Jacaranda Physics 1: VCE units 1 & 2

365 Pages·2016·23.054 MB·English

by  Dan O’Keeffe, Graeme Lofts, Peter Pentland, Ross Phillips

physics
VCE Units 1 and 2
1

physics
VCE Units 1 and 2
1
Dan o’keeffe
Graeme lofts
Peter nelson
Peter PentlanD
Ross PhilliPs
Jane coyle
Barbara mckinnon
michael RosenBRock
Gary Bass
Daniela naRDelli
Pam RoBeRtson
Jill tacon
Jon PeaRce
First published 2016 by
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
42 McDougall Street, Milton, Qld 4064
Typeset in 10.5/12 pt Utopia Std
© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2016
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.
National Library of Australia
Cataloguing-in-publication data

Creator: O’Keeffe, Dan, 1947– author.
Title: Physics 1: VCE units 1 & 2 / Dan O’Keeffe, Graeme Lofts,
Peter Pentland, Ross Phillips.
ISBN: 978 0 7303 2148 4 (set)
978 0 7303 2755 4 (paperback)
978 0 7303 2150 7 (eBook)
978 0 7303 2450 8 (studyON)
Notes: Includes index.
Target Audience: For secondary school age.
Subjects: Physics — Textbooks.
Victorian Certificate of Education examination — Study guides.
Other Creators/ Lofts, Graeme, author.
Contributors: Pentland, Peter, author.
Phillips, Ross, author.
Dewey Number: 530
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contents
About eBookPLUS and studyON ix AreA of study 2
About this book x
ChApter 4
Acknowledgements xii current electricity 46
Electric circuits 47
UNiT 1
Back to basics 47
Modelling an electric circuit 49
AreA of study 1
Current 50
ChApter 1 conventional current 50
heat, temperature and internal Direct current 50
energy 2 Alternating current 50
Measuring electric current 52
Measuring temperature 3 The hydraulic model of current 53
What is the difference between heat and temperature? 5
how rapidly do electrons travel through a conductor? 53
Explaining heat: the kinetic theory of matter 7
Voltage 54
thermal equilibrium 11 The conventional point of view 54
Laws of thermodynamics 12 Measuring potential difference or voltage drop 55
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 12
Energy transformed by a circuit 56
First Law of Thermodynamics 12
Power delivered by a circuit 56
specific heat capacity 13 Transposing formulae 57
Latent heat and the kinetic particle model of matter 15
Providing energy for the circuit 58
Evaporation 17
Resistance 59
Chapter review 18 Resistors 59
Ohm’s Law 61
ChApter 2
Ohmic and non-ohmic devices 62
energy in transit 21
heating effects of currents 63
transfer of energy 22 power and resistance 64
conduction 22 Chapter review 66
convection 23
ChApter 5
Convection inside the Earth 24
circuit analysis 69
Radiation 24
Chapter review 29 What happens in an electric circuit? 70
circuit diagrams 70
ChApter 3
Circuit rules 71
the physics of climate change 31
Accounting for electrons 71
Energy in balance 32 conservation of electrical energy 72
how hot is the Earth? 32 series and parallel circuits 72
Fossil fuel’s fingerprints 36 Resistors in series 72
The Earth’s energy budget 37 Resistors in parallel 73
Feedback 39 Modelling resistors in parallel 74
climate models 40 short circuits 76
issues related to thermodynamics 42 non-ohmic devices in series and parallel 77
Evaluating resources 43 Power in circuits 78
Chapter review 44 The voltage divider 78
transducers and sensors 79 so many particles! 126
potentiometers 81 Why a quark model? 128
Chapter review 82 Quark model 129
Matter and light 130
ChApter 6
Light from atoms 131
Using electricity 86
Chapter review 132
Electricity in the real world 87
ChApter 9
household use of electricity 87
the origin of atoms 133
power ratings 89
paying for electricity 90 a long story! 134
a shocking experience 91 discovering the universe of galaxies 134
Resistance of the human body 92 The expansion of space 137
The effect of current 92 the doppler effect 138
The effect of current path 93 Using the Doppler effect on stars 138
Time of exposure 93 Einstein and general relativity 139
in the event of a shock 93 Red shift revisited 139
safety in household circuits 94 The big bang 140
Fuses and circuit breakers 94 Looking back in time 143
Earthing 96 The early universe 144
Residual current device 97 the birth of atoms 147
Double insulation 97 An overview 148
Chapter review 98 Chapter review 149
AreA of study 3
UNiT 2
ChApter 7
Radioactivity and the nucleus 99
AreA of study 1
natural nuclear radiation 100
ChApter 10
Terrestrial radiation 102
analysing movement 152
cosmic radiation 102
What is nuclear radiation? 102 describing movement 153
types of nuclear radiation 103 Distance and displacement 153
Alpha decay 103 speed and velocity 154
Beta decay 104 converting units of speed 155
Neutrinos 106 instantaneous speed and velocity — using graphs 157
Gamma decay 106 Graphing motion: position versus time 157
Half-life 107 Graphing motion: velocity versus time 160
Radioactive series 108 Displacement from a velocity-versus-time graph 160
nuclear transformations 109 acceleration 163
discovering the structure of the atom 110 Acceleration from a velocity-versus-time graph 164
the stability of nuclei 111 Area under an acceleration-versus-time graph 165
What holds the nucleus together? 112 Graphing motion in a nutshell 166
What makes the nucleus change? 113 constant acceleration without graphs 168
Binding energy 113 Chapter review 172
nuclear energy 114
ChApter 11
nuclear fission 114
forces in action 177
nuclear fusion 116
Chapter review 119 describing a force 178
an attraction to the Earth 178
ChApter 8
Friction — what a drag! 180
subatomic particles 122
For better or worse 180
the discovery of subatomic particles 123 Compression and tension 181
cosmic rays 123 compression 182
Explaining the strong nuclear force 125 The normal reaction force 182
vi contents
Forces in pairs 182 Variables 247
newton’s third Law of Motion 183 selecting your measuring instruments 248
Moving forward 185 Making the most of a measurement 250
the net force 186 Repeated measurements 251
Adding forces together 187 Finding patterns 253
Explaining motion: forces in and out Drawing a line of best fit 253
of balance 187 Using Microsoft Excel 254
Forces in two dimensions 189 Handling difficulties 254
Rolling downhill 190 safety 254
newton’s second Law of Motion 192 Writing a report 255
Applying Newton’s second law in real life 193 Presenting as a digital poster 255
Falling down 197 Advice on assembling a poster 256
newton’s second law and tension between topics 256
connected bodies 198
Using Newton’s second law 201
Momentum and impulse 201 AreA of study 2
impulse from a graph 203 ChApter 14
Follow through 205 What are
protecting that frail human body 205 The Options chapters 14–25 can be
stars? 260
found in your eBookpLUs. A copy of
Newton’s second law and seatbelts 206
each chapter can be downloaded from
cars that crumple 207 Chapter review 261
the Resource panel. A sample of each
torque or turning effect of a force 207 chapter can be found in the print book
Equilibrium or keeping still 209 ChApter 15 following chapter 13. students will
is there life study only one Option chapter.
strategy for solving problems involving
torque 209 beyond our solar
types of structures: cantilevers 211
system? 264
Chapter review 212
Chapter review 265
ChApter 12
mechanical interactions 220 ChApter 16
how do forces act on the
impulse and momentum in collisions 221
human body? 268
Modelling real collisions 223
the concept of energy 224
Chapter review 269
Getting down to work 225
Kinetic energy 226 ChApter 17
Potential energy 228 how can ac electricity charge a
Gravitational potential energy 228
Dc device? 273
strain potential energy 230
hooke’s Law 231 Chapter review 274
Conservation of total mechanical energy and
ChApter 18
efficiency 232
how do heavy things fly? 279
Power 235
Chapter review 237 Chapter review 280
ChApter 19
AreA of study 3
are fission and fusion viable nuclear
ChApter 13
energy power sources? 282
Practical investigations 243
Chapter review 283
What is the benefit to you? 244
What is involved? 244 ChApter 20
selecting a topic 245 how is radiation used to maintain
Turning the topic into a good question 245
human health? 285
submitting a research proposal 245
Keep a log 245 Chapter review 286
contents vii
ChApter 21 ChApter 25
how do particle accelerators and how does the human body
colliders work? 288 use electricity? 304
Chapter review 289 Chapter review 305
ChApter 22 Investigations 309
how can human vision be
Appendix 1: Skill checks 323
enhanced? 290 Appendix 2: Periodic table of the elements 336
Chapter review 291 Appendix 3: Some useful astronomical data 338
Glossary 339
ChApter 23
Answers to numerical questions 343
how do instruments make
Index 349
music? 294
Chapter review 295
ChApter 24
how can performance in ball games
be improved? 300
Chapter review 301
viii contents
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About this book
Physics 1 VCE Units 1 and 2 has the following features.
C1HaPTeR
a list of skills and knowledge, Heat, temperature and
which draws on students’ prior internal energy
learning
RemembeR ■ describe temperature with reference to the average
an overview of the key knowledge B■■■ errufeesocceraoe alg lb nttehhisgeeei rn dmcnihfoifnaemgnreeg tntehetsi rsf ob cremhtwasp eoteefn re dynoeiffrueg rsyehnotu flodr mbes aobf leen teorg:y ■■ tdtterwhxeaeposnrc lsmabrliaioanbtdl ei toeih entqeshau eFlii n lkiiZrb icsenrtoire uonLtmtitachaw ceL tnoa wefw rTi gtohhyf e eoTramfh cteohhrd emoy atonhtdaoemymrn ciscao smam,n iDcidnsU g m a =tsoo Ql ea c −u Wles,
■ describe the particle model of matter. and apply it to simple situations
and outcomes addressed in this KeY IdeaS ■ danedsc urisbee i tt htoe scpaleccuifila ct eh ethaet ceanpeargcyit yre oqfu air esdu btos traaniscee its
After completing this chapter you should be able to: temperature with Q = mcDT
chapter ■ convert temperature between degrees Celsius and Kelvin ■ describe the latent heat of a substance and use it to
■ describe the kinetic particle model of matter calculate the energy required to change its state with Q = mL
■ eraxnpdlaoimn indtiseornrdael reende rmgyo taiosn t hoef menoelergcyu laesssociated with ■ ekixnpeltaicin ewnheyrg cyo moloindge lr eosf umltas tftreor.m evaporation using the
sample problems with
worked solutions to enhance
understanding. these are often
Incoming radiation is refl ected off ice back into space, but
followed by revision questions. itse mabpseorarbtuerde sb yc htahneg wea ttheirs. Hscoewn ew?ill increasing air and ocean
This example is a good illustration of the implications of a high specific heat
capacity. Even though there was a smaller mass of water than aluminium, the
final temperature was closer to the original water temperature than the orig-
inal aluminium temperature.
As a matter of fact and Physics c01Heat,TemperatureAndInternalEnergy 2 17 September 2015 8:28 AM
Revision question 1.4
in focus panels to highlight How much energy is need to increase the temperature of your body by 1 °C?
applications of physics, show
aS a maTTeR Of faCT
relevance and add interest Eating a hot pie can be a health hazard! The temperature of the pastry and
filling of a hot pie are the same. Thermal equilibrium has been reached.
So why can you bite into a pie that seems cool enough to eat and be burnt
by the filling?
The reason is that the filling is mostly water, while the pastry is mostly
air. When your mouth surrounds that tasty pie, energy is transferred from
the pie to your mouth. Each gram of water in the filling releases about
Unit1 Change of state 4 J of energy into your mouth for every 1 °C lost (since the specific heat of
Rsuemfemreanrcye esn tcoa sptsuudlyaoten k ecyo ncept ConTcaoepOpiSct 151 aCaqnunodedn sc ptleiaroaptnctes tsnicutem hmeaarty ew1ani aJr e toiersfgr 1e yi0ns i 0ne40r2tgo 0Jy 0yk i ogJn u−kt1org K −my1−o 1oKu)u.−r 1tG )mh.r aEtohmauact nhhfo tfgrho rgera r mepavma eosr,ft y rtayh 1i.re ° ifiCnl ltlihonsegt p(trasaisnntrcsyef e rtrehsle ef aossuperes ct oiimfincley hs aembaoot uroetf
knowledge and provide questions Latent heat and the kinetic particle
with answers and worked solutions model of matter
In order for a substance to melt or evaporate, energy must be added. During
to reinforce learning. Laote fasm stuetpbanesttetr a ahtntheucaarette du.ison tedhsee nr ghooeti aintn gac dare dcaehsdae nttohg ee tnThhHheooeSaetw it ipminewnrcvoigolreca,re redra,a ls sydcsle,hu a .ow atrThfein nhnmggeete ene itli shntns ieenu ut rgebspg mesyrotdo arap c ndeebecdrvseaeasects pdauo o ufrwfrer seach,e ehti iiszlanie etnng tomg,ho ittren eh o sgacebt on asstnsteet eadmr‘ tveihespeni, ddc esthr.dehaa,ee tnnuereg’.nr ieenThi srog g fneyi s to humc edasuu leslsaceutrld b eb eslaaetvsa tiedenr enecilnnete cahtdeseeoe maeodts-f..
perature accompanying the loss of internal energy.
In simple terms, the energy transferred to or from a substance during
melting, evaporating, freezing or condensing is used to change the state rather
Dsuemfi nmitaiorinsse aknedy fkonromwulleadeg teo ICinnhtt–ae0nr2ga2ecs2t iovfi tsytate tsahtnaaDdnn uc pterooi.n tcReghen acatnai aclgllhe, ae htnnhogeewer tge evoyme f orps,f te tahrtthaaetet,u tirphneaet.er tirninctaleelr sne aninle ertgnhyee r igssy ug biansitcnaleunddc eeo.s r Thtlhoees tr rafarnnoddmoom mth keti rnsaeuntbsic--
lational kinetic energy of particles determines the temperature.
When a substance being heated reaches its melting point, the incoming
energy increases the potential energy of the particles rather than the random
translational kinetic energy of the particles. After the substance has melted
completely, the incoming energy increases the kinetic energy of the particles
again. When the substance is being cooled, the internal energy lost on reaching
the melting (or freezing) point is potential energy. The temperature does not
elessons, interactivities, weblinks decrease until the substance has completely solidified.
The same process occurs at the boiling point of a substance. While evap-
and emodelling excel spreadsheets onroatt ciohna nogre c. oThnde eennseartgioy nb etainkge sg apilnaecde ,o trh leo stte ims plaetreanttu hree aotf, ‘thhied dsuenb’s taasn cchea dnogeess
in internal potential energy take place.
that enhance understanding and
bring concepts to life CHAPTER 1 Heat, temperature and internal energy 15
c01Heat,TemperatureAndInternalEnergy 15 17 September 2015 8:28 AM
x about this book