslephi tcgn n irigrotnPfai‘thiclaie cTdanFa ’yd uetvSr elsaeidcneopistnem , t ecltz e aai,pd n h s t sl eoew dawcyaucsiw lnhoeeoiut elapnphhtacehamstsecnhtceaneutebfg fo ’suinemoC saedi no lanoitacude .ygolohcysp elpicnirP IIV si detats sa :swolloferutaN‘ s gd on eshhiypusw el oli kbnoluwy s oaotemltt’tevilur.r e tuoalbrdfsfpliomeeihhst elpicnirP :IIIV erutaN‘ spleh flesti ni yrev eelbisso p’.yaw suinemoC sward morf eseht stnemetatseht 6 gniwollof owt seiralloroc hcihw ecno niaga ylraelc tressa eht dlofowt deen rof noitacudeyb seerged ni ecnadrocca htiw eht tnereffid segats fo latnem tnempoleved dna rof a metsysfo gnihcaet taht seod ton esrever eht larutan ecneuqes fo rettam dna :mrof woN‘ eht seitlucaffo eg hn:t ude oer)ycair(o ff diseyl ol eosbenrtgpr an mar ihoeorhcclfiti eheyhwgtt aidcnaapac era ton tey ;detius )ii( fi yeht era edam ot nrael yb traeh ro od sgniht taht evah ton tsrifneeb ’.m edohetttartsno m deddneanial pyxlehguoroht 12 But the tnemetat shcihw ylbaborp sevig eht tse rnaoeiltcacidni fo eht citeneg dnertni ’suinemoC saedi no noitacude si elpicnirP I :flesti erutaN‘ stiawa eht elbaruovaf’.tnemom retfA gnillacer taht slamina ecudorper dna stnalp worg gnidrocca ot eht ,snosaessuinemoC segru taht eht elbaruovaf tnemom rof gnisicrexe eht ecnegilletni eb dezies ,nopu dnataht sesicrexe lla‘ eb demrofrep yllaudarg gniwollof a dexif .’elur sihT si niaga tnuomatnatot .tnempolev efsdoega tfesocneuq ee shdtell aedcblu o,wecnalr anpred on,mita hgwnisserts eW lla ,wonk ,revewoh woh gnidaelsim hcus selpicnirp yam eb htiw drager oteht lautca ecitcarp fo .gnihcaet woH ynam sloohcs ekovni eht saedi fo ,tnempoleved,tseretni suoenatn o,pystivitca ,.cte ,hguoht ni laer ,tcaf eht ylno tnempoleved si taht dial nwod nieht !yti rd oe thtyltsbuu edasgaegiu ts, idd v eneyis sahltteotncsrpoa eam, rimeyeuhltltnnuoicirruc ehT eurt erusaem fo evitca gnihcaet a( mrof fo noitacude taht si spahrep tsomla sa eraryadot sa )snhyritranue etp,eenpohteattnce veebs eht yaw ni hc ih.htdwuerht ssiilbatse erehT sion citnehtua ytivitca os gnol sa eht lipup stpecca eht hturt fo na noitressa ylerem esuaceb tisi d emyoerv fn notaclu doat ,a dhlti ihlwcl a ed he athy rcttuoai i attrtcftoi ioahcrltiopulxapemi srreovocs il d ineeyperhtuhti pwve ir;sttesiuchkbato oesb sdtfrseorxoorhhoeettwth ceahett stcurts nhotcuerrt yb snaem fo ,lanretxe ro lanre t,nliatne mno igtnciatsisnoc ni tnemirepxero tn e.dgnneipneods na tiesnriahtTropm it-clalfa sraeppa ot em ot evah neeb ylrae ldcepsargyb .suinemoC tA eht tsal loohcs fo hcihw eh saw ,daeh ta soraS kataP ni ,0561 eh saw delot :eer h otgtnihca e ftsoelpicni rlpatnemadn usf iehcuder 1 . deecorP s(ega tysb Omnia gradatim). 2. Examine everything oneself, without submitting to authority [what Comenius called, .]’yspo t,eu dsafelrn‘ohaoetcwsigolo mneyihtte 3. tcA no s’eno nwo :noislupmi .’yxarpotua‘ This requires, with reference to all that is presented to the intellect, the memory, the tongue and the hand, that the pupils shall themselves seek, discover, discuss, do and ,taeper tuohtiw ,gnikcals yb rieht nwo stroffe - eht srehcaet gnieb tfel ylerem htiw eht ksat fo gnieesrehtehw tahw si ot eb enod si ,eno ddna enod sa t idluoh.seb 13 hcuS na laedi fo lautcelletni noitacude si dnuob ot og dnah ni dnah htiw saedi nolarom ,e elnvd slornseiieaahwtst aadcnu idfkeo kcehc-ss oortc yfirev ot tahw tn estuxienemoCsah eulav rof su .yadot nI na ega nehw eht enac saw a gnihcaet tnemurtsni ti( saw llits ,suinem odClu o,cecneide b fotoa hst aywtilar olmooh cysl neo hdt n)a!ekc o yLdbednemmocer sa ew od ,yadot tcartxe morf eht stpecnoc fo tnempoleved dna suoena tyntoipvsitca a mroffo larom noitacude taht dluow osla eb na noisnetxe fo esoht evitamrof seicnednet fo erutanot ?n adm nearut anneewt esbwa r edlhellar aep h ntsiref eyrltnatsn otcsinoitacu dteae reg hhtcihw ehT enotshcuot ni hcus a rettam lliw eb eht noitseuq fo evitubirter ecitsuj ro :tnemhsin ulparopr o ocdtesop pyollacid a srsiuinem odC n.Atnemhsinup ,deednI yb yna noitacilppa fo ecrof ew era raf erom ylekil ot ecudorp a distaste for letters than love for them. ,revenehW ,erofereht ew ees taht a dnim si desaesid dna sekilsid ,yduts ew dluohs yrt ot evomer sti noitisopsidni yb eltneg ,seidemer tub dluohs no on tnuocca yolpme tneloiv .seno ehT yrev nus ni ehtsnevaeh gives us a lesson on this point. In early spring, when plants are young and tender, he does not scorch them, but warms and invigorates them by slow degrees.... The gardener proceeds on the same principle, and does not apply the pruning-knife to plants that are immature. In the same way a musician does not strike his lyre a blow with his fist or with a stick, nor does he throw it against the wall, because it produces a discordant sound; but, setting to work on scientific principles, he tunes it and gets it into order. Just such a skilful and sympathetic 7 treatment is necessary to instil a love of learning into the minds of our pupils, and any other procedure will only convert their idleness into antipathy and their lack of interest into downright stupidity. 14 dyrbaw rtso uefyp n l eo tnehtoortnnaemhsi nluaprop rtoscni asgtanemu gervaisi cees dethutB .suinemoC siH elohw retpahc no loohcs enilpicsid swohs sih troffe ot esu evitisopsnoitcnas ,n o) ,i.rttcen ath eeletnmvu aaeim.rhgtestaaergnueo on yn cygI,nroteagr(nao idhslesipphicsid swohs eht emas tirips sa sih ,yhposoli heprehw eht naigoloe hytllaer sevig elttil sisahpmeot lanigiro nis tub skaeps ni tnatsnoc esiarp fo erutan ni‘ lauteprep ’ssergorp .fc( eht eltitfo .)looh ce shd tnnaoitacu dfseosendnu oe shgtninrecn oI cIeVlpicnirP sediseB eseht saedi no ,snoitcnas ’suinemoC lartnec tpecnoc fo larom noitacudesi niaga a lanoitcnuf ,eno gnitartsulli sih ecnereferp rof ecitcarp yb ecneirepxe sa tsniaga :noitcurts nliabr e rvnooislupmoc The virtues are learned by constantly doing what is right.... ti si yb gninrael taht ew dnif tuo tahw ew thguoot ,nrael dna yb gnitca taht ew nrael ot tca sa ew .dluohs oS ,neht sa syob ylisae nrael ot klaw yb ,gniklaw otklat yb ,gniklat dna ot etirw yb ,gnitirw ni eht emas yaw ew lliw nrael ecneidebo yb ,gniyebo ecnenitsbayb abstaining, truth by speaking the truth, and constancy by being constant. But it is necessary that the child be depleh yb ecivda dna elpmaxe ta eht emas.emit 15 tuB eh ohw swohs eht yaw si ton ylirassecen na .tluda nI a suoiruc egassap fo the Methodus linguarum novissima,s ep m unadoognriagt as tsn ie osmrsyituasiln ed, mety o teb,C.ovPuoqB gnignirb sih citametsys dnim ot gniniltuo eht ne vceistsiretc asrraohtccaf fo hcus .semageH ptig ehnpssounmoai t deaele llhaz foetiieorrcnh ogt ,soe,ncvooeatirht c,e snsnrniiaohectppa sre y,fasole pmsa aglle wsa ne oh eitdlt noi ds a rteerfsnehseoeo ptoylpympauubomlrcipeht .emag retfA gnivah dezisahpme taht eseht niam stpecnoc fo ’suinemoC yroeht fonoitacude yado tdila vyre vllit sera s i.hnToitazina glro oo shna coestsdiu ihosyt ,bd asearwasuwoemwf cipot lliw dael ,su ni eht tsal trap fo ,n otiutocud oorttnI eht laic olsa n dosnitatcaenprseatnfio .enirtc osdih tA a emit nehw noitacude dah rehtien elbats snoitutitsni ron lareneg semmargorpfo ,yduts suinemoC deruovaedne htob ot dliub pu a lanoitar evitartsinimda erutcurts dnaot detan igsmnaoiwdn ndaellpi aytleedtaro b sa.lilslheeAtmmar gtonrepr e,hdoectau dpaorlgeved yb tn e amd el lrofai fotu:yonqytwoetitzrininuruoh nticep sa elfruoci rtrauc a ne vliegveldna .noitacu d fesoega tes h ftyohcrare ieh h ntyiti nluacitrev nI eht tsrif fo eseht owt ,stcepser ti si gnikirts taht ,suinemoC ni eht erehps foecneics gnihcaet hcihw( seod ton raeppa ot evah neeb sih etiruova f,)tcejbus sah a yrev ,ylevilyrev nredom gnileef fo eht ecnednepedretni fo eht ,secneics gnitatissecen noitanidro-oc foeht :sesuballys From this [thoughts on the interaction of the parts of a system] it follows that it is a mistake to teach the several sehcnarb fo ecneics ni liated erofeb a lareneg eniltuo fo eht elohw mlaer fo egdelwonk sah neeb decalperofeb eht ,tneduts dna taht on eno dluohs eb detcurtsni ni hcus a yaw sa ot emoceb tneiciforp ni yna eno hcnarbfo knowledge without thoroughly understanding its relation to the rest. 16 tI si osla gnitseretni ot ees eht ecnatropmi suinemoC setubirtta ot eht elpicnirp fo eht noitargetni fo ylsuoiverp deriuqca egdelwonk htiw taht deriuqca ,retal gniwollof a pattern .tnempolev e fdsotpecn orc u nonie vdeehct awm o snhicihw sA sdrager loohcs ,noitazinagro noitnem sah ydaerla neeb edam fo eht elpicnirpfo e:httnempole vlea dt snneeig mastuso i greonahtivtdnopser rsolce vtenleref fo itndnoiisividbus yresr ulnoohcs ro (s’reh t)o’me‘enk rof ;stnafni eht cilbup ro lanoi tlaonohcs ro f;nerdlihceht rammarg loohcs ro yradnoces loohcs rof redlo ;nerdlihc dna seimedaca rof .stnedutstuB 8 s e th sisou it ie ewenbnm h eoattsmisaiothCatzin astg iurth oontgbinaoiptser eyrtrenehivtona :l lra omfets ylsooh cesno—enoyre vreof lla eht gnuoy fo htob sexes dluohs eb tnes ot eht cilbup ....sloohcs they should first be sent to the Vernacular .loohcS emoS sretirw era fo eht yrartnoc .noinipo reppeZ dna detslA dluow edausrep su taht ylno esohtsyob dna slrig ohw era denitsed rof launam ruobal dluohs eb tnes ot eht ralucanreV ,sloohcS elihw syobesohw parents wish them to receive a higher education should be sent straight to the Latin School.... From this view .tnes sseoiemtdc rmoeft scyistca deild oyhmw 17 y ls gutniu in B.he s ssmdiyseioele lnCi e sthpof erlsotitseHeaenicsismrrwnateepiahnxrsteepg .er enhev i egyb asmelpma xoe w.Tsnoitse u fqroebm u nansowe icvitehporp enO fo meht snrecnoc eht noitacude fo .slrig nI siht ,drager eh stsisni nopuetelpmoc thg ute asbgtunmihtyr etv aeehltpicn icriphpos n sahi ptheicwnadro c,ncsiae x eyefhtsotilauqe :en ooytreve roN nac yna doog nosaer eb nevig yhw eht rekaew xes ot( evig a drow fo ecivda no siht tniop ni)ralucitrap should be altogether excluded from the pursuit of knowledge (whether in Latin or in their mother-tongue).... yehT era dewodne htiw lauqe ssenprahs fo dnim dna yticapac rof egdelwonk netfo( htiw erom naht ehtetisoppo )xes dna yeht era elba ot niatta eht tsehgih ,snoitisop ecnis yeht evah netfo neeb dellac yb doG flesmiH otelur over nations ... to the study of medicine and of other things which benefit the human race.... Why, therefore, dluohs ew timda meht ot e h,ttebahp ldsandaraw reevtifrad meht yawa morfskoob ? 18 tuB fi eseht stnemetats ni ruovaf fo ’slrig noitacude era a laci geoclneuqesnoc fo sihmetsys dna( taht ni on ’ss euy hiatsnwii er n,m eyi)ormrmtCe ain hgldentnltioiosnnrisaiosiacnmoecr ,drawk c ea rhbaot e f s.ltsiypIihrut nhetcneetne v eeefhslotd d ei rhmgotnfisirp reu rshocmum er osmredn esrih tt‘a hsteta te.sH’dipu td snlal uydllarut aenht‘ erutl ulcasrevi neu hetvitarepmi fo hcu s.stcelletni ehT rewols dna eht rekaew eht noitisopsid fo yna ,nam eht erom ehsdeen ....ec nraotNsis snaac yna nam eb dnuo fetscoehlwlet nsii os kaew taht ti tonnac ebdevorpmi ’.erutl uycb 19 nee wdte ehebs ri full motb eh e c aslcntae setil iist euWsaahyi weherwsheostachhprta nam dn aylla uetveiptraempr oefruta nseripsni ton ylno a lanoitc nmueftsys fo ,noitacudetub osla a noitpecnoc fo eht lar ennoeigtazinagro fo .noitacude sihT sdael su no ot eht laicosdna .enirt c esofhtdotce plsaanoitanretni III nA tpmetta sah neeb edam ni eht gniogerof ot wohs woh etad-ot-pu era ’suinemoC saedino noitac u,ddena ,nrialuci twroahp nredo m. ysgiohlod oehhtTem ,tgsnoimsir pdrnuas niynam stcepser eht tsom ,nredom tcepsa fo sih enirtcod sah neeb tpek llit eht sih—tsal saedino noitacude rof enoyreve dna rof lla ,selpoep dna tahw( si llits erom )gnihsinotsa no eht nloaintoaiztiannar gefrtooni c i.lnbouiptac usdiehT edis fo sih krow si tahw si tsom ylekilot tseretni ,OCSENU dna ni emos stcepser suinemoC yam eb dedrager sa eno fo taht .srosru cse’rnpoitazinagrO ehT gnitrats tniop fo eht lacigoloicos tcepsa fo sih lanoitacude yhposolihp si eht tnemetats fo eht lasrevinu thgir ot noitacude no a sisab fo .ytilauqe fI ew raeb nidnim y rfasolil h oy tsrl,c iopyesahcmtritiei sidecv oiys ttsnae aocinfiucaotdopese c’nsoucinemoC saedi no s’na mecalp ni .eruta ntuB eyhrtallor osci nyaleme rdtlxoeb ,eno nehw ewredisnoc .txetn olcacirots iyhrutnec-htneetnev es s tnniioitacu dceitarcom efldoae dsiiht fI siht lasrevinu noitcurtsni fo htuoy eb thguorb tuoba yb eht reporp snaem syas[ ,]suinemoC enon lliw kcaleht material for thinking and doing good things. All will know how their efforts and actions must be governed, to what limits they must keep, and how each must find his right place.... The children of the rich and the nobles, 9 ro eso hgtnid lcoihl b,uepciffo era ton enola nrob ot h,csunsoiti sdonpa dluohs ton enola evah ssecca ot,sloohcs srehto gnieb dedulcxe sa fi ereht erew gnihton ot eb depoh morf .meht ehT tirips htewolb erehw dna nehwti will. 20 ;l e asr ys auysbrsetrte uh aeivsidnviin eneysumbo opnCoo ri nptm Ia e , cftedauoshrdytoesw ,syas ti s i.’cihposnap ‘tI si dednetni rof lla , neevmitcepserr ifo laicos ro cimon,oncoeitisop ,noigil eercar .ryotilanoi ttaIn tsum eb dednetxe ot lla ,,’sdeelp poroleeevpveewsdoarhednu’ ew yas ,yadot yeht yam ;eb dna suinemoC dluow evah dednemmoc eht nredomycaretil .noitargetni elraic od snnaoitacu dleatnemadn ufsfoesopr ue phr tonfekatred nsungiapmac .syuti ins leedsamme a uoizghndCtine ieciervmitboiotcfdsienrlicgen tI dluow ebysae ot wohs taht siht si ton eht ;esac eht ecnatropmi eh setubirtta ot ,ytienatnops ot ,tseretni oteht see srrfeeeilwhg tnd i l’neuyaboxewa mr ,pdso nttoanuteam‘e tyyaf t tioi ssrtln’eiwlvboiapup on tcepser rof hc aye tsi’ldaluidhi cvdindani eht syaw ni hcihw ti sreffid morf .srehto tuBeh saw ydlennir aetmcunoob can oelihattsarcei vlfiponpua s.iehnirtcod nI lacidar noitisoppoot e hfstogn up roe thnetoso hr toyflevisulc xdeengis es da,wem itta ht,tahci h,wnoitacu dteiuseJ laicos ,reddal suinemoC dednefed sih citsilasrevinu ,emehcs dna sti ylesnetnicitarcomed ,h s tsnnsi aoo i ws eiimh fef dt te losod iaratoe osnecegs theoaalipiyathhlglplstccnpubsimosi ees ot eht noitacude fo a snoitan eritne .htuoy ehT citar croemtecdarahc fo ’suinemoCmrofer si ton sih tsael eltit ot ;emaf ti snialpxe yhw eh si dedulcni gnoma eht taerg srennureroffo .seirt n n rlu to selosaifahecahtotwtao ctuedievoS tuB eh t’cihposna pn‘alp fo gni hgcnaiehttyreve ot ,enoyreve dna morf yreve tniopfo ,weiv dah ynam rehto ,snoitacilpmi ,ecnis morf eht ,testuo ti saw dednetni ot dael ot a-er noitacude fo ,yteicos na emendatio rerum humanarum . oT evah a dohtem si ton :hguoneeht snaem ot ylppa ti tsum osla eb ;dnuof taht ,si ti tsum e bdecudor tontini a ydob feovitalsigel .noitagap osertrpi u dsoentnegi ssendoisivorp gnihtoN si er o,mgnivom ng’ins iu,wironeleelmro oafnCcaht eht tcaf taht sihltanrete lanoit ag dnny sr er ilp,nerrrefw lup aveoi toayaualebftfn rtnopnmoi,dirre eregmalotinexiem :noitaroballoc lareneg semehcs rof lasrevinu ,ecaeporp slasop rof noitaroballoc neewtebeht ,e,h,vtclour lbbaesaaet esiriedot rufelriaecnoosit asdn nerrazeolitfpl na ,iiescreeohpmcsruhC snalp rof eht lanoitanretni noitazinagro fo cilbup noitacude dna eht lanif tcejorp rof a Collegium lucis.noitacu d feyortsin ilmanoitanret n fidon i eak obst ahwci h,w ’suinem oeCnilt uyolfei rybr etvs u em,wstni ospuoir aevse hdtnatsred n ourted r notiuB gnirednaw efil dna sih sseltnuoc semehcs taht erew detrawht yb .stneve tI dluow evahneeb rehtar lanab dna cimedaca ot nigeb siht noitcudortnI htiw a hcteks fo ’suinemoC efilhtiw( )railim asefinoyre vhecihw ; 21 tu b tlil i eswlbe l rd erf unnoweoetiit dhamaftateetoiefrrrenci .dle ilfanoitanret nei h ntsignikatred ndu nsatrof feevissecc uss i fhyodu tes hhtt inwoitcennoc nro Bno 8h2 c2r9a 5Mý 1 ktdsa or,rea BhinU vieahr osM atwfe lnnaah ptrao nyalrae ,ega dna sih snaidraug evag os elttil thguoht ot sih noitacude taht eh saw 61 erofeb ehdluoc nigeb sih ni tsaeLiduts ta eht loohcs ni .vorer Ps inHoitiso psa na n adhepvriorpe dfoyramirp noitacude on tbuod did erom ot ekam mih kniht tuoba eht pihsnoitaler neewteb loohcsdna lanosrep krow naht a lamron loohcs gnignirbpu dluow evah .enod htiW rehto gnuoynem gnignoleb ot eht ytinummoc fo eht naivaroM nerhterB eht( suomaf tnatsetorP ,)tces ehsaw re ttanles oytti se rhs nfet’d rovde,eoiedy rbntngterUseonheltla wHAtotdeaesehheittdourtPs ,sesruoc dna emaceb railimaf htiw sektaR suomaf lairomem no egaugnal .gnihcaet eHnoos nageb ot etirw a koob fo eht emas dnik rof eht hcezC ,cilbup dna osla dekrabme no a-nitaL hcezC yrassolg hcihw eh deunitnoc ot tcefrep revo a doirep fo ytrof .sraey nO sih nruterot ,aivaro Meh emaceb re tasam ldonoahc sretal eht hcr urhoctsap ta ;kenlu Ftubno iethcterrusni ni ,aimehoB hcihw dekram eht gninnigeb fo eht ytrihT sraeY ,raW saw eht trats fosih .senutrofsim eH delf morf sih ,emoh tsol sih efiw dna gnuoy ,nerdlihc dna nageb otrednaw morf eno yldrol niamod ot ,rehtona gnitirw skrow fo noitalosnoc rof sih stsinoigiler-ocdna 01

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2 Descartes and Leibniz, had likewise made profound remarks about education, but only as corollaries to their main ideas. Not only was Comenius the first to conceive
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Jan Amos Comenius - International Bureau of Education PDF

22 Pages·1999·0.08 MB·English
by  Piaget, Jean
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Preview Jan Amos Comenius - International Bureau of Education

The following text is taken from Prospects (UNESCO, International Bureau of Education), vol. XXIII, no. 1/2, 1993, p. 173-96. ©UNESCO:International Bureau of Education, 1999 This document may be reproduced free of charge as long as acknowledgement is made of the source. 1 J A N A M O S C O M E N I US )0761-2951( Jean Piaget gnihtoN si ,reisae ro erom ,suoregnad naht ot taert na rohtua fo 003 sraey oga sa nredomdna elp mla ax.cet ihAp gys utdfo nohte tnry etrrcaoerropm es t n fnm ido o i ognncmaetiiiilhrfhcto ecnacifing ie shttuo byasrevortn oe c hshtit iswte enmoitaterpret nfdion iski hsteitluciff ie dhfto fo sicnarF s’nocaB krow dna( eht elpmaxe si fo ralucitrap tseretni ,ereh ecnis ,nocaB saew ,won ksaw eno ’ ssfeuo cinrnouei omtfso aoCdrni apys l ndtsienatewouuq qeyrbf .)miehmoS s ednilotoc i h asro;Brotdeeh n chtlientuafbe oatie ncnsesorm oif nsrof rreoeeuphdcxtoeemrp e,zw ios shag a ndhcsainpiy kamfafneiwoithnte iecu s df-m eioeselsrihoepcthr iwn risiiphme ,tsiroeht eh dessim tcatnoc htiw eht laer ecneics fo sih ,emit taht fo .oelilaG suinemoCdluoc esiwekil eb detneserper rehtie sa a rosrucerp fo yranoitulove ,yroeht citeneg,ygolohcysp ;noi tlaacnuod ientoa in dtrlnaeaactnuno dii ,e tsy dcdggenoonsuh lia ftnohbdeohclmcaiyehstcp ro sa naaicisyhp aothewm dah on aedi fo eshttnemeriuq e frlloaactingeomliorhecpyxrseop n os si.i f as ssrof esdtyo oedueclfehictaah tsufnt,it ahdid ctnorsa hablweuassneorit anceuvdee .tcerroc nediblu oswtnemegd uejmert xeese hl tltaeY ehT l ameerlbor psi ot dn i efrgudo e—’nlssiwgu onifninoktei mrhowcCihw sahneeb os hcum dehcirne yb eht seirevocsid fo eht puorg won gnikrow ta eht suinemoC etutitsnIni ton—eugarP tahw si elbarapmoc htiw nredom ,sdnert ot eht tcelgen fo eht ,tser tubtahw ;denocatit cy dartn rosanpeiihltai ch e cgpt e nsaf zeieoyChk r ttnfl gei ioashnehtetuhtiktvam erapmoc siht htiw tahw ew wonk dna tnaw .yadot rehtiE suinemoC nac evah onetaidemmi tseretni rof su ta eht tneserp emit ro sih tseretni rof su sdneped no taht lartnec eroc fothguoht hci hswi ot edbnu on fi mye ntdhasnc y ai dseh tllwsiu b soeioe hbstrnsspi oxe pehmtro ffoa w eef l.psmaiesdi nI eht tsrif trap fo siht ,noitcudortni ew llahs erofereht yrt ot revocsideht gn ikor etblels a,ehswst rganpideec c o u ew,snhtnit e;hgtnikn i’hstuine msnoaiC etdnianimod tuo eht stcepsa fo eh ts’t stiane orkigrtoawcu dhecihw era l ltintastrop mriof ,su ni eht thgilfo . soeutlbissec csamr endtietats esrae dliartn eecseht I t klocuticpi fyfli ed,m ret erisvt iex,wesoghni t’isruwi n sh eensg fhmeaueot ohmowoCWrght tuo eht gnidiug saedi fo eht ,metsys hcihw si lluf fo seitirucsbo ,dna ,semitemostnerappa .snoitcidartnoc nI eht tsrif ,ecalp woh era ew ot tnuocca rof eht tcaf taht a naigoloeht deruomanefo scisyhpatem dna deubmi htiw eht evitaluceps tirips fo eht htneetneves yrutnec dluohsevah denrecnoc flesmih htiw noitacude ot eht tniop fo gnitaerc a taerG‘ ?’citcadiD erehTerew ;ddneapol e nvsdeedaedohb hltaeim cneipas t hrs cennicoihiwtuti tlsannioita c yudndeaeemdni eseht dah neeb .debircsed ektaR dna ,detslA rof ,ecnatsni erew ylbaborp eht tsrif otward ’su innoeimtonCetta ot gni h,cs amyeeltllbaoircpepse ni eht dleif fo e.gnaouigtncaulrtstnuiB ere hstaw a gno lyaw ot g noeigrd olpfiueu bby h np ao og ie snftldoioaonlrchaituwhnadpeec llits redaorb metsys dnuora .ti sreknihT dna ,srehposolihp morf engiatnoM dna sialebaRot 1 setracseD dna ,zinbieL dah esiwekil edam dnuoforp skramer tuoba ,noitacude tub ylnosa ecn eeilcas cesv- ila tel sscueournfhtiiot nfc .yetsslm oa anonNwsreoC ieidoaieitmrhatlloroc fo noitacude ,tub tel ti eb ,detaeper eh edam ti eht yrev eroc fo a ’yhposnap‘ ,hcihw nisih ,gnikni hstaw oettutitsno ca cliahr pe.onmseeogtlsiyhsp woH nac ew nialpxe os lanigirodna ?yrutn ehctneetnev ees h fteoldd iem h nt,ismelbo r fptonemeta tlasausunu ehT tirips ni hcihw suinemoC thguos ot etirw eht dehsinifnu krow nwonk saeht lare n’enGo‘itatlusnoC saw eht tseb foorp taht eht tra fo gnihcaet saw dednetni ot eb ehteroc fo ’yhpo s;nfalpe‘sti ti ,,yolsll aasttnneudoicccnai rof eht eruliaf fo e h.tesirpretne daetsnIfo gnid lpiuu b e nl e iblytc,i adcn te sesoaetag,tihrbri ahdlavtetcfhteahivssotlttdibwonnaotiunk saw ot eb eht—yhposnap enirtcod fo eht evissergorp tnemeveihca fo eht dlrow‘ fo’saedi nihtiw eht desopmirepus sdlrow esohw lellarap atarts mrof eht suinemoC—esrevinusaw , y e,ayhswb tidh n tmali(aacihpos o ll s licasaehiawptc ag dnaiidus r seueasphwua c,edbecrof si eht tsom gnitseretni tcepsa fo eht ,)krow ot ek asmnoitacifilpmi sdna snoitalimissahcihw d e , htd mts ceso he u iyuvionctrb.eodrlrohtwusomh see ltromyfielhhoaspshHasctnniiowfc sganwikatr e hd ncn.a uu lrSylohafposo l nioohtiptcudo r gdt fnnnaoiiidki v noforoipti bemhat euqinu ni eht htneetneves .yrutnec ecneH eht emas :melborp woh era ew ot nialpxesiht gnigrem fo eht deen rof a citametsys sisab rof noitacude htiw lareneg lacihposolihp ?noitaluceps erehT si rehtona .ytluciffid ehT drowerof ot The Great Didactic ,stsartnoc htiwmlac ,gnirad eht a iroirp dohtem eht rohtua sdnetni ot wollof htiw eht laciripme ro airoiretsop .srossecede rs pifkhor olwanoitacu de ehfctoitsiretcara hsctnemirep xgenihcaet aesimor po terutne veW Great Didactic dfeoe dd, n n nsilaoegltmna ilghlntaih c taefrelo a to e.hh.wt. sai hl tleavo rohpts ie,wwylts a…Lwoll oolfti atfonn atclus ee rhtta ho,tsytniatr ehct imwe hgtnihcaet ,tiar hoe stireir ul pf ftb olr oaa ,teeenrmy sthe oa …tttterstialhfamat hnsetun woyi atyma adelnhutof .slooh clsasrevi ngunidnu o ffto rlaasrevi neu hfto 2 tuB si hetsimorp fo na a ir oeicrnpeic s ,fnooi t,ag cn ’uinsdkaueaot mrsreaosdnuneiu‘nemoC s,ms e t ofe ei gtlsnmm,ne eodgis orhcan hmetowikti wf heohesec enci harsnssteoeaitfibhcts ,elpmaxe dna dnif taht suinemoC si tnetnoc htiw eht yroeht fo :noitasnes eht‘ hturtdna ytniatrec fo ecneics dneped erom no eht ssentiw fo eht sesnes naht no gnihtyna ,’eslero ,ecneicS‘ ,neht sesaercni ni ytniatrec ni noitroporp sa ti sdneped no suousnes.noitpecrep 3 erehT netfo smees ot eb emos noitcidartnoc neewteb eht lareneg selpicnirp eht rohtua t s,tunimi aeg ra.eeHalum r s yo f imnffoohsaosimciri pcmietsilausnes-is a e udhsqntmaialcorp erofereht eb demussa taht ereht si na lanigiro noitcennoc neewteb eseht tahwemos el b,asltincenmoecteart rsdina taht ereht si a siseht ngynsiknil nam htiw erutan os sa otwohs .yhposoli hspi h fteonotsy eek h stsiseco repvitacu dee hythw ,gs nu tei isur doniB ey, r tethlnsol moteoicleonricirC etato .masmomct eueldhbEtorp gn i fne oihde atlhlr itotth oacrhoc sn i;eeh m testgoel’inhfo nidihsatn lwimcases feafcaorp stn e s mls etaeehsilh uctttjon sdsuy.uaotemcekia cmsoaS a e ldoehr wess diuyiibsnneomcoC sub specie educationis. ehT taerg selpicnirp fo ecaep dna eht lanoitanretni noitazinagrofo noitacude taht ekam mih a rennurerof fo os ynam nredom snoitutitsni dna sdnert fothguoht h e c,dre einnuvnwhaataewmahe nwstiesbeh te nu, y qmsem, snieisoksinthirriustwfohewkil yfroet s eynfhmootitanal p ex dshennatoaitaluc e sptfisnohem ellaert n eedshceattseg gtussuj na s’tsinoitacude yhposolihp ni na ega nehw noitacude saw a rettam rehtie foseuqinhcet detroppusnu yb yroeht ro fo lareneg snoitavresbo tuohtiw yna tpmetta ot etutitsnoc aecneics .noit ag cnruiodhe cfaoet sd e eyeinrlh taen Tylc vofeueoik cbc feiseosfiw efdn xchiad eitdcnelsirpafombmoc stpecnoc ni ’suinemoC yhposolihp naht esoht hcihw era yliranidro nekat sa—tneiciffus 2 stpecnoc esohw yrev nrettap si hcus sa ot ekam ti elbissop ot etatser eht lartnec saedi foeht metsys ni nredom .smret sihT snialpxe eht dlofow tnoisserpmi fo dedomtuo mrof dna-ot-pu .skr osw’tsinoitacu dteae re ghgtnida enre hsweviec eyrllaunitn oe cnhoci hewcnatsb uestad nI siht ,tcepser ’suinemoC scisyhpatem seil neewteb msicitsalohcs sa deripsniyb eltotsirA dna eht msilacinahcem fo eht htneetneves .yrutnec enoyrevE nac ees ehtpihsnik dl unoohistce ntnc o esc,rimihsdtic itr c if,esp ot pnmn uysoeidbhecnpraaoBs o nlseiiehhwpteb ton eb ;dessertsrevo eht niam stniop ot eb tpek ni dnim era eht nruter ot erutan dnaeht instauratio magna . ehT nailetotsirA egaugnal desu yb suinemoC si tnedive ;hguone tubeh yltnatsnoc sdnet ot ecalper eht elibom myihcrareih fo smrof yb eht stpecnoc fo ecnavdadna ,ecnegre mdena yb eht aedi fmosilellar arpo ynomra hgnoma eht su o.isrmaovdgnik nIrehto ,sdrow eh netfo sdnuos a cinotalP-oen ,eton dna naJ akcotaP sah etiuq ylthgir dial ssertsno .allenapm a fCtoa h ntdo n,aecneulf nsiiht 4 sihT hcaorppa ot eht noitseuq seod yawa htiw emos fo eht seitluciffid dna sdehsna detcep xtehnguil no eht nia mseniltuo fo eht .krow ehT lartnec aedi si ylbabor ptaht foerutan sa a rotaerc fo ,smrof ,hcihw gnieb detcelfer ni eht namuh ,dnim sknaht ot ehtmsilellarap .lc aierthu aT tsmna so en l e tgena,csunwa neoea it mdorrkerefniupahebo attmtdeaarhcnotude redr osi ee lh ,ptegi unc frintothi ucreb apcee nht,e tcusiq imedas nnra yoedt hantcayucrdreac tl r afaen ro phosgs tiueinthtaatn ci.us dd s E ns ’ytka n sel ushfilirn ao aiaohuoentmothietarn evitamrof ssecorp ot hcihw lla sgnieb era tcejbus dna si ylno eno tcepsa fo taht tsav .tnempoleved ehT tnecsed ro ,’noissecorp‘ ni hcihw eht noitacilpitlum fo sgnieb ,stsisnocsi dehcta myb eh tdr anwopiutom ta eht level fo ;nyatmiuvh idtncaa si hdt r,anwopiuhtcoimhw lliw dael su ot eht ,muinnelliM segrem otni eno suoena ttnnoepmspoleved fo erutan dnaeht evi t.asc sunedoceiotrapcudE si erofereh tton detimil ot eht noitca fo loohcs dna ylimaf tubsi trap dna lecrap fo lareneg laicos .efil namuH yteicos si na lanoit a:cyutdeeic ohsguohtlasiht aedi saw to nyltici ldpexteats litnu eh thtne e,tyer nu’its nnuyeihcnpeomsooCli hepvag miha espmilg fo .ti ecneH eht gnitrecn oncosiitdibma fo eht ’c iohtp‘o—snnoaipt‘pec nhoccaetlla sgniht ot lla nem dna morf lla stniop fo dna—’weiv eht latnemadnuf noinu neewtebeht .noitazinag rloanoitanret n filoae dei hdt nlaae dlianoitacude eW n as cunhita gn aae d s ,isufn uioa dini twnsnecsaoapemiahimosroCy gChapatem htiw eht sseltnuoc lacitcarp smelborp eh deretnuocne sa a egaugnal rehcaet dna rezinagrofo d,esg la eonovoatehmi chn gscar,naeyintd nintinii ufn oniit af eroyhohdtbpea oslasaeoblihp s’eru ttfacone p esnsnaoioitac utd aeth ct eaghfntips a ynrsaiguli n’esguine m.onCoitac undoe evitamrof yrenihcam dna os gnitargetni eht evitacude ssecorp otni a metsys ni hcihwsiht .si xlaaitnes see hdteed n sisisecorp eW nac ees ta eht emas emit woh eht ,noitamalcorp ta eht gninnigeb fo The Great Didactic , fo n a mens coii adnilr nfeetaohftaoliauitoncic cs riecseunepwrnhdebaotespcpear os ynam segassap ni taht .krow suinemoC saw ton a ,tsilausnes ,hguoht sa ew llahs ,eeseh n e t eem nd hwseeeyttisi llel uc oibbefietail ofkfslefasahumortspap ratio dna eht operatio5 to ,revew o,hwe isv i nh.Inoiting o fcroetcara hecvit cea hetzisahpme e gnsdoeeitltawaeosrnnckes ni tah t , sstelidain vgsoiarsp ti ,er etwaht tes yfstfuioov ei entfhacottan oephst dnim dnaknil ti pu htiw eht suoenatnops ytivitca taht setaerc lairetam .sgniht tsuJ sa tra setatimi,erutan gnidrocca ot eht naileto t,sailruAmrof os noitasnes dna( siht si a erutraped morf eht sweivfo eht )scitetapirep sekam ti elbissop ot hsilbatse-er eht ynomrah neewteb eht evitca redrofo .tcejb ugsniviecr eep h ftyotienatno pes hdt n,asehca ehtci h,wsgniht ,yllaniF ew nac dnatsrednu yhw suinemoC emaceb eht eltsopa fo lanoitanretni noitaroballoc ni noitacud e.flesti oN tbuod eht ladici rstealrgfgurts taht yltnatsno cdecrofmih o tcni igealritx ed ndaeni us rirhee rhatc onba isg aodlnoaeh trsoat aecvuadg e msinhosareorf sih tsilanoitanretni ,snoitcivnoc tsuj sa sih latnemirepxe krow sa a rehcaet dedivorpeht tniop-gnitrats rof sih gnikniht no .noitacude tuB tsuj sa sih gnikniht no taht tcejbussaw 3 detargetni otni a noitpecnoc fo eht dlrow erehw noitac usddeeecorp morf eht evitamrofnoitca ltl ar aeraf r m gposeyaneinlcathelengabiu t snlaeaevndeoiit a, ne l r ro adefussintoticanahoins .ecnav dda nyanomr a fheonirtcod nI ,troh s’suinemo Cmetsys si yll a;ntrneettnsiisnoc dna eht nia mtneutitsn oscknilfo ,selp il catn nni ,ourrtiopo ntcfe reachyorcatljaueapd tmp ehaa,g ieutdcooenhnm etmtriaehhtoc yllaunit nroect s eahhmct i,hswria fcfiatsalo hlsoc latslseaawnoitanre t dnlniaai cgoontsiylppa .dednuopxe e’csnuaicniefmi onrCgoifs ruo emit ts uemrofereht eb thguos yb ecnerefer oteht sexa fo sih ;metsys ,ro ni rehto ,sdrow ew tsum yrt ot gnirb a nredom tniop fo weiv otraeb nop uemhetts ys sa,r he schnltuta acsahnue rto dpfpeisourvaei mdt,nih icdi ehftmwiaolrofsi rieht ,txetnoc dluow evig esir ot yrartibra .snoitaterpretni etipseD ,secnaraeppa suinemoCsi yll areersolc ot su ni nsoiihtpec nfoo ct nse’mnpaoml esvaed trap dna lecrap fo taht foerutan si hn isdnefe de hseseh tlaicep seh tf otso mn inaht Great Didactic. II tpecxE ni a wef ,sesac eht elc ann eeesrreuewiftnfeeibm dodCna su si eechnter etfafhitdseil neewteb -htneetneves dna yrutnec-hteitnewt syaw fo .gnikniht eW on regnol eveilebtaht s celtillnsb iey ad wmhsnnfppu eaooae t l thesoedethrtvlmteeid dhnrcuo fo n a,my tneiriocos eht noitcaretni neewteb nam dna ,erutan ot yas gnihton fo eht swal fo .erutan eW evah tupa t ssua meldairt n’escuine md,onnCaoitaluc eepl sp emf c i osaesnelhicptne iectsar a spfeeoisres egn nilaahtcnema dd snroiu athf hegttytuenaidr edwt sxfeeeohr ttp oendthoentcsiops neabrt n see,avt seaf;yedhoe r citn of naietoeemhshi ititcn thso eiistgtiieiul sq.hodcpou shSantaermt neeb detneserp yllacihposolihp erofeb gnieb tliub pu yllacifitneics otni a erometarobale erutcurts ro detcejbus ot citametsys cifitneics .gnikcehc citsimotA ,stpecnoc esoht fo .selpma xeelbiss ospseltnu ogcno mdaet i ecyb a,m.c t,enoitavresnoc gnidnat ssh itehictwnteorNeffi dni ,do hstueimnemoC yyalmdetbuod neubderedisnoc rfeodn u eo dshf,natyagolohc ylsaptnempole vane eidcdiite n eesfhgrotosruc e er efhpsnotao .dehca es ralhip ue phttnempolev efedoga te shodttetsuj dnaoitcurts neivissergo rfmpoets yas htiW drager ot eht tsrif fo eseht owt ,stnio psuinemoC sah nee bdeterpre trneihtie saa tnenoporp fo eht yroeht fo etanni latnem—seitluc atfnempoleved gnieb detubirtta ot aerem noitarutam fo demroferp ro—serutcurts sa na tsiciripme ohw sredisnoc eht dnim sa a ydnl eol e .liadlen ltuecg o,i advadsyisfmtaiteibtioerr plharrgelewTsfpdaconnruenieedrkstni , felveisttaicidn ifo eht s’rohtu ala e.rnoitis oepkiL ll asnasitrap fyotienatn odpnsa ytivitcani eht ,tcejbus eh si desucca semitemos fo gninael sdrawot nisimroferp dna semitemosfo gnitar eeghgtax etra pdeyal p.’ es ycutbnipeneiecrmneoopCc xfeo m seihltell afroap namdna .t nriaolpuci tshnritoahiiptwt cde ennzniioncit uy rldce ls seueoborlhucstan smisilellar ahpcuS nepo ot eht owt snoit cdeejnbooitnem evoba fi ti si deviecnoc sa ,citats tub ti si a enirtcodfo msim aonty dethn tettaxh et re t evrish iektetdnehar igtmof lorol to adfeilhrr teodtwnaatmaht evitamrof ,redro tnerehni ni eht s’tcejbus ,snoitca ,hcihw gnidrocca ot ,suinemoCstneserper .fles tsiseco repvitacu de ehd tntanempolev efw doae lhhttob hs tud iirsW naknegromeoi o rwtoCtat—u cgooint l ieplh hplcdtaaan—eottcenehistop snoitac iflopmi sih feile b.t nnei mspeoh lseeiHv uergdunoift ssiedpyt fo sloohc srof tahwew dlu owho snlelca nceeh c t,rs sduerdooloo ofoji, h da ryrdsam:ecolenpnigoaha ifctntnsiaicude dna .htuoy ,dnA htiw yllaer elbakrame r,noitiutni eh spsarg eht tcaf taht eht emas smroffo eg dye rleawrsoasn ektcae nhcae fo t, ensdeselnhur eotaeyvpcfetese fhnleboitertdnraomcrep sfm oreh o h c yfyteinnlahhiinw twis aesmille vees lenhetew teecbneref fet i hadd;thnstadeen egdelwo ndekernailtuo -re or.detatse rnI a egassap fo The Great Didactic ot hcihw .JatteboiP ylthgir sllac noitnetta ni eht noitcudortni ot sih hcnerF ,noitalsnart suinemoC stneserpeht 4 gniwollof noitisoporp gnidrager eseht evisseccus sepyt fo ,sloohcs hcihw swohs peed :gnidnatsred nluacigolohcysp hg u eosshleTohothcs ,etbneref feiwd od ton hsiw meht ot htcn ae,erstegfnfiih dttub rehtar ehtemas sgniht ni ta n.erreenfnfaimd I ,naem lla sgn ihhctihw nac ekam nem ylur t,nem dna e hdtenryaleulrt ;denrael yeht dluohs eb thguat ni noitaredisnoc fo eht s’lipup ega dna eht dradnats fo sihroirp .draw pyullauda rdgn estyaw ldaluo hhsci h,wnoitaraperp sihT si a yrev etarucca noitapicitna fo eht evisseccus snoitcurtsnocer fo eht emas dnikfo egdelwonk morf egats ot egats .g.e( morf noitca ot elpmis noitatneserper dna ecnehtot ,)noitcelfer gnidrocca ot eht metsys fo evitucesnoc tnempoleved hcihw nredom citeneg .esyla n oa stduelba nse aybgolohcysp eroM ,yllareneg ni eht htxis fo eht selpicnirP‘ rof gnitatilica FgnihcaeT dna,’ydutS sui nseemvoiCre dmorf eht aedi t snfueoomepnoal tee nvhgoetnpdiswo leleorfh t,selurhcihw thg i nmeebt t sinrriewt tfeo ldlog no e h etrlob oaeodc rsifa y —loyenlprhropeteoavdheocms :deilp pmaodl e osysletanutrof ndu n,allits 1. fI eht ssalc noitcurtsni eb deliatruc sa hcum sa ,elbissop yleman ot ruof hours, and if the same length .yd uettsav i rrtop ffeee mblfiot 2. fI eht lipup eb decrof ot eziromem sa elttil sa ,elbissop taht si ot ,yas ylno eht tsom tnatropmi;sgniht of the rest they need only grasp the general meaning. 3. fI gnihtyreve be arranged to suit the capacity of the pupil, which increases naturally with study and age. 6 nI rehto ,sdrow fi eht dlihc si yllaer a gnieb ni ssecorp fo suoenatnops ,tnempolevedneht laudividni ,yduts tnednepedni ,sesicrexe dna eht noitamrofsnart fo seiticapac htiw egaera ;elbissop eht loohcs dluohs erofereht ekat egatnavda fo hcu sseitilibi sdsaoeptsni fognirongi meht no eht noitpmussa taht lia noitacude nac eb decuder ot ,lanretxe labrev dnacinomenm noissimsnart fo tluda egdelwonk hguorht eht s’rehcaet sdrow ot eht s’lipup .dnim ,eurTni ynam rehto ,segassap suinemoC smees ot yal sserts no .ytivitpecer ehT elor fo segamidna ral irm ei yhs,dntdna oeame rgsudioepl who cn oiklt henrw niofenhohupt f a,et aheettmsandes ,stxet raeppa ot tcidartnoc eseht rehto .stnemetats tuB fi ew raeb ni dnim eht aedi foeht lellarap neewteb evitamrof erutan dna eht gniniart fo ,nam ti si elbissopmi ton ot dragereht feovitacid n sisael uerer hetvoba .tnempolev eedvit cfeaol oe rhfntooitingoc ear fI ew won og otni eht sliated fo siht yroeht fo noitacude desab nosuoenatnops ,tnempoleved ew era kcurts yb eht nredom dnuos fo a elohw seires fo ,stnemeta testipsedeht .thgu o dhnntoai tnceaew tpeibhsnoita l eeyfhrroto ethutc-r aef ecoalncesba msse i vtl yl pelroae l aovcfl’rennoa sehioro untcaTe iepks ,ngaitttethsnsmtairoloiCpf ro gnidnopserroc ynomrah rehtar naht ecnedneped neewteb eht evitingoc snoitcnuf rosnagro ( mens, cerebrum, ratio s e) vslee isdtm(nieavhittca manus, operatio, artes .) tuB sa noos saeh semoc ot laed htiw ,gnihcaet eh stcerroc sih hcaorppa dna ylidaets smriffa eht ycamirpfo :noitca nemstfarC od ton dloh rieht secitnerppa nwod ot ;seiroeht yeht tup ,meht ot krow tuohtiw yaled os tahtyeht yam nrael ot egrof latem yb ,gnigrof ot evrac yb ,gnivrac ot tniap yb ,gnitniap ot pael yb .gnipael eroferehTni sloohcs tel eht slipup nrael ot etirw yb ,gnitirw ot kaeps yb ,gnikaeps ot gnis yb ,gnignis ot nosaer yb,gninosaer ,.cte os taht sloohcs yam ylpmis eb spohskrow ni hcihw krow si enod .ylregae ,suhT yb doog ,ecitcarp llalliw feel at last the truth of the proverb: Fabricando fabricamur.7 suinemoC seog sa raf sa ot dnefed siht elpicnirp neve ni egaugnal ,gnihcaetgnisserts ysl e ret:ltadaspslehemuuctla mceux sirresatp t r tlseaenaisphersrntmunui ptoofoaccolneved 5 gn ittscrai fgdn nisatd cry ealsnlwneofroceenrta f teafshomtuc r eis,hcenttloopinmtnacaxace eb decuded morf a elur sselnu eht elur si ,dootsrednu tub gnidnatsrednu fo eht elursevired .ecitca rspuoenatno pndsiezili tyudaer lsaelpma xfneooitazinag reovitcaort ee rhmtorf 8 sihT elpicnirp fo roirp ytivitca si deterpretni yb suinemoC ni eht tsedaorb ,esnesni ecnadrocca htiw sih enirtcod fo ,ytienatnops sa gnillac otni yalp ylsuoenatlumis sdeendna ,stseretni ro evitceffa ,noitavitom dna lanoitcnuf ecitcarp sa a ecruos fo .egdelwonk nIrehto ,nt ouhibgt ucsnoaei r s-nshsi g iut ecmntit oru io nna deu,knreaexcsaomwreadeoevrrCmobw ytivitca desab no .tseretni .P ,tevoB ni siht ,noitcennoc setouq lareves elbakramer.segassap ehT tsrif seno gnoma meht era gnitseretni rof rieht daorb :epocs oD‘ ton ekatrednuyna gnih ctaueothti wtsr igfnisuora eht tseretni fo eht .’lipup dnA :nia gsayawlA‘ rgenfifhotemos hcih wlliw eb ehltboabe edr ng;aalufe seu h’tsl ispdunpi mlliw suht eb demir pdna yehtlliw ".no i gytA en dndgim,aerato y etis sr dlhrthssefeerrt-atairhmtaeirpetonwgwetciravnooeeipf , ddeeennimr ey tl sger tten da y eooitenn.endh cleaymcfe chgaojaWoebl tuowfsh eocfiyovsp e ssstrusuieo ngcoegetmu roseC regu hndgtie nhc fitodonernn mpa igongnseeihbk tafefrobni redro o tetaerc a ot — tpgranagitlsle ta elat ro a e l,tytri ol, tersconf adtns ankiaerb ti ffo nieht .elddim tahW suinemoC si gnisu ereh si ton yltcaxe a ,deen tub tahw eht tsigolohcysp.K .’sdeen-isau qd‘ell as ca,hnoit cdaetpurret nhic uftsocef fe ehdteidu ts sao hh,wniweL sihT lanoitcnuf retcarahc fo eht ytivitca ro ytienatnops ni hcihw suinemoCseveileb yllarut asndael mih ot ekat a raelc dnats htiw drager ot ephithsn oniete awlltaeecrbitcarpdna .ndso e dilgse o t anshsh nsnmiuTi tyieortcheauioss tmwqtfei nidcrdenawneehionttcnneoisc elpicnirp fo eht yrasseceN‘ snoitidnoC rof gnihcaeT dna ,’gninraeL hcihw si desserpxesa d een ehosntpnuoitc erl ef wat e’e fgr.ftAnm iir avoeifrgo freebt tsaemrap eerrput a:Ns‘wollof rof loohcs tnempiuqe ,skoob( ,serutcip ,snemiceps ,sledom ).cte erofeb snossel ,nigeb suinem osCekat pu eht lar tnnoeictseuq fo eh tsnoi tnaeleewrt ehbceeps dna eh tegdelwonkfo :tcidr eevvisic esdi hstecnuono resphegaugn arleh td onnait afrLoehca ertem r so.aAfsgniht segaugnaL era denrael ni sloohcs erofeb eht ,secneics ecnis eht tcelletni si deniated rof emos sraey revoeht yduts fo ,segaugnal dna ylno neht dewolla ot deecorp ot ,secneics ,scitamehtam ,scisyhp .cte dnA tey sgnihtera essential, words only accidental; things are the body, words but the garment; things are the kernel, words the shells and husk. Both should be prevented to the intellect at the same time, but [and the stress is mine] particularly the things, since they are as much objects of understanding as are languages. 10 nI rehto ,sdrow dniheb eht nailetotsirA egaugnal fo rettam dna ,mrof ro ecnatsbusdna ;,gd ,nnsriaae d helacria uueetbtc cnfu eoreutvqsie sssst e ro rseteguvhoietr nrp,etmnoeCdicca eh si yl leurfawa fo eht mra henod mysbi l gat nb ari-rehoroestudvrdu—unenc esofpiotacude egdelwonk( flatus vocis ) detaicossa htiw erem ,sdrow sa tcnitsid morf eht laeregdelwonk detaerc yb eht noitca fo eht lipup nopu eht stcejbo fo sih .yduts , gynlil kaearheetpnssemGret fo eht dnoces fo eht selpicnirP‘ rof gnitatili cganFihcaeT dna ’ydutS era llits eromtneuqole eshetrape r,ps‘uine mso yC,a’serut a:Nd‘enoit nte smeuljpicn idrnpo crees h etefhosot onhatht ’ s .en o mvietterigrih ogeos,fbfleabiretam 11 ltan ni osofm, itpoow stnreeiauFihhcovttumdae ot gniyas tyalhlta ndoeirt iceungqudcfealwon kni‘( yna ,tneve gnuoy slipup tsum ebdeubmi htiw eht tnedra erised ot wonk dna )’nrael sdnet ylsuoenatnops ot emoceb ;dezinagro tinac erofereht eb detanidro-oc htiw lacigol dna labrev serutcurts reverehw hcus noitanidro-ocsi desab nopu a ,dnuos ’gnirised-mrof‘ laitini .tnetnoc lamroF noitcurtsni taht sedecerp .msilab rkoe ctvssadub a,edl nraeh h et,nhototnet n eogfhcnotidnatsrednu owT fo seeslephi tcgn n irigrotnPfai‘thiclaie cTdanFa ’yd uetvSr elsaeidcneopistnem , t ecltz e aai,pd n h s t sl eoew dawcyaucsiw lnhoeeoiut elapnphhtacehamstsecnhtceaneutebfg fo ’suinemoC saedi no lanoitacude .ygolohcysp elpicnirP IIV si detats sa :swolloferutaN‘ s gd on eshhiypusw el oli kbnoluwy s oaotemltt’tevilur.r e tuoalbrdfsfpliomeeihhst elpicnirP :IIIV erutaN‘ spleh flesti ni yrev eelbisso p’.yaw suinemoC sward morf eseht stnemetatseht 6 gniwollof owt seiralloroc hcihw ecno niaga ylraelc tressa eht dlofowt deen rof noitacudeyb seerged ni ecnadrocca htiw eht tnereffid segats fo latnem tnempoleved dna rof a metsysfo gnihcaet taht seod ton esrever eht larutan ecneuqes fo rettam dna :mrof woN‘ eht seitlucaffo eg hn:t ude oer)ycair(o ff diseyl ol eosbenrtgpr an mar ihoeorhcclfiti eheyhwgtt aidcnaapac era ton tey ;detius )ii( fi yeht era edam ot nrael yb traeh ro od sgniht taht evah ton tsrifneeb ’.m edohetttartsno m deddneanial pyxlehguoroht 12 But the tnemetat shcihw ylbaborp sevig eht tse rnaoeiltcacidni fo eht citeneg dnertni ’suinemoC saedi no noitacude si elpicnirP I :flesti erutaN‘ stiawa eht elbaruovaf’.tnemom retfA gnillacer taht slamina ecudorper dna stnalp worg gnidrocca ot eht ,snosaessuinemoC segru taht eht elbaruovaf tnemom rof gnisicrexe eht ecnegilletni eb dezies ,nopu dnataht sesicrexe lla‘ eb demrofrep yllaudarg gniwollof a dexif .’elur sihT si niaga tnuomatnatot .tnempolev efsdoega tfesocneuq ee shdtell aedcblu o,wecnalr anpred on,mita hgwnisserts eW lla ,wonk ,revewoh woh gnidaelsim hcus selpicnirp yam eb htiw drager oteht lautca ecitcarp fo .gnihcaet woH ynam sloohcs ekovni eht saedi fo ,tnempoleved,tseretni suoenatn o,pystivitca ,.cte ,hguoht ni laer ,tcaf eht ylno tnempoleved si taht dial nwod nieht !yti rd oe thtyltsbuu edasgaegiu ts, idd v eneyis sahltteotncsrpoa eam, rimeyeuhltltnnuoicirruc ehT eurt erusaem fo evitca gnihcaet a( mrof fo noitacude taht si spahrep tsomla sa eraryadot sa )snhyritranue etp,eenpohteattnce veebs eht yaw ni hc ih.htdwuerht ssiilbatse erehT sion citnehtua ytivitca os gnol sa eht lipup stpecca eht hturt fo na noitressa ylerem esuaceb tisi d emyoerv fn notaclu doat ,a dhlti ihlwcl a ed he athy rcttuoai i attrtcftoi ioahcrltiopulxapemi srreovocs il d ineeyperhtuhti pwve ir;sttesiuchkbato oesb sdtfrseorxoorhhoeettwth ceahett stcurts nhotcuerrt yb snaem fo ,lanretxe ro lanre t,nliatne mno igtnciatsisnoc ni tnemirepxero tn e.dgnneipneods na tiesnriahtTropm it-clalfa sraeppa ot em ot evah neeb ylrae ldcepsargyb .suinemoC tA eht tsal loohcs fo hcihw eh saw ,daeh ta soraS kataP ni ,0561 eh saw delot :eer h otgtnihca e ftsoelpicni rlpatnemadn usf iehcuder 1 . deecorP s(ega tysb Omnia gradatim). 2. Examine everything oneself, without submitting to authority [what Comenius called, .]’yspo t,eu dsafelrn‘ohaoetcwsigolo mneyihtte 3. tcA no s’eno nwo :noislupmi .’yxarpotua‘ This requires, with reference to all that is presented to the intellect, the memory, the tongue and the hand, that the pupils shall themselves seek, discover, discuss, do and ,taeper tuohtiw ,gnikcals yb rieht nwo stroffe - eht srehcaet gnieb tfel ylerem htiw eht ksat fo gnieesrehtehw tahw si ot eb enod si ,eno ddna enod sa t idluoh.seb 13 hcuS na laedi fo lautcelletni noitacude si dnuob ot og dnah ni dnah htiw saedi nolarom ,e elnvd slornseiieaahwtst aadcnu idfkeo kcehc-ss oortc yfirev ot tahw tn estuxienemoCsah eulav rof su .yadot nI na ega nehw eht enac saw a gnihcaet tnemurtsni ti( saw llits ,suinem odClu o,cecneide b fotoa hst aywtilar olmooh cysl neo hdt n)a!ekc o yLdbednemmocer sa ew od ,yadot tcartxe morf eht stpecnoc fo tnempoleved dna suoena tyntoipvsitca a mroffo larom noitacude taht dluow osla eb na noisnetxe fo esoht evitamrof seicnednet fo erutanot ?n adm nearut anneewt esbwa r edlhellar aep h ntsiref eyrltnatsn otcsinoitacu dteae reg hhtcihw ehT enotshcuot ni hcus a rettam lliw eb eht noitseuq fo evitubirter ecitsuj ro :tnemhsin ulparopr o ocdtesop pyollacid a srsiuinem odC n.Atnemhsinup ,deednI yb yna noitacilppa fo ecrof ew era raf erom ylekil ot ecudorp a distaste for letters than love for them. ,revenehW ,erofereht ew ees taht a dnim si desaesid dna sekilsid ,yduts ew dluohs yrt ot evomer sti noitisopsidni yb eltneg ,seidemer tub dluohs no on tnuocca yolpme tneloiv .seno ehT yrev nus ni ehtsnevaeh gives us a lesson on this point. In early spring, when plants are young and tender, he does not scorch them, but warms and invigorates them by slow degrees.... The gardener proceeds on the same principle, and does not apply the pruning-knife to plants that are immature. In the same way a musician does not strike his lyre a blow with his fist or with a stick, nor does he throw it against the wall, because it produces a discordant sound; but, setting to work on scientific principles, he tunes it and gets it into order. Just such a skilful and sympathetic 7 treatment is necessary to instil a love of learning into the minds of our pupils, and any other procedure will only convert their idleness into antipathy and their lack of interest into downright stupidity. 14 dyrbaw rtso uefyp n l eo tnehtoortnnaemhsi nluaprop rtoscni asgtanemu gervaisi cees dethutB .suinemoC siH elohw retpahc no loohcs enilpicsid swohs sih troffe ot esu evitisopsnoitcnas ,n o) ,i.rttcen ath eeletnmvu aaeim.rhgtestaaergnueo on yn cygI,nroteagr(nao idhslesipphicsid swohs eht emas tirips sa sih ,yhposoli heprehw eht naigoloe hytllaer sevig elttil sisahpmeot lanigiro nis tub skaeps ni tnatsnoc esiarp fo erutan ni‘ lauteprep ’ssergorp .fc( eht eltitfo .)looh ce shd tnnaoitacu dfseosendnu oe shgtninrecn oI cIeVlpicnirP sediseB eseht saedi no ,snoitcnas ’suinemoC lartnec tpecnoc fo larom noitacudesi niaga a lanoitcnuf ,eno gnitartsulli sih ecnereferp rof ecitcarp yb ecneirepxe sa tsniaga :noitcurts nliabr e rvnooislupmoc The virtues are learned by constantly doing what is right.... ti si yb gninrael taht ew dnif tuo tahw ew thguoot ,nrael dna yb gnitca taht ew nrael ot tca sa ew .dluohs oS ,neht sa syob ylisae nrael ot klaw yb ,gniklaw otklat yb ,gniklat dna ot etirw yb ,gnitirw ni eht emas yaw ew lliw nrael ecneidebo yb ,gniyebo ecnenitsbayb abstaining, truth by speaking the truth, and constancy by being constant. But it is necessary that the child be depleh yb ecivda dna elpmaxe ta eht emas.emit 15 tuB eh ohw swohs eht yaw si ton ylirassecen na .tluda nI a suoiruc egassap fo the Methodus linguarum novissima,s ep m unadoognriagt as tsn ie osmrsyituasiln ed, mety o teb,C.ovPuoqB gnignirb sih citametsys dnim ot gniniltuo eht ne vceistsiretc asrraohtccaf fo hcus .semageH ptig ehnpssounmoai t deaele llhaz foetiieorrcnh ogt ,soe,ncvooeatirht c,e snsnrniiaohectppa sre y,fasole pmsa aglle wsa ne oh eitdlt noi ds a rteerfsnehseoeo ptoylpympauubomlrcipeht .emag retfA gnivah dezisahpme taht eseht niam stpecnoc fo ’suinemoC yroeht fonoitacude yado tdila vyre vllit sera s i.hnToitazina glro oo shna coestsdiu ihosyt ,bd asearwasuwoemwf cipot lliw dael ,su ni eht tsal trap fo ,n otiutocud oorttnI eht laic olsa n dosnitatcaenprseatnfio .enirtc osdih tA a emit nehw noitacude dah rehtien elbats snoitutitsni ron lareneg semmargorpfo ,yduts suinemoC deruovaedne htob ot dliub pu a lanoitar evitartsinimda erutcurts dnaot detan igsmnaoiwdn ndaellpi aytleedtaro b sa.lilslheeAtmmar gtonrepr e,hdoectau dpaorlgeved yb tn e amd el lrofai fotu:yonqytwoetitzrininuruoh nticep sa elfruoci rtrauc a ne vliegveldna .noitacu d fesoega tes h ftyohcrare ieh h ntyiti nluacitrev nI eht tsrif fo eseht owt ,stcepser ti si gnikirts taht ,suinemoC ni eht erehps foecneics gnihcaet hcihw( seod ton raeppa ot evah neeb sih etiruova f,)tcejbus sah a yrev ,ylevilyrev nredom gnileef fo eht ecnednepedretni fo eht ,secneics gnitatissecen noitanidro-oc foeht :sesuballys From this [thoughts on the interaction of the parts of a system] it follows that it is a mistake to teach the several sehcnarb fo ecneics ni liated erofeb a lareneg eniltuo fo eht elohw mlaer fo egdelwonk sah neeb decalperofeb eht ,tneduts dna taht on eno dluohs eb detcurtsni ni hcus a yaw sa ot emoceb tneiciforp ni yna eno hcnarbfo knowledge without thoroughly understanding its relation to the rest. 16 tI si osla gnitseretni ot ees eht ecnatropmi suinemoC setubirtta ot eht elpicnirp fo eht noitargetni fo ylsuoiverp deriuqca egdelwonk htiw taht deriuqca ,retal gniwollof a pattern .tnempolev e fdsotpecn orc u nonie vdeehct awm o snhicihw sA sdrager loohcs ,noitazinagro noitnem sah ydaerla neeb edam fo eht elpicnirpfo e:httnempole vlea dt snneeig mastuso i greonahtivtdnopser rsolce vtenleref fo itndnoiisividbus yresr ulnoohcs ro (s’reh t)o’me‘enk rof ;stnafni eht cilbup ro lanoi tlaonohcs ro f;nerdlihceht rammarg loohcs ro yradnoces loohcs rof redlo ;nerdlihc dna seimedaca rof .stnedutstuB 8 s e th sisou it ie ewenbnm h eoattsmisaiothCatzin astg iurth oontgbinaoiptser eyrtrenehivtona :l lra omfets ylsooh cesno—enoyre vreof lla eht gnuoy fo htob sexes dluohs eb tnes ot eht cilbup ....sloohcs they should first be sent to the Vernacular .loohcS emoS sretirw era fo eht yrartnoc .noinipo reppeZ dna detslA dluow edausrep su taht ylno esohtsyob dna slrig ohw era denitsed rof launam ruobal dluohs eb tnes ot eht ralucanreV ,sloohcS elihw syobesohw parents wish them to receive a higher education should be sent straight to the Latin School.... From this view .tnes sseoiemtdc rmoeft scyistca deild oyhmw 17 y ls gutniu in B.he s ssmdiyseioele lnCi e sthpof erlsotitseHeaenicsismrrwnateepiahnxrsteepg .er enhev i egyb asmelpma xoe w.Tsnoitse u fqroebm u nansowe icvitehporp enO fo meht snrecnoc eht noitacude fo .slrig nI siht ,drager eh stsisni nopuetelpmoc thg ute asbgtunmihtyr etv aeehltpicn icriphpos n sahi ptheicwnadro c,ncsiae x eyefhtsotilauqe :en ooytreve roN nac yna doog nosaer eb nevig yhw eht rekaew xes ot( evig a drow fo ecivda no siht tniop ni)ralucitrap should be altogether excluded from the pursuit of knowledge (whether in Latin or in their mother-tongue).... yehT era dewodne htiw lauqe ssenprahs fo dnim dna yticapac rof egdelwonk netfo( htiw erom naht ehtetisoppo )xes dna yeht era elba ot niatta eht tsehgih ,snoitisop ecnis yeht evah netfo neeb dellac yb doG flesmiH otelur over nations ... to the study of medicine and of other things which benefit the human race.... Why, therefore, dluohs ew timda meht ot e h,ttebahp ldsandaraw reevtifrad meht yawa morfskoob ? 18 tuB fi eseht stnemetats ni ruovaf fo ’slrig noitacude era a laci geoclneuqesnoc fo sihmetsys dna( taht ni on ’ss euy hiatsnwii er n,m eyi)ormrmtCe ain hgldentnltioiosnnrisaiosiacnmoecr ,drawk c ea rhbaot e f s.ltsiypIihrut nhetcneetne v eeefhslotd d ei rhmgotnfisirp reu rshocmum er osmredn esrih tt‘a hsteta te.sH’dipu td snlal uydllarut aenht‘ erutl ulcasrevi neu hetvitarepmi fo hcu s.stcelletni ehT rewols dna eht rekaew eht noitisopsid fo yna ,nam eht erom ehsdeen ....ec nraotNsis snaac yna nam eb dnuo fetscoehlwlet nsii os kaew taht ti tonnac ebdevorpmi ’.erutl uycb 19 nee wdte ehebs ri full motb eh e c aslcntae setil iist euWsaahyi weherwsheostachhprta nam dn aylla uetveiptraempr oefruta nseripsni ton ylno a lanoitc nmueftsys fo ,noitacudetub osla a noitpecnoc fo eht lar ennoeigtazinagro fo .noitacude sihT sdael su no ot eht laicosdna .enirt c esofhtdotce plsaanoitanretni III nA tpmetta sah neeb edam ni eht gniogerof ot wohs woh etad-ot-pu era ’suinemoC saedino noitac u,ddena ,nrialuci twroahp nredo m. ysgiohlod oehhtTem ,tgsnoimsir pdrnuas niynam stcepser eht tsom ,nredom tcepsa fo sih enirtcod sah neeb tpek llit eht sih—tsal saedino noitacude rof enoyreve dna rof lla ,selpoep dna tahw( si llits erom )gnihsinotsa no eht nloaintoaiztiannar gefrtooni c i.lnbouiptac usdiehT edis fo sih krow si tahw si tsom ylekilot tseretni ,OCSENU dna ni emos stcepser suinemoC yam eb dedrager sa eno fo taht .srosru cse’rnpoitazinagrO ehT gnitrats tniop fo eht lacigoloicos tcepsa fo sih lanoitacude yhposolihp si eht tnemetats fo eht lasrevinu thgir ot noitacude no a sisab fo .ytilauqe fI ew raeb nidnim y rfasolil h oy tsrl,c iopyesahcmtritiei sidecv oiys ttsnae aocinfiucaotdopese c’nsoucinemoC saedi no s’na mecalp ni .eruta ntuB eyhrtallor osci nyaleme rdtlxoeb ,eno nehw ewredisnoc .txetn olcacirots iyhrutnec-htneetnev es s tnniioitacu dceitarcom efldoae dsiiht fI siht lasrevinu noitcurtsni fo htuoy eb thguorb tuoba yb eht reporp snaem syas[ ,]suinemoC enon lliw kcaleht material for thinking and doing good things. All will know how their efforts and actions must be governed, to what limits they must keep, and how each must find his right place.... The children of the rich and the nobles, 9 ro eso hgtnid lcoihl b,uepciffo era ton enola nrob ot h,csunsoiti sdonpa dluohs ton enola evah ssecca ot,sloohcs srehto gnieb dedulcxe sa fi ereht erew gnihton ot eb depoh morf .meht ehT tirips htewolb erehw dna nehwti will. 20 ;l e asr ys auysbrsetrte uh aeivsidnviin eneysumbo opnCoo ri nptm Ia e , cftedauoshrdytoesw ,syas ti s i.’cihposnap ‘tI si dednetni rof lla , neevmitcepserr ifo laicos ro cimon,oncoeitisop ,noigil eercar .ryotilanoi ttaIn tsum eb dednetxe ot lla ,,’sdeelp poroleeevpveewsdoarhednu’ ew yas ,yadot yeht yam ;eb dna suinemoC dluow evah dednemmoc eht nredomycaretil .noitargetni elraic od snnaoitacu dleatnemadn ufsfoesopr ue phr tonfekatred nsungiapmac .syuti ins leedsamme a uoizghndCtine ieciervmitboiotcfdsienrlicgen tI dluow ebysae ot wohs taht siht si ton eht ;esac eht ecnatropmi eh setubirtta ot ,ytienatnops ot ,tseretni oteht see srrfeeeilwhg tnd i l’neuyaboxewa mr ,pdso nttoanuteam‘e tyyaf t tioi ssrtln’eiwlvboiapup on tcepser rof hc aye tsi’ldaluidhi cvdindani eht syaw ni hcihw ti sreffid morf .srehto tuBeh saw ydlennir aetmcunoob can oelihattsarcei vlfiponpua s.iehnirtcod nI lacidar noitisoppoot e hfstogn up roe thnetoso hr toyflevisulc xdeengis es da,wem itta ht,tahci h,wnoitacu dteiuseJ laicos ,reddal suinemoC dednefed sih citsilasrevinu ,emehcs dna sti ylesnetnicitarcomed ,h s tsnnsi aoo i ws eiimh fef dt te losod iaratoe osnecegs theoaalipiyathhlglplstccnpubsimosi ees ot eht noitacude fo a snoitan eritne .htuoy ehT citar croemtecdarahc fo ’suinemoCmrofer si ton sih tsael eltit ot ;emaf ti snialpxe yhw eh si dedulcni gnoma eht taerg srennureroffo .seirt n n rlu to selosaifahecahtotwtao ctuedievoS tuB eh t’cihposna pn‘alp fo gni hgcnaiehttyreve ot ,enoyreve dna morf yreve tniopfo ,weiv dah ynam rehto ,snoitacilpmi ,ecnis morf eht ,testuo ti saw dednetni ot dael ot a-er noitacude fo ,yteicos na emendatio rerum humanarum . oT evah a dohtem si ton :hguoneeht snaem ot ylppa ti tsum osla eb ;dnuof taht ,si ti tsum e bdecudor tontini a ydob feovitalsigel .noitagap osertrpi u dsoentnegi ssendoisivorp gnihtoN si er o,mgnivom ng’ins iu,wironeleelmro oafnCcaht eht tcaf taht sihltanrete lanoit ag dnny sr er ilp,nerrrefw lup aveoi toayaualebftfn rtnopnmoi,dirre eregmalotinexiem :noitaroballoc lareneg semehcs rof lasrevinu ,ecaeporp slasop rof noitaroballoc neewtebeht ,e,h,vtclour lbbaesaaet esiriedot rufelriaecnoosit asdn nerrazeolitfpl na ,iiescreeohpmcsruhC snalp rof eht lanoitanretni noitazinagro fo cilbup noitacude dna eht lanif tcejorp rof a Collegium lucis.noitacu d feyortsin ilmanoitanret n fidon i eak obst ahwci h,w ’suinem oeCnilt uyolfei rybr etvs u em,wstni ospuoir aevse hdtnatsred n ourted r notiuB gnirednaw efil dna sih sseltnuoc semehcs taht erew detrawht yb .stneve tI dluow evahneeb rehtar lanab dna cimedaca ot nigeb siht noitcudortnI htiw a hcteks fo ’suinemoC efilhtiw( )railim asefinoyre vhecihw ; 21 tu b tlil i eswlbe l rd erf unnoweoetiit dhamaftateetoiefrrrenci .dle ilfanoitanret nei h ntsignikatred ndu nsatrof feevissecc uss i fhyodu tes hhtt inwoitcennoc nro Bno 8h2 c2r9a 5Mý 1 ktdsa or,rea BhinU vieahr osM atwfe lnnaah ptrao nyalrae ,ega dna sih snaidraug evag os elttil thguoht ot sih noitacude taht eh saw 61 erofeb ehdluoc nigeb sih ni tsaeLiduts ta eht loohcs ni .vorer Ps inHoitiso psa na n adhepvriorpe dfoyramirp noitacude on tbuod did erom ot ekam mih kniht tuoba eht pihsnoitaler neewteb loohcsdna lanosrep krow naht a lamron loohcs gnignirbpu dluow evah .enod htiW rehto gnuoynem gnignoleb ot eht ytinummoc fo eht naivaroM nerhterB eht( suomaf tnatsetorP ,)tces ehsaw re ttanles oytti se rhs nfet’d rovde,eoiedy rbntngterUseonheltla wHAtotdeaesehheittdourtPs ,sesruoc dna emaceb railimaf htiw sektaR suomaf lairomem no egaugnal .gnihcaet eHnoos nageb ot etirw a koob fo eht emas dnik rof eht hcezC ,cilbup dna osla dekrabme no a-nitaL hcezC yrassolg hcihw eh deunitnoc ot tcefrep revo a doirep fo ytrof .sraey nO sih nruterot ,aivaro Meh emaceb re tasam ldonoahc sretal eht hcr urhoctsap ta ;kenlu Ftubno iethcterrusni ni ,aimehoB hcihw dekram eht gninnigeb fo eht ytrihT sraeY ,raW saw eht trats fosih .senutrofsim eH delf morf sih ,emoh tsol sih efiw dna gnuoy ,nerdlihc dna nageb otrednaw morf eno yldrol niamod ot ,rehtona gnitirw skrow fo noitalosnoc rof sih stsinoigiler-ocdna 01

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2 Descartes and Leibniz, had likewise made profound remarks about education, but only as corollaries to their main ideas. Not only was Comenius the first to conceive
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