Jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, 1680–1820 (Political and Popular Culture in the Early Modern Period)

138 Pages·2014·12.683 MB·English

by  Douglas J Hamilton

POLITICAL AND POPULAR CULTURE IN THE EARLY
MODERN PERIOD
]ACOBITISM, ENLIGHTENMENT AND EMPIRE,
1680-1820
TITLES IN THE SERIES
1 Credibility in Elizabethan and Early Stuan Military News
David Randall
2 The Politics of Disclosure, 1674-1725: Secret History Narratives
Rebecca Bullard EDITED BY
3 Electing Cromwell: The Making of a Politician
Andrew Barclay Allan 1. Macinnes and Douglas J. Hamilton
4 Monarchism and Absolutism in Early Modern Europe
Cesare Cuttica and Glenn Burgess (eds)
5 Selling Cromwell's Wars: Media, Empire and Godly Warfare, 1650-1658
Nicole Greenspan
6 Court Politics and the Earl of Essex, 1589-1601
Janet Dickinson
7 The Musical Iconography of Power in Seventeenth-Centuty Spain
and her Territories
Sara Gonzalez
FORTHCOMING TITLES
Living with Jacobitism: 1690-1788: The Three Kingdoms and Beyond
Allan l Macinnes, Kieran German and Lesley Graham (eds)
PICKERING & CHATTO
2014
www.pickeringchatto.com/PPC

D4~'>
~J If:,
2oll./-
Published by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Limited CONTENTS
21 Bloomsbury VVtty, London WC1A 2TH
2252 Ridge Road, Brookjield, Vermont 05036-9704, USA
www.pickeringchatto.com
vii
List of Contributors
All rights reserved. xi
List of Tables
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, Introduction: Identity, Mobility and Competing Patriotisms
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise - Allan L Macinnes and Douglas] Hamilton
without prior permission of the publisher. 1 Jamie the Soldier and the Jacobite Military Threat, 1706-27
13
© Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Ltd 2014 - Daniel Szechi
© Allan I. Macinnes and Douglas J. Hamilton 2014 2 SiLmapdlyy NaJaaicmoeb i(t1e 6H7e3r-o1i7n4e?7 )T -heN Licifoel aE xCpoewrimeneaced oowfM argaret, 29
To the best of the Publisher's knowledge every effort has been made to contact 3 Missionaries or Soldiers for the Jacobite Cause? The Conflict of
relevant copyright holders and to clear any relevant copyright issues. Loyalties for Scottish Catholic Clergy - Thomas McInally 43
Any omissions that come to their attention will be remedied in future editions. 4 English Liturgy and Scottish Identity: The Case ofJames Greenshields
59
- jejfrey Stephen
BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA 5 'Let Him be an Englishman': Irish and Scottish Clergy in the Caribbean
Jc351-I8a.u.... c HlSSSSSoteuccbccirsrooooiiettettttio llllssiaaaar nmynnnnn t, dddd. -h E-eH---1n eCa7ClHHamithrgoihiluisshmy lttcrtt oomcmeoerrhnnnoyyet m,hurd -c-iDreesyenmot .11ot -u 789 rpagy.ttH enlhh Sa-rd i sciccs o,o1eetE doetnn8ml)rdttta uuyhpinrtr iodyc-yre.er . - n1,42o t8..1Cuf t6r SSohcy8ccom .coo0 m9emtt-.nllp1 aaeEti8unnrlnac2rddylte0 ii.-- go. - 6nh-HH..tH eSiiI(nisslPcsttlmotooo.o tlerrMilryyntayi tnac -- -c-dail Un1 -S1an7c9nnCetoitdhsohto,l n mpaccA,neeo mnlndp1ltt.a7euuu nr0lrrca y7y1er.... 7689 JSCUocClCFcn1heo. riho7atno1olrsu0 an6mDimr7nn,8c rd-goLE0hu5, ptem - m3thoo1eh peflw7m-ei iEASt3 raDaonem0rlnn dgu alio-d latnsSakc mSduonnehtg dsf Glu -c aR,Q a MrrlE1eoe urPp6asetba ltuMnc1raahbri l0noen e lA-trniflNa1c : MEedt 7iEsiavasoi 2narbjenel0sdenyrst t ts - tISut hnorcSedi oaSn iUtrcagtaion wPshtiha toiBi ttMnsrhaho: r ea nCbCr aJecooagracmue no ntambitnlireetdyer I cJ EdTaeescw atnoaintbstiedtit,sty e : 1179025393
editor of compilation. Assimilation, 1720-80 - George K. McGilvary 141
941.1 '07- dc23 10 William Playfair (1759-1823), Scottish Enlightenment from Below?
159
ISBN-13:9781848934665 - jean-Franfois Dunyach
e:9781781440889 11 The Visionary Voyages ofRobert Bums - Liam McIlvanney 173
12 'Defending the Colonies against Malicious Attacks of Philanthropy':
NTahtiiso pnuabl lSictaantidoanr dis fporri nthteed P oenrm aacnide-nfrceee o pfa Ppaepre trh faotr c Pornifnotremd sL tiob rtahrey A Mmateerriicaalns. Sancdot Stilsahv eCrya m-pDaoigungsl aasg]a iHnsatm thilet oAnb olitions of the Slave Trade 193
209
Typeset by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Limited Abbreviations 211
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by CP! Books Notes 269
Index
"P N)f~;t 11JMiJi-~
IIIII11I1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I11
INTRODUCTION: IDENTITY, MOBILITY AND
COMPETING PATRIOTISMS
Allan 1. Macinnes and Douglas J. Hamilton
Global adventuring became a way of life for Scots in the seventeenth century. In
the wake of the Treaty of Union, which incorporated Scotland and England from
1707, the traditional continental sojourning of Scots as soldiers and scholars was
pressed into service of the inchoate yet expanding eighteenth-century British
Empire. Scots became prominent in the British Army and Royal Navy. They also
served with distinction on religious missions and in academic institutions that
brought together enterprise and enlightenment. Enterprise, if not enlightenment,
was a key feature ofS cottish engagement in the tobacco and sugar trades from the
Americas, in the tea, coffee and silk trades from Asia and in the slave trade from
Mrica. In the process, the high incidence and extent of Scottish mobility fos
tered identities that can readily be depicted as multi-polar or multi-faceted. To be
understood, these identities must be weighted with respect to time and space and
by the ways they were given particular focus by competing Scottish and British
patriotisms originating in the internecine rivalry ofJ acobites and Whigs, which
was confessional and territorial as well as factional and political.
Scottish Jacobites sought the restoration of the house of Stuart exiled
at the far from 'glorious' Revolution, the sundering of the Treaty of Union
and the removal of the Presbyterian establishment in the Kirk that had been
accomplished in 1689-90 and reaffirmed in 1707. British Whigs upheld the
Revolution, the Union and, from 1714, the succession of the house of Hano
ver as monarchs. The public discourse on patriotism shifted perceptively if not
irreverSibly from Scottish to British as Jacobitism declined and as enterprising
SCOts became embedded in Empire. Patriotism as redefined by Enlightenment
became a means of promoting public virtue that argued for equitable govern
ance throughout British dominions. Civil and religious liberties were to have
the same resonance at home and abroad. The subsequent rise of Romanticism
contributed to the patriotic rehabilitation ofJ acobitism in the later eighteenth
century. This essentially cultural development acquired greater political clout
from the American and French Revolutions. Their reception in the United
-1-
2 jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, 1680-1820 Introduction 3
Kingdom led patriotic discourses to oscillate from radicalism and reform to con antipathy to which became a major platform for their cause that came to rival
servatism and oppression. Driven by Empire as much as Enlightenment these dynastic or confessional commitment to the exiled Smarts. The overwhelming
competing patriotisms, as this collection of essays demonstrates, were infused desire of Scottish Jacobites to repeal the Union was expediently but not enthu
with a lingering Jacobitism. siastically endorsed by the Court-in-exile even though Scotland came to provide
This book is based on a seminar series on 'Identity and Mobility from Jaco most of the people who fought and died for Jacobitism in the major risings of
bitism to Empire, c. 1680-c. 1820' and a transnational project on 'Enterprise, 1715-16 and 1745-6 (hereafter the '15 and the '45).3
Enlightenment and Empire', which were both run through the University of The military career ofJames VIII & III (the Old Pretender, to the Whigs)
Strathclyde from the spring of 2009.1 The editors have brought together an has never enjoyed the same scrutiny as his father, James VII & II, and his son,
international and interdiSciplinary cast of contributors who include the long Prince Charles Edward Smart (the Young Pretender). While he certainly had
established as well the recently placed within the academy. We have also included less experience than his father, he had considerably more than his charismatic
independent scholars actively affiliated to seminar, conference and project work son who rashly mismanaged the '45. As Daniel Szechi emphasizes in Chapter
in Scottish universities whose contributions to Scottish and imperial studies 1, Jacobitism was fundamentally a military phenomenon. Accordingly, the mili
have hitherto been underappreciated. Four of the essays deal speCifically with tary capacity of the monarch for whom Jacobites fought is important, but has
aspects ofJacobitism at home and abroad, five with imperial engagement in the been largely unexplored in the historiography relating to rum. This king in exile
Americas, Asia and Africa, and three with Enlightenment and its contentious hardly covered himself in glory when he returned to Scotland in the minor ris
application in continental as well as imperial settings. Although the majority ing of 1708 and later, in the ' 15, he arrived late, when his cause was essentially
of the articles focus on the eighteenth century, to give a fuller contextualization lost. The clans who formed the bedrock of the Jacobite forces were certainly
for enterprise and sentimentality one article commences in 1610 and another disappointed in their traditional expectations of epic heroism from their mili
concludes in the 1860s - a long eighteenth century indeed. tary leaders. His principal role was to manage his force's retreat and the Jacobite
leadership's withdrawal to France. This he did competently. Although he never
I commanded an army in battle, he had served with distinction in French Service
during the War of the Spanish Succession. His dash, daring and some bravado in
There was far more to Jacobitism than commitment to divine-right monarchy
the field in 1708 and 1709 did attract some favourable comment that was duly
that exercised prerogative powers to dispense with and suspend laws. The per
transmitted back to inspire his followers in Scotland.
sonal exercise of these powers, notably in favour of religious toleration, provoked
A principal transmitter of news about his military exploits was Margaret,
revolution against James VII & II in England in 1688 that was only finalized
Lady Nairne, who has long been established in the pantheon of Jacobite hero
when his armed supporters in Ireland and Scotland sued for peace with William
ines. Yet, as Nicola Cowmeadow argues in Chapter 2, there was much more to
of Orange. Jacobitism was an organic construct rooted in dynastic legitimacy that
Lady Nairne than Jacobitism. Drawing mainly on Lady Nairne's correspondence
upheld a just social ordering headed by the Stuart monarchy and incorporating
between the Revolution and the Hanoverian Succession, a picture emerges of
the body politic. If not acting harmoniously in concert with the monarchy, the
an enormously competent woman whose political and estate management was
landed and commercial elites were expected to give their passive acquiescence to
marked by prinCiple, capability and tenacity. Jacobitism certainly shaped her
it. The equitable running of central and local government drew primarily on the
personal beliefs, motivations and responsibilities; but so did her family rela
strength of custom and tradition in civil and religiOUS affairs. In turn, the social
tionships, kin networks and sociability. Married to a husband whose Jacobitism
hierarchy was affirmed by hierarchical religious polities, notwithstanding con
was marked as much by absenteeism as activism, Lady Nairne was obliged to
fessional differences between Roman Catholics, Anglicans and Episcopalians?
assume managerial responsibilities, which she did with flair and no little aplomb.
However, there was no uniform prescription for Jacobitism in England, Ire
Indeed, Lady Nairne was not just a noted Jacobite, but a woman whose influence
land and Scotland. Apart from marked confessional differences among the three
extended far beyond Perthshire and whose amiable networking also reached out
constituent kingdoms, there was limited evidence of transnational cooperation.
to Whigs. Her sense of independence and her astute ordering of priorities were
Diverging relationships in the 1690s were further strained by the detached but
personal features that emerge as crucial to our understanding of the role elite
incessant intrigues of the Court-in-exile at St Germains outside Paris. Scottish
women played in early modern Scottish society.
Jacobites were particularly antagonistic to the Treaty of Union, widespread
4 jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, 1680-1820
Introduction
5
The astute ordering of priorities also features significantly in Thomas McInal
ly's examination of conflicting loyalties for Scottish Catholic clergy in Chapter II
wpNdbAPiactioftbeesStuhtnhsnluJranhdrsrhgatatNhnhsmCxeif Ptcee3eaeobctseehochiutethfato ageoeuapreaas.cserecita tplieo et em negn r elbo hmelprKilaknosTwwuBdbfdo eml puieoci uda rS yiurnee bGlbeBcsoalhs fyi t isGahairesrtaaiwatgcta atira th]n entme e siaatetYrsaeri thohrktfahjoelennrlFi eo adhdlci rvnlhseoo coieo iem sne rsints gils hier Ctdatnoldarfterm aai mlEU otnndb uuieolidioo cridWt easmr nr ryosvyerrr w Mltnihtarsa Ga onrts nyefgsybeahuas hsb gv e htng neenJa c aim,Wiatyd Cnnth yuG reeEarroy enemenolca yorsioet.gp i esoei r pdssafen f p hte rftC,nrnnsanfTcbmoyriRwfum bu uaaet rp jiad hs rmog rcotkoosEhomei suhsornyenbgooenes ae wi dem,ncnynt o(lfTepnrdv fadoiyoynh amndrettlv.1oo vEo- loa] iise tetotet si itv tdfy rieljcsTpaohhh6S rsenhnrseilowp gsrr cue teecdL nsorie mareieeceu .8higfthiesbfpvwfrepbemo sebotnelus ow om rui ,No8 e oeoeioasi1weopilTocspmee caws auuone l drre-etrh st6foaaetadlas.onhmihnsisyirh9nnthsdensl nas st lvt pon3 set neu irsVtTp a. i onott7ttre i stooe oaeo g8mr a.ono otthpstetkbwhMXlht dim),rIhnileihn fsfewic n fBpeae.teainInewu i ctea.e is tIe hariLG it f t dnt KhoETiuoaghacernu lVan toHr& hnotaerwfol seherlrne Sreenhthpatii ilslusCryel d tei a wl imesneedgca yt ietpi ho uoKl e gteetIwncsitsu hohsrrlgial eorogloooIepncfp n achanyttsiaooripareahxadf lat or nl .tfh,orsytaFd nl isoatnenupsppp s iiahwotliktan happecut ng ner errdto-redlpaottdwemh nlcier ltaoaaojsgordgeheignn r ersd ir1 ueem antnldotsca sieri errkesgo 1leaiii t 7dr ciidaitcokf dlbl dafoo nsavbhitmd4ion7m-1tacovf0iitessn tnnsys en eRytaf.rh nr o3cl7otshEa 1 s sf oiser eb s so n dttpro 1tTi0pemesfltf ,o indtwed.htcteteyoa uo arlsmtnr4shv, 7laehchrtutit aoe ehe en gyoviafemh Pwnh,rioen,i isGMero p uw ddets o raotslmpBewe orglwelbr h hn ibahl nat oHrnueu e ej1 o baevilcuiReateet aoweSietucsd e,crtfownlim6rhyaotohnr dse isrbelunytogecsapiehnskatgo4 e esnioJnueeedn yt osveti nioea o liw aJca0n fhcs riddo ses ogtAnn tno rfveowoalirenmloleshas sediinaataorg latf bgelenf nc.tn rifi mrlp ie asuw sni 'treiCrrm tcreiiaesyotst srgti I r ro gmhaont,sbsicooufe oeshoal n Eoyti ilfn ina nyiodeem oynSoh o lntVpitliodlnf aaspeLsaa e ac hrsatsel mimr,nac p aSuget oe teitsI r srbalJrtinaeotemotvw hsheoa;laIemhitc tgh apsnia m artary coe yt ecdeinnd orhpceeooee&hido nilnctnor. ns t o ,tn iaodotst as rons ois pdu twbH ekdspCs oatt notenctbv mdwt ao iitaIhrtonifysrae s h hiaosshe dmnivIneis tpint ttenalrnd aiteyni,hteehtarSlth h riogi afte sciltlr le cbeenDopassihg theetl'yrcec ei tum1nssire w t dnurtattgo ahrs a yod g totii ir7uamn eigresra utAhosinedgcbtueei.ehtobeuei1baetos n tnputspeav e . toneig iygbnenHrsLcai 1s hnoc ocp blcprpoesaatoihi mIughei uI i1eo-euoofi lcohnhe llpon,nonmkigqojllien ditv u7Phlfwnncp n uaiersoRfgtJt .frdpauusgu ecas1tp oetrr raddrat eri ertowUe eredttoae trro t ooo2lertmchtca laoh vohhgtrtnsuan n mhypmrutrsot oitohfenosooene eadeittoihs eetaee osl as ah ea dre hsnf ,t ,r l e rs, l r , ftthtwtwh~aeahIhe.lm bBe meianatraaprrEJen nh~nus obnholsn iroa~.HW apt ne~a.o lee moCyIed.ymuta etafSIl~nohFtp et~ ls'jto~mln tn~oAtam Alr wg.?fraua ayc.wr mo htpneal owfdtcdlo, cuaOr£hhrid.br ioossmsnreo rtTa ea.o esas I~an e nnoeIeo y C esl iotona ,ln~nrb nsatnSaESVChden dt v edso vkhpt a tfd~hfltibfSnt~chrm ec entloenewue.sdaoI rsnTeIfeofa eauSIo'deIe to a g.rdchI dfc :gmRrCf p o ac~nraofcoafIdr,lrmnctre il h r na J eropan&1W:youl ytntdiS pce omt .oflmvoeoeasecaIansd .empsohhCdaeb r o v. a stOdmt. .nwhcmnnnE m Ope~ yo.~ilP lemle r .IdcotI avmIoda ltrtE nI no.Iaoho np ~oObwCaIc.villg.nccelCtInb),dge asnImsenu imrale ~ t lohaeI eIc ~CwaIdot ain.ylrs naatrawdretn vf SnntOhIto~tishpen .lm ~nml:ecitoths.ndIicea~ coald rmt o Seeh l~eno,.seem-nha r l uiodrr nkl n e.r wn wSemedteccrnup eseetcd aWy trmoet, idAnd sr.te tons tl Ag cahseaanr e av w tmpo iaaolt t cie pasot olatrliccmarlree~ rIoann ad1blstl e~~mtlscseiA rl,totIm~dn c iayt h! e ptl do7me J u eehed qls ktpa,stIlaahcft e lb.aa ar a0ipnhotnhtmi otoeufh rw cnorch e gtncheh octgci~7oEcna EdepepteioohalfBdn neurd o elidyrenraari.mir, a ut rnemosnnsfftt e m emna 1Seb rnd seaPe htetrt ~rgsstcmgmdAaOlb ~dh; wioaecnbltd ososeIeoa eaEco lttaill ay~.cr lOoesn tu pe aebclewt a ansapotsnolfetrc nOieeiEe Stfo o ntirrothmfnyslonoetlvuvidet xs hithg t aedosCo pnasd i p.d ttnnew e shle iauciedo aeel ashot nbsiaao aslrrDrxha oera esio senhdaa nneotssiiife irlyd trlnidtaefnn otslnbs saertdC eee e deammneIc ipaho ts rs aot dlntel iranv antmghtJinw ellcprnyhh oneat n haivh iGecascdaeogroicuhaitaliot inolenaofadipeeihse onroEcainaoeiimtorsftlhec s uitefdv ptdoi iovrneidsmksnlsI nThlhto ouiicrn zss aoW w aa trreh ebfsscspie gteopfan.loPrriheg ipmlr untnto d teauinwlgelcrl edtsh n thfbeou.iLrtiaaeriido olo lhga ho,elnilec oasy tstr errlr sin nSgilas dvlst lesh h fdarhoedeottl kops o iya marMdtuUtcooeo ui itme,aetS m itaeeaemeoott fnfpnh Pb o rhtlogmg mrmfeSur tntnrrade i pc idu ueofjetaeteiauiafttm eaeStlactautiioeteonph ht irrnd UrvltiilaitsemhioociirkhrnNogimls,ots nte eusoevr ri rlr vrieiaonytensusiJfcnaiynhSu btas sa einnriimo err,nnaUu.Fm tat ie gcltiOnamo cl yaS6tyt1 io iirymoinutzgyctprde e hlt oto nnndpftih6 itTr Srete ihNyhanen rlohme ouatta enicphe deliae5oB·nnndcelhh e .NiCnweooos- annat.,eaaan ns 0srtpoc sN d e aEe,rnIrVtts nd.e rlyfiP bneta'os goihetAe a th d hSanDt iCaa tcsB .s tldlr i deaottrfc ssf tvt af sBiIhg Vs s,oo'uia hAyetIaotar's u ,oypotf dp nseo mat e irhpa bnonn sthwrint urh nlk fnee ninatewof nIg1 .ooi ada twocdc roi ed :brbioot eA ttinrr.coaw6 cceiem fralraeE'pruh tc fsip mSu an nattenec icaeotri9tmscepor h r ieeinell shr Sitp a s t ol. wJool6ataeaelt moe as t phfgmmeusA eheaoaoEc,i rnulhctrs,.on.g n ox ul nYnl allrr clos w ne os.cw n aAesyyHtrasDiAicfipsdb tbt ofutshItonco ec1ngnn, i m .tSp.lris hOlu e SsfbtrRa glci ru iaraoJo6ltedi f a oeae cknclecroiiotcta ec nant w wsS se0 ,n sssttsmuiaho ltaefnnc ropn cs oedihsnorh (pc3o oI nmenarhtehbshe ieoisttg l ai,nrola a gtl tvrctcnmtoy s~ad di aaPw, Jaebshan iediucattc e a tr da o :"ds an l In eet ndbreehar t mraht mhn yd,ht d: rocr- ~n ae s . eee et ~d m h .
artIculated the concept of the patria in the immediate aftermath of the parlia-
Introduction 7
6 Jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, 1680-1820
mdmqtiaqahdcotatttochyhcuhrhno uuoeeaonaatnereeensmdamrnonen tmasC.riisrt tr iplrsetserFTteurascylsi laet ueae lo rrpe hai rsiriipntneEcrylnstvpoan taivdano eo ,nsictuso,st etdnelch fu igeatrtnirssotrhg acehtril lt htwsiato snti l raieotol nHesece s to etSh ihnarrshiEe fefn u oicucoto t o pcSntet i s gwoep rhtoanontwlvgcss houthale o dsoo iltis leereetndaiiintr.titiehsrsi nn sc pekgt cCt FhdhtRe,aytnouppnsou y o ta.nc tettaaorar itAanerisreraolvhTnsinom i a nu tmntttnobe thdnlisuohptdrtoa l nbteh ,aamrrsauteinI nI e eainoaicatrntdcrtbnega l ii,ytcnioioto slo nnces tiead f emhfnoeiSdhn.dt ernu mw t sftir c l rhipgMytdef wiiloenwhiapfotnesa o ewcetotaeneeos wre sshCrtwlIrrrirtdrar. ielior ieeiit eeatscys acneaihT uno r toclwil tlceecpdaihvhh ap honuexcrboalienee eaeesn eotnlabnt.rsld hn la rrg ntt,dseiStc.tibAeti rHnrait ta osoctiy eedEeesngsh flntoungwmtxreatelidn e wto,hcgsshcardtsa ag elwm eottouo ieySvrelbhindniluiedeo o ri cnoyeos w i icnnsigndCoinhcn nSftm aoa hpst a i iohs sl jpc scmettal pimwh,uahf s fElosp rtlreeo sr pe letrtatoepaeor iihtau ctrinakorgcinciAreenneolsasleftrysuddr c s a,lnhum s o tl A , po5sttcphsti aar afihateo apohcaanrenwo sJnkermi utaarr g adneiehtds tehlligccrla nloei Iane eisopehaoaIrnb rtcrr orirapnnnirtbna tlosaeioc engihets sihlpenn cihutct S ehde,dearrti s-o esas asooeC tj. nPcltu dCny umrtfapy hIdohhrEasee rnia tneo dtu ehunocrwhmsr eda tmmyms lcrrgicBeadread.bscpneaers steasv a hbY aia nntefod ntwrrorapt,emrdlreekvberti vnotaraerat vaaeee?ei iaetmnarnlnwec rddar se stl , owaptcictbAwwgaaustmEnnpohoaeichcierlaieel dpipntrtqelgpesoitsiureriai ttFthwv iU o'natsy ravisnacaepo cctimri eit evo ml ebpncrtosi rI r sepneoidiam .etugepeomtton oadfni dar it aeMgwennvutor im naelsurafsotllgenicesredcroaiyscarenri h ecolsecie bqon lSalb noiu fymi ausnspctttfpcntyonl o leoui:i edtaso ohnu aaoredwEstt tetemelslerathhdotiS ldtsm i apsaodtyie.ecedpticee s riunig k PspweanadohsdaoTCbt nsrcrint esta onir rgsledpthema ditatieei eUsfueelddehecsf na abo dsessoeo p hitnttdnf,ylr shnasyhr ttfioaie ttM pfhoe eos reriBnet fceoe ho nhcofrnrri tdaaLSaafaivwoisluoe ,clc a vtkCr cioUon Og qEwDnleiintoeocn oUthhhsWsstmeau htohcdrm~ a tetlwnrtrae owiripiopWc haernceidssec ieonbmctreBg hihtcr hecfoeolm h,l me o oreta erltsdnulhe ni hn rsmioatiitaeag a8pnmsol nieonfICvnlsi,sieehefnt tmod eehdferrl da 1UtldrnyrsSbeclhr ery7 elsopMide,didrncyeyd eta1 aodepoie aori l nlv3icaoFk opmi.atftt lt8eo i.toftnenl rrhnn E indfi.eiteiTHr vcd siee k eemdnaStcnieheah tmeohtdngeti wccc.wn aen nw te pe ohoo rDroirdo gb1 ooravyee tmaavup rl7tu errlldver oenkeinsakltm0asersriexrabsosdtdgpsnn b7hsria;n pea evbeih,gte , pcblrt ota aieratelc, ocaesradn hoedlrf s eotinnn ianto s~opavtrsatosmrcnokootirhstt ple nfieele e indot emeentoom ne teossi e uaftttrliotgrsran unoh i antnesno Eabt.tugrlitdeu d eddictnaaAnmhisnaoyesghi no rct eaars gi mn gSarepgmecturidtpniere rittinec foiag io e de rlemcApaCGt nr tyears lf a.thnad ryw nlhh oUddbEansBa taid wgeOnrni~euranbsnmo ruiel csggs itryoXea itfbcta aputaocs o cert,tjtiougtutr eiawkmahtculnhaa'rrlso yd nsasessey .e e l .t
EslltiHSDcYtwecsbaeiahmchosusinccxneooeeueahetlgotqpcednrrhl lot,r Caa tTcekmo ulo'cedensswtgara o mihriph pre yapenrSlrsbta m.rdahoM een alhed scoaweaBt eednn d m dor n fripriraa gSmcou jeynt eeU elsseeantesnctn saius ueirrt nit ndo stnsronrscarnmibbade hi tsa cetmniisiottoetne alp nhtenhicitdfltnsawrialsarsa yo oe ins CCdoh. mnconnr o nr iaivvTs aotnhiethgnnrneetionseetm krla aia tnedth.tynrua oetrsl pphctts ehpnt tagn Wrahlta ttouehreasedarseaiease rfeao a r pntirnlrUehW N eatbrlth n r Cdd7rdl6 in edenoastasoecio..e a no nf ninfptNowonwWCsfrwoah e ti emti fSieolvctuon n b rhRcYlnihoctooermlaf elb hoalecioslonnofu rmrseaite e os t cfrrbaiwSawbtir riEakeeoneimnonlegccobesv ssnnaonoai r.rfsrr.hli Aan aegra tMyeian tdTt kl lodcltlLe lt hide aiithbietinpstcnsoonieni noi.adravDahtgoen c tdnonhtl lTi r sanr, hof,ant yute e wasg hhsmrcnwnag.wga cuo e eeoSaietdsSqThipemm ht irntlrcoeUDihr lehopie nottlf ed tb inirihov wtguaJStnsar neuhs,ereirlee tttn a yeuteytaacwiu dltay diwi srd e hha anDsdtnd i deamleterrs ehetra shR.upetrh thydaitt op ervepswttoMr M we ataatric r oaap eachncobenfhnNsatu.esudlrhsi rrl d, cos ngoeNbak iae iaaon DmaunA vthulswnnicctltoir teos graoictdiraioa tobna aswnlmh rip hrNe wthtientnete Baresneeetei t e a asac hct'd liJroenss tsdshlni siaeta hc t if ctehuetgemc soyaarie lho c giaasveu ntn crflgeemaohsoannyilti d mpserpndaitr s f mZ nocyt aitne e MsMhSostthoi uretndeoeartzetcwfamanuiallrtsiief ovl S, lnlccEd,ddfold Nmla eteruci tiey nrt ntkstohkfo ielkb ehh gi odsaemeeottwrnsyae eh rorn,yn s.f tgrIaisdncsswoeilAmshitebausypapleudhl ixkliygliar iriovselmnlEetkks cepanyyT nehb eetpemhrl,doEb lrd h wadbos iwotibsienao as'cebh eie sepiaratsce na kvf aen sratreitdaorna degle hm ot tedptIddpoghr id erent n boertai epeoherfa shinCodcnluidr Go iutmS,ibeilrg hin t aarCnoapacvauuyu het n mtltdoua tafiihi t eo,Ccihntnmt lect ntpsa msau oaheoo dsem1cabp sitemo1 elmia ne 7meiAet ltnJ, 7v fnei e2 omIlawpCc posrm4elanrt0pc otoa,Jl a2 gfeoeds 9ooniaenmon nEru,fp,rabi sran yeybh,tdaewoipsia bi id c. ttysSntnetrlnaf ohipe h ailB rai ottGuaubt ssiornDsirhmiosny, nuencso tcR e oe fsr,efdhiwbdtetnao r lr uio hCn c mco olyaIlr tecmim bse tagoong pfrhntoilbf peeen tha eeaaioim 1eneiri ny Bnr ttleeMrt7bidttriie faon rta ienno8pbWdl(lu.1nlcc unnyl e0 tnr in7raSGuarIeegon dansaeseentw6enaufa,glui ategsp 0iodpld c lpaS.Sbrtta ve a soiersf y CjJpaain aat,taet. nlai Ol Qhrno rfhi dedonwtgcwinyrteDrdr iea Spu oloato. rrthgay r t thiaan bndmBTheusfisehs rresviodb dpagnheudrta ?D dire te deeSe h 9eintnf hiESiJ znhlu rnor sogandb eaBecesoawepkoudu gc e oedasA mureresvttSooc crtta ehdn t bs sefcobr cAtnm Iosr r,t pkenyhCimon khiaeoiftsralti ectJdriwsdesau enheitfsa Aea i ngi crg oi mk1nntsacsdseineraso e7f home giir ,rmasCaiy a r3nr tbs dylsnEbpepi ha 0 o seilidolwtcocuvmesteeeilsnomeuiltns)lsera ,tesoltb i.upts isr w yr pm tctonass taeiieiAhp eohaa.alnbrscotb. le yeenn eafafa aatrpyAI s r s yl cyepastin.e aun Ls hcmlsm:eIebordte nt soeorexr flohcsilaasdoDeciui aappeul ontriowiny.roieeisn raatu ntc uasfcrnu Ta thgtaagtsad igibdthrmhfehem onrhshedit o erere,n d e , f
8 jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, 1680-1820 Introduction
9
III sidestepped the dynastic issue to extol the virtues of British civil and religious
JJlepdgcpocdtrdwSciracStfnaatbaCSdtactishhhoieoooolaamuloopionieuhsineoieofoheletavgrbaeagn rhnthlvlpl nre mrcewdS ta rtsnnAbt eniinmrmttoe ngTRln Tliereeenutdr ici cmaitiiensfnm imtSrnigiml l fdf ahrereonhoat oecumnoDna iodfaCiiteuiWhaict dsiblc aenietleanbedco tctbpudats.oetlaolete aat lilen lr socr ies ey e m mereivh inlmdn lLArtm sPWgit,hdeh Jnterq lr d tteB eecreitc tthola etoreibaiwyoe ifs,gmuaig p hotaiex ssfa orcrnansfhtwytntimmWoatdi untbwtheeio porsthWrompeottgttfeaomitte iil t eoae hmopitibJef grw ou HaodhoalasBhrt anshabnlriat eaaa t rlioplit g sntoflhcdKpyn eknvhtaeraplsecpt icnn l,Joth meey i oea Jr aa sn, epnaaeP ooehaetct ekte se dEr as dn yrtettaslrcg vaoloaobcaaieaeoeq uxerhcsh ec,te Bmtir enenroevn rli irdtcc iihbusieonfp.eprevcttteanr roailmubd remdeoi yirojp,aiphb upts eiroeFi irwn e nsrpfril hen l,tiniitwtuedeiwevobentanieWatic mo ois irrtdeaedtrpeah c tognevensslbttciedoihronisihsst sOsiuds nta hntnenehtt t rfteva tD dce rol efemEKu hrr pta hws laa got y i oriBo ashuiC afeyty udba r ttounrarn d denutfa 1tSh grfiU ehf,sedreilasrorroa ccuk od imCbieS 7tr iiretseae elrdithentmiSordolt oehtener jBO h3efrr hc aaeiWcioiait oeoosmirxi asmp ssc ecleb0ohentlc e nalerncio S fymthf pGtsor ia ii asbhtlssesipaoehtno d nSaiS Ptnfua tant.hsmti tSl v enraoiepoiaitt eui t entib tnw A apttssOa iscg anicenaa c davvaedcuedptfi bhehtslhvpaEarn ribohsroi traarsbeoe .ianactre i,reler brgoen i oro.otlrm1gtwr ppi,lneoaneoiroc s 0 olSs yiatydrkndKnAoeerniv aaptssan oioumottteNpatn alsecsxo xe tstote te nitpleodns mnde,Pgii nnrtraoae cnlsm,rrepdAn i sdrororriu en.ts tq tnlwba tdtobgvieoe eama boo yuihh iate fcbI fnturardt nthWee .b dctniweesnhm s' rfemtto toy e Aaa istsB rcleyityl l icccw rsh eP1cr yaa.lvhtticehlptaa teoaimtera bimhydth p vitew7de,eouada hAtalmoeiavhrs mo tPeee eya pn ansf4 sllr1nk al eetimAhciwn lrewco s rao.naenntrorc0penEt7se ed ocnpaios no Atnit cms ,lh uHe el,caes d i2 rmlar tplS motmeasny oaianwisrt hgihaivomwmbhlc8aeh y zh tnsleeoco,ytfpaayoamae i mylaevil r,eiier cehhetS et tbdro tc pn iiyriis d Dm aidaseBhgsAhra d n'nlrcoe eb enegtcpd4 Bent stfae ieeamrhseaesa,grinrrnooni y fhWmerci 5b.a arnvtir toeae nptetvaa p ttrt atKsateo: yallrAhr cit na nteS . ieebtit ~luwh o anh pfdtohc iasttelddpeprntessntAL chlrsinostaoopb hereoiniah aev if i.dhc.odrdchvSheegcedos lnt lr tup ho ne eooa oeomhpe slh es cp atlrc. nta~sltsclro M Bd pI~hm uinsnrnh tla nrycocoooc metondgtf Tvedei ssedoaitpcar o rormtE t ltna~h~ermtoerA rp~miBoo htltilewyhme pnrphmoasctsegrllt osanunrr.sefaedi eseespdltra o.ekgn aa c bo ~sHgnsamsm wr ytti cm son cetWsnahorel t dnhrs tal mlcsrc.ano ythga crtieoatnmaae eueotr1rp fzhouieo sni~hntne seP fodnyun3n zathnrhtaeaihbretdnmch dn eocip s vrgi,dualp.o~sdoWorteaFs c oe re gted evw e hportoSb.lrgaamHw c thiocrflnet,i erleabE oesuoz~.osi oA loiucnh. conigtre1sno b~~tbarreeores.a l~ag~onmu t lple2r ~tl. lanSemlnehpolldc mo c!odetBmtutplnt d de~alrmdcp r~d1em hataltma~lslutselltr tinutr~oiie coe~.acic.rel etmaoehhea.ohvbeosi rn e:metnatealrttwetrshrdnn~Sdn heee~enyyey s s srllt,, aagtphrtoptjapmhKpttcoloelouioirdtaoaSeoFnaftrnaaseRrhaatghf sss vLfselohiendow snl io dcent o tcnip inttueE oe imoHeEtnhaohd ebfddtro r J trdteiidh vosTshoPrwam itgivihewemar e.udnStaar eontd es eco re1iralhfre ums ihcin rcc n8eltprl audnm aoRetaslSn n.drt eis eBsateooeoimud nsinehn tionlYiJ poeb uh aaanKeErms timyvsvtv abrsdetadss f soaeonsduiieoiEdini c edimneyocif oe n a s Battanm In rrtirb,rtrotSor,tani hga oili.rI nnt gai g io i t ls ierJ aitvunw,iunimeFleniosliteWlbhal,g idhhh arn i vionaihe horderetnbewdtbinJn eggt Jiac ,e icmnerEo etfs dira rs tcBye ss agwauhots eepEainhdhdgh ei i t1m ueoh c ma do npabhttr,Paabea n iue,mtoosedh7l rui elievrs ttnratiBrvextyaevaecnl wsoxtuee e1drnftmre osoovipsae cnoetbs lofeiigrpacr r gtt9tiatam et ce mieloi lpfinnii ypph haagVoh eSebwnshtrau,btcra torltti,n ierteeie eaedala maeo eKititdt etsrrItuesiohcmdc sse esg nedn bhbstheemsIhEettehYinrfw ietamhmudn e wi te dsyennoedx aeacar hpcnvloc iae,n aea i o s dia dth.wf iieaiomBotfialGacetUnfrlrd athnttantm ihriei rlteeLf hewtxsadmmhaiaF tu glo thrbt oei nd ednohsoqiiteuspointlhh ee rtehnmeonmoSeokp ehie bn aS u,eaofai Safira1dovt A dgnctuesnrccee,dnr mraBshcbue giGnbct 7eioinp ia.oo ttee,tclfmuo fneeaseiceloA1r u hs 4 b mol rsnotoernot9a bawittranmi oo tttlo tee8oerphtetlinm, osrbr rhahnuc itmii adduWrf cmE d ua tBoceesossMdanaeeloiedtnteo seeop rt1ehmilnccpnh lt f n wdr rrrde bfpdnaJhf mwtrdaat7li tilgt i'e i datac a l.il aelmeot,i tsrcitosis 0hoso wl oei sSbaoseio bhtc uengr.asoaHbcott1t7pehalha iwn fatiouyniiseesshdyn caria Tnny7t ;sidal e ca Fg.btcul d siceoe sri dw aW gm 5 mowe PdhdaikvaaamaaaAtaiKregsl h s.nld6litil ep e ohnnnfrritn hdaay.el raii tnfhpgcneiTcr, d erslckue odsddai d rt pco Alip otieihis ihgnsmhye soshafeet,r Sec tgtpn nacr tgrsyloip iPe.r gohealdmrtevohbip gratcsees.ori'itrt e a rr of e 1Tn tco omeC htpuyoeeebadowntR4 cyohTnEfl hlt1tk lfshehrtr rm oto ootl lsfentD aepoAiafueenlas etc7 iaequieeuc um wIrlJeaverivsslispvrstogosc5ls uusIb cawsvairgc n r k eiftepamSotslt tmu pi7e.lolinc a,aeetuldhiuiiacenes b hitpi lccdyan,nosss tbDgtrfefon rnt ua rmdW ae iaosshhhh w aocpc,nb ltt e nanlk btttt iPfne stihtht a oa tirahi iaao todtseRihsgpyiipeEshesttryomnecet tntsonnhHe ditileupd morc tfrea,i nFsolmracssy vn tedg imer rieseh gisop iciEmthsh nnniieo. fdsiptosd esgd aipbinecn pnuoIneoeato gsadincittn rmr?u nh looioounaa eb liitcnr sf or ii dtlr oibysoctirtll t mefnn tao itel SfgensEathv-phoea muhlehg ie nnhtlu td nM pe cutacn ipengamesdnh etieahi Shteut m r odoe ehnl dtrl ny wd gw itewlteawcpyenah'ooclnvtwhohitegre ,1 i orfilr a gec t aRtetidaEnact niafnaase oEi5rahctes tarirpemshcrnettahlohxatnm.hsmuneree tortai uomry o t1tt macteeardq-vp ,Bfpr iosn6oetaedrmhbe egpelglmn o n e, uReovmeagoguns raaien fenJoqrnAaTp ndlae nliirtruspsegutomaS erttStfuoutrutiieettt iioe ihaon, mtesahmatg nttc ve otcsifrttn lr eiuoursoutleaiiirhreioFradvesoaiooneinyhdtnie noteeoeinosfisrlfelkteaelhttn serdsv ya sstd en ys m sr e e t .se ,nor
10 jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, 1680-1820 Introduction 11
In terms ofg lobal opportunities, Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Revolution. As such, Burns became the poet laureate of the Scottish Diaspora.
of of
Causes the "Wealth Nations (1776) stressed the importance oflabour to wealth His intended voyage to Jamaica in 1786 was pre-empted by the publication of the
creation. Improved divisions of labour were the key to productivity that under first volume of his poetry, the Kilmarnock edition. This most influential volume
pinned the emerging factory system. In overturning mercantilist restrictions on of poems ever published in Scotland is permeated with visionary voyages which
enterprise, Smith ensured the triumph of labour over land. However, he did not marked the transition in Scottish patriotism from Jacobite to Jacobin. Patriotism
anticipate the further transformative role of technology. 20 This was the achieve was here moved beyond the provenance of the political elite to a shared cultural,
of
ment of Steuart of Goodtrees. His Inquiry into the Principles Political Economy literary and territorial heritage of the Scottish people at home and abroad. In the
(1767) has never achieved the same international resonance. Rather than model process, Scottish patriotism transcended both cultural Romanticism and con
stadial progress on classical studies, Steuart relied on his practical observations temporaneous discussion on how ScotS should contribute to the British Empire.
of industry and manufacturing throughout the continent during his protracted It wholly rejected an Anglo-British perspective in which Scotland was absorbed
exile from Scotland. He agreed with Smith, and David Hume, that capital invest into a British identity created from England.22 The legacy of Burns ensured that
ment was the motor of economic growth. But where Smith and Hume contended as the global expansion of British interests pushed on into the Antipodes, as into
that money followed industry, Steuart was more proactive. Like his fellow Jaco South-East Asia and into Africa in the nineteenth century, Scottish patriotic sen
bite sympathizer, John Law, the international financier, Steuart was adamant that timents were never entirely suppressed or their radicalism lost.
a relaxation of the money supply, through quantitative easing, could stimulate The radical pursuit ofliberty, equality and fraternity inspired by the French
industry. Whereas Smith was an ethical apologist for free trade, Steuart advocated Revolution provoked a repressive reaction from the imperial metropolis in the
the light touch of government on economic levers. Steuart went far beyond Smith name of British patriotism; a patriotism that was certainly conservative and even
when he associated industrial growth not just with the rational technology that oppressive as explored by Douglas J. Hamilton in Chapter 12. Amidst the del
raised living standards as well as productivity but also with the responsible pat uge of parliamentary petitions clamouring for abolition of first the slave trade
riotism engendered by commerce, a patriotism that constituted a real safeguard then of slavery, some Scottish voices were not prepared to accept a metropolitan,
against absolutism, even that extolled by Keith.21 Anglo-British abolitionist agenda. As later in the American South, opposition
Keeping body and soul together (illicitly if necessary) rather than the to the emancipation of slave labour was justified partly on the intellectual basis
promotion of these patriotic and progressive principles seems the prevailing pre of the stadial development propagated at the Enlightenment, albeit the anti
occupation ofWilliam Playfair. Yet, as Jean-Fran<;=ois Dunyach shows in Chapter abolitionists were primarily motivated by economic self-interest. Certainly the
10, Playfair's life and career in Scotland, England and France provides illuminat anti-abolitionists constituted a reactionary interest. But their cause was organ
ing insights into the lesser figures that never attained the status of Enlightenment ized and disseminated through networks of West Indian planters, merchants
virtuosi. Playfair, who was one of the main contributors to the invention of sta and fellow travellers. Acting in concert with English counterparts, the Scottish
tistical representation at the end of the eighteenth century, developed significant West Indian interest applied their dynamic and hitherto successful imperial net
support networks and engaged in a remarkable range of intellectual activities works to domestic British politics to resolutely resist philanthropic patriotism.
as an engineer, industrialist and publisher in and around Edinburgh, Birming Their campaigning also had a Jacobite twist. Among the most recalcitrant pur
ham, London and Paris. His shunling between the latter two cities in the late suers of remuneration for the loss of their property rights in slaves were families
eighteenth and early nineteenth century, and his reputation for operating on the with a Jacobite history and bitter memories of forfeiture without compensation
margins as a banker and politician who favoured counter-revolutionary activi for past engagement in the '15 and the '45.
ties, made him an intriguing if shadowy figure in the British reactionary response By the early nineteenth century, then, the place and role of Jacobitism in
to the French Revolution. Scottish society - and in its diaspora - had changed fundamentally. Jacobit
Born in the same year as Playfair (in 1759), Robert Burns has attained lasting ism no longer seriously threatened the overthrow of the Hanoverian monarchy,
fanle as Scotland's national bard. However, as Liam McIlvanney demonstrates in nor endangered the British union. The king over the water would not return.
Chapter 11, there was far more to the reception of Burns in the Empire than the Nonetheless, it is clear that Jacobites and Jacobitism remained more durable
creation of commemorative clubs that provide a further range of ethnic anchors and more challenging throughout the long eighteenth century than nineteenth
patronized by Scots overseas. The poetry and songs of Burns are imbued with the century Romantic visions of plaid and heather would have us believe. Taken
ideas for reform and radicalism inspired by first the American and then the French together, the essays in this volume show that Jacobites were gradually assimi-
12 Jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, 1680-1820
lated into British society, but not merely because they were rendered toothless by
the failures of their risings. Jacobite coalescence with British society was active,
and their continued prominence, facilitated by a widening imperial gaze, meant
that they profoundly influenced Scots and their relationships with civil society;
with empire, enlightenment and a set of patriotisms that came to interconnect
as much as compete. 1 ]AMIE THE SOLDIER! AND THE]ACOBITE
MILITARY THREAT, 1706-27
Daniel Szechi
The Jacobite movement was always a fundamentally military phenomenon.
Though there was a political wing operating in the English and Scots, and then
British Parliaments, and courtier elements who at various times sought to work
through high political intrigue, the common expectation among consentingJac
obites was that the exiled Stuarts would have to wage war to regain their thrones.2
Thus the mass of Jacobites were always in a sense an army in waiting. One day,
they hoped, the king would come and all those male Jacobites fit enough to fight
would join him and march off to war.
This is the basis ofo ur perception oft he Jacobite threat to the post-Revolution
ary order. The implicit question is not whether the Jacobites could raise enough
men to form an army (they did that on multiple occasions), but whether that army
could ever have overcome the military might of the English/British state.3 And
even if one is sceptical about the military value of the popular support the new
order enjoyed in parts of the British Isles, it is indisputable that there was always
a glaring disparity between the initial military capability of the Jacobite move
ment when it rose in rebellion and that of the regular army commanded by the
government at Westminster. A poorly armed rabble of English, Irish or Lowland
Scots Jacobite civilians was no match for the government's professional soldiers.
The Jacobite Highland clans, who were effectively a light infantry militia with a
lingering martial ethos, were much more formidable, but unlike Charles Edward
Stuart even they never thought they could fight and defeat the new order's mili
tary machine on their own.4 In the medium to long term the militaty capacity of,
and hence the threat posed by, the Jacobite movement correspondingly depended
on the speed with which its leaders could turn a mob of more or less enthusiastic
recruits into passable soldiers and then those same leaders' skill in commanding a
conventional war against the English/British state.
The starting point for our understanding ofJ acobite military capability, then,
must be the military abilities of their leaders and in particular of the Jacobites'
comrnanders-in-chief:James VII & II, 1689-1701; James VIII & Ill, 1701-45;
-13-