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Copyright by Sadaf Munshi 2006 The Dissertation Committee for Sadaf Munshi Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: JAMMU AND KASHMIR BURUSHASKI: LANGUAGE, LANGUAGE CONTACT, AND CHANGE Committee: Anthony C. Woodbury, Supervisor S Keith Walters Ian F. Hancock Megan J. Crowhurst Patrick J. Olivelle JAMMU AND KASHMIR BURUSHASKI: LANGUAGE, LANGUAGE CONTACT, AND CHANGE by Sadaf Munshi, B.S., M.A., M.Phil. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2006 Dedication To the speakers of J & K Burushaski To my parents, Abul Hassan and Syeda And to Tasaduq Acknowledgements This research has been supported by the following grants and/or fellowships: the Liberal Arts Graduate Research Fellowship (2003), the National Science Foundation’s Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant (2004-6; #0418333), and a fellowship from the University of Texas at Austin (2005-6). I am grateful to all the individuals, agencies and/or institutions that played a role in facilitating or assisting in acquiring all the funds. I am very grateful to Dr. Richard W. Lariviere, Dean of the College of Liberal Arts, Dr. Robert D. King, Audre and Bernard Rapoport Regents Chair of Jewish Studies, Dr. James Brow, Director South Asia Institute, and Dr Patrick J. Olivelle, Chair of the Department of Asian Studies, for their funding assistance during the last year of my doctoral program which greatly helped towards the completion of this work. I am extremely grateful to all the people who have assisted me in this project. First and foremost, I would like to thank members of the Burushaski community in Jammu & Kashmir without whose participation and support this work would have been impossible. In particular, I am very thankful to my primary language consultants: Raja Safdar Ali Khan (Master-Ji), Raja Jamsheed Ali Khan, Raja Mehboob Ali Khan, Raja Majid, Raja Tasleem Khan, Mrs. Sadfar Ali Khan (Mimi), and Ruqsana, who have played a major role in assisting me in data collection, transcription, and analyses. Of these, I am especially thankful and indebted to Master-Ji for his relentless support and long-lasting v commitment during the entire field-project. I want to thank his family, especially, Mimi, Ruqsana, Hasina, Huma, Asiya, and Azra, for making me feel at home during all those wonderful meetings at their residence. I extend my heart-felt gratitude to Raja Majid for acting as a liaison between me and the Burushaski community in Srinagar and introducing me with all those people who played a primary role in data collection and transcription. Without Majid’s continued assistance it would have been quite a frustrating experience. Majid also gets credit for being the primary source of inspiration leading to this entire work. I am very thankful to other members of the community, especially Raja Majid Khan, Zulfikar Ali, Raja Nazim, (late) Raja Ayub Khan, Salma, Raziya, Rashida, Gulzar Auntie, Shaheen, and many others for providing me with rich and very useful data. I also thank Dr. Narir-ud-din Nasir Hunzai, Ruhi Hunzai, and Amin-ud-din Hunzai of Pakistan for their assistance in data analysis. I wish to thank my dissertation committee who helped me in different ways which include providing assistance in: writing grant proposals and preparing applications, hunting for funds to support my dissertation work, formulating a dissertation topic, and putting various bits and pieces together into a meaningful whole. I wish to thank Anthony Woodbury, my supervisor and chair of the Department of Linguistics at UT Austin, for his guidance and assistance throughout the course of this study. I am very grateful for his useful comments, criticisms, and suggestions on the earlier drafts, and for his role in inspiring and encouraging me to complete this work at a time when I was not hoping to. I am extremely grateful to Keith Walters for his continued guidance and valuable suggestions, for providing me with the useful reading lists, and for lending me some of his personal, dear-to-heart books. I especially thank Keith for his patience in reading so very carefully the earlier drafts of this dissertation and pointing out errors which really required a microscopic scrutiny. I express my gratitude to Megan Crowhurst for vi providing me with her precious time in the form of long hours of meetings discussing my work. I thank her for her useful comments and suggestions on various different topics, especially phonology. I wish to thank Ian Hancock for his help in providing me with some useful references. I am grateful for his useful comments and suggestions on various sections. I wish to thank Patrick J. Olivelle for his immense patience in reading and dealing with a topic fairly deviant from his primary area of interest. I thank him for his very useful comments on the previous draft. I wish to thank all my friends in the Department of Linguistics at UT Austin – in particular, Christina Willis, Shannon Finch, and Liberty Lidz – who read and commented on parts of the earlier drafts. My family and friends have acted as pillars of support and encouragement for this entire project. I wish to thank my brothers, Fazal and Sameer, for their help during my fieldwork in Srinagar. I also thank my sister, Ausifa, for her encouragement and help in various important ways. My special thanks to my parents for being there at every step of my life and for their love and kind support. I am grateful to my mother for coming all the way from India to the United States and helping me in certain important ways during the writing of the previous draft. I wish to express my deep-felt gratitude to Tasaduq, my life partner, for his unending love, unrelenting support, and persistent encouragement. Finally, I wish to thank my darling son, Anoush, to have come into this world while I was working on this project and acted as a strong source of inspiration and an energizing force leading me to accomplish this goal. vii JAMMU AND KASHMIR BURUSHASKI: LANGUAGE, LANGUAGE CONTACT, AND CHANGE Publication No._____________ Sadaf Munshi, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2006 Supervisor: Anthony C. Woodbury The region stretching along the Kashmir province of the state of Jammu & Kashmir in India and the Northern Areas region of Pakistan is home to great ethno- linguistic diversity. The impetus for conducting a study on the Burushaski language in the valley of Kashmir came from the realization that the community, although invisible (roughly 300 speakers) within the broad Kashmiri society (over 4 million speakers), has succeeded in maintaining a separate identity – social and linguistic. Having lived in Srinagar for over a century, Jammu & Kashmir Burushos have very well stood the pressures of linguistic assimilation and language loss. No study has been carried on the language of the Jammu & Kashmir Burushos so far. This study provides a structural description of Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski - an undocumented variety of Burushaski, and analyzes the various forms of linguistic interference since its split from the parent dialects in Pakistan. It covers the various linguistic consequences of contact such as: borrowing, innovation, and simplification of viii linguistic features characterizing Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski. Changes are studied at lexical, phonological, and morpho-syntactic level. My synchronic description of the grammar is concerned with the structural properties of the language. Grammatical description is preceded by an introduction of various speech forms in context which emphasizes the importance of a discourse-centered approach followed in this study. My approach to the study of contact-induced change is based on an analytical framework following Thomason & Kaufman (1988) and Thomason (2001). The study also discusses some theoretical implications of the research outcomes. It presents a unique situation in which linguistic outcomes of contact are reflected via a complex interplay of various factors involving simultaneous contact with two languages viz., Kashmiri and Urdu, each affecting the language in a specific way – lexical borrowing from Urdu and structural borrowing from Kashmiri. This is explained in terms of two important factors: (i) language ideology in terms of a “native language” versus an “extra-native MATRIX”, and (ii) within the non-native matrix, a hierarchy of social prestige associated with each of the two non-native languages. ix Table of Contents List of Tables......................................................................................................xvii List of Figures....................................................................................................xviii List of Illustrations...............................................................................................xix PART I: PRELIMINARIES Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................................1 1.0 Opening Remarks .....................................................................................1 1.1 Background on Burushaski..………...…………………………………...5 1.1.1 Demographic and Ethnographic Information……………………5 1.1.2 Genetic Classification: Unclassified……………………………..7 1.1.3 Available Literature……………………………………………...9 1.1.4 Linguistic Features Characteristic of Burushaski………..……..10 1.1.5 Conclusion………………………………………………...……11 1.2 Burushaski in Contact…………………………………………………..12 1.2.1 Emergence of J & K Burushaski: Socio-history and Linguistic Change………………………………………………………….13 1.2.1.1 The J & K Burushaski Community...........................…..14 1.2.1.2 Multilingualism………………………………………....16 1.2.1.3 Linguistic Outcomes of Contact: A Brief Summary……19 1.3 Overview Of The Dissertation …………………………………………20 1.3.1 Purpose of this Study…...………………………………………20 1.3.2 Data and Methodology……………………………………….....21 1.3.3 Transcription Code……………………………………………...24 1.3.4 Organization of the Dissertation………………………………..25 x