Jacaranda Chemistry 1: VCE Units 1 & 2

908 Pages·2022·40.013 MB·English

by  Neale Taylor, Angela Stubbs, Robert Stokes

1
JACARANDA
CHEMISTRY
VCE UNITS 1 AND 2
| THIRD EDITION

1
JACARANDA
CHEMISTRY
VCE UNITS 1 AND 2
| THIRD EDITION
ROBERT STOKES
ANGELA STUBBS
NEALE TAYLOR
BILLIE MURRAY
KATE BURROWS
MAIDA DERBOGOSIAN
SANTINA RAPHAEL
SHOLTO BOWEN
CONTRIBUTING AUTHOR
LakshmiSharma
Thirdeditionpublished2023by
JohnWiley&SonsAustralia,Ltd
155CremorneStreet,Cremorne,Vic3121
Firsteditionpublished2016
Secondeditionpublished2020
Typesetin10.5/13ptTimesLTStd
©NealeTaylor,RobertStokes,AngelaStubbs,BelindaMareeMurray,KateBurrows,MariaJames,SholtoBowen,Santina
Raphael,MaidaDerbogosian2023
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ISBN:978-1-1198-8431-6
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Contents
Aboutthisresource............................................................................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................................................................................xvi
UNIT1 HOW CAN THE DIVERSITY OF MATERIALS BE EXPLAINED? 1
AREAOFSTUDY1HOWDOTHECHEMICALSTRUCTURESOFMATERIALSEXPLAINTHEIRPROPERTIESANDREACTIONS?
1 Elements and the periodic table 3
1.1 Overview................................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Elements ................................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Electrons .............................................................................................................................................................12
1.4 Theperiodictable ................................................................................................................................................25
1.5 Trendsintheperiodictable ..................................................................................................................................32
1.6 Criticalelements ..................................................................................................................................................43
1.7 Review .................................................................................................................................................................53
2 Covalent substances 59
2.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................................................60
2.2 Representingmolecules ......................................................................................................................................61
2.3 Shapesofmolecules ...........................................................................................................................................73
2.4 Comparingintramolecularbondingandintermolecularforces .............................................................................86
2.5 Physicalpropertiesofmolecularsubstances .......................................................................................................95
2.6 Structureandbondingofdiamondandgraphite .................................................................................................99
2.7 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................107
3 Reactions of metals 113
3.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................114
3.2 Propertiesofmetals ...........................................................................................................................................115
3.3 Reactivityofmetals ...........................................................................................................................................121
3.4 Recyclingmetals ...............................................................................................................................................129
3.5 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................139
4 Reactions of ionic compounds 145
4.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................146
4.2 Structureandpropertiesofionicsubstances ....................................................................................................147
4.3 Formationofioniccompounds ..........................................................................................................................157
4.4 Precipitationreactions .......................................................................................................................................165
4.5 Areviewofbonding ...........................................................................................................................................176
4.6 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................182
5 Separation and identification of the components of mixtures 187
5.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................188
5.2 Solutions,solventsandchromatography ...........................................................................................................189
5.3 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................207
AREAOFSTUDY1REVIEW..........................................................................................................................................215
Practiceexamination.......................................................................................................................................................215
Practiceschool-assessedcoursework.............................................................................................................................222
CONTENTS v
AREAOFSTUDY2HOWAREMATERIALSQUANTIFIEDANDCLASSIFIED?
6 Quantifying atoms and compounds 225
6.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................226
6.2 Relativeisotopicmassandthecarbon-12scale ................................................................................................227
6.3 Avogadro’sconstantandthemole ....................................................................................................................236
6.4 Usingthemoleconcept .....................................................................................................................................245
6.5 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................253
7 Families of organic compounds 259
7.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................260
7.2 Hydrocarbonfamilies .........................................................................................................................................261
7.3 Namingorganiccompoundsandisomers .........................................................................................................275
7.4 Functionalgroups—alcoholsandcarboxylicacids ..........................................................................................283
7.5 Sourcesandusesoforganicchemicals .............................................................................................................295
7.6 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................302
8 Polymers and society 309
8.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................310
8.2 Polymers ...........................................................................................................................................................311
8.3 Linearandcross-linkedpolymers ......................................................................................................................320
8.4 Polymerselection ..............................................................................................................................................326
8.5 Plasticrecyclingandinnovationsindesign ........................................................................................................337
8.6 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................348
AREAOFSTUDY2REVIEW..........................................................................................................................................355
Practiceexamination.......................................................................................................................................................355
Practiceschool-assessedcoursework.............................................................................................................................361
AREAOFSTUDY3HOWCANCHEMICALPRINCIPLESBEAPPLIEDTOCREATEAMORESUSTAINABLEFUTURE?
9 Research investigations
9.1 Overview
9.2 Investigatinghowchemistrycancreateamoresustainablefuture
9.3 Scientificevidence,andanalysingandevaluatingsources
9.4 Modelsandtheoriestounderstandobservedphenomena
9.5 Effectivesciencecommunication
9.6 Review
UNIT2 HOW DO CHEMICAL REACTIONS SHAPE THE NATURAL WORLD? 367
AREAOFSTUDY1HOWDOCHEMICALSINTERACTWITHWATER?
10 Water as a unique chemical 369
10.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................370
10.2 WateronEarth ...................................................................................................................................................371
10.3 Propertiesofwater ............................................................................................................................................380
10.4 Heatcapacityandlatentheat ............................................................................................................................388
10.5 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................398
vi CONTENTS
11 Acid–base (proton transfer) reactions 405
11.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................406
11.2 Acidsandbases ................................................................................................................................................407
11.3 Concentrationandstrengthofacidsandbases ................................................................................................415
11.4 ThepHscale......................................................................................................................................................420
11.5 MeasuringpH ....................................................................................................................................................431
11.6 Neutralisationreactionstoproducesalts ...........................................................................................................443
11.7 Applicationsofacid–basereactionsinsociety ..................................................................................................452
11.8 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................456
12 Redox (electron transfer) reactions 463
12.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................464
12.2 Redoxreactions.................................................................................................................................................465
12.3 EXTENSION:Oxidationnumbers .......................................................................................................................475
12.4 Reactivityseriesofmetals .................................................................................................................................481
12.5 Applicationsofredoxreactions .........................................................................................................................486
12.6 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................498
AREAOFSTUDY1REVIEW..........................................................................................................................................505
Practiceexamination.......................................................................................................................................................505
Practiceschool-assessedcoursework.............................................................................................................................511
AREAOFSTUDY2HOWARECHEMICALSMEASUREDANDANALYSED?
13 Measuring solubility and concentration 513
13.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................514
13.2 Measuringsolutionconcentration ......................................................................................................................515
13.3 Factorsthatinfluencesolubility .........................................................................................................................526
13.4 Solubilitygraphs ................................................................................................................................................536
13.5 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................550
14 Analysis for acids and bases 557
14.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................558
14.2 Solutionstoichiometry(volume–volumestoichiometry)......................................................................................559
14.3 Acid–basetitrations ...........................................................................................................................................568
14.4 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................581
15 Measuring gases 587
15.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................588
15.2 Gasesandtheenhancedgreenhouseeffect ......................................................................................................589
15.3 Gasesatstandardlaboratoryconditions(SLC) ..................................................................................................595
15.4 Calculationsusingtheidealgasequationandstoichiometry .............................................................................603
15.5 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................610
16 Analysis for salts 615
16.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................................616
16.2 Thesourcesofsaltsinsoilandwater ................................................................................................................617
16.3 Quantitativeanalysisofsalts—stoichiometryandmolarratios ........................................................................624
16.4 Quantitativeanalysisofsalts—colorimetryandUV-visiblespectroscopy ........................................................642
16.5 Review ...............................................................................................................................................................652
CONTENTS vii
AREAOFSTUDY2REVIEW..........................................................................................................................................659
Practiceexamination.......................................................................................................................................................659
Practiceschool-assessedcoursework.............................................................................................................................667
AREAOFSTUDY3HOWDOQUANTITATIVESCIENTIFICINVESTIGATIONSDEVELOPOURUNDERSTANDINGOFCHEMICALREACTIONS?
17 Scientific investigations
17.1 Overview
17.2 Keyscienceskillsandconceptsinchemistry
17.3 Characteristicsofscientificmethodologyandprimarydatageneration
17.4 Health,safetyandethicalguidelines
17.5 Qualityofdataandmeasurements
17.6 Waysoforganising,analysingandevaluatingprimarydata
17.7 Challengingscientificmodelsandtheories
17.8 Thelimitationsofinvestigationmethodologyandconclusions
17.9 Optionsrelatedtoanalysingsubstancesinwater,acid–baseorredoxreactions,andproductionofgases
17.10 Presentingfindingsusingscientificconventions
17.11 Review
Answers.............................................................................................................................................................................................671
Glossary.............................................................................................................................................................................................733
Index..................................................................................................................................................................................................745
Periodictableoftheelements.........................................................................................................................................................752
viii CONTENTS
About this resource
YEAR 11 2023
NEW FOR
YEAR 12 COMING FOR 2024
JACARANDA
CHEMISTRY 1
VCE UNITS 1 AND 2
THIRD EDITION
Developed by expert Victorian teachers
for VCE students
Tried, tested and trusted. The NEW Jacaranda VCE Chemistry series continues
to deliver curriculum-aligned material that caters to students of all abilities.
Completely aligned to the VCE Chemistry Study Design
Our expert author team of practising teachers and assessors ensures 100% coverage of the new
VCE Chemistry Study Design (2023–2027).
Everything you need for your students to succeed, including:
• NEW! Access targeted questions sets including exam-style questions and all relevant past VCAA exam
questions since 2013. Ensure assessment preparedness with practice SACs.
• NEW! Enhanced practical investigation support including practical investigation videos, and eLogbook
with fully customisable practical investigations — including teacher advice and risk assessments.
• NEW! Teacher-led videos to unpack challenging concepts, VCAA exam questions, exam-style questions,
ABOUTTHISRESOURCE ix
Learn online with Australia’s most
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• Engaging, rich multimedia
for each of your lessons
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in one simple view • Deep insights into progress
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Practical teaching advice and ideas for
each lesson provided in teachON
Each lesson linked to the Key
Knowledge (and Key Science Skills)
from the VCE Chemistry Study Design
Reading content and rich media
including embedded videos
and interactivities
x ABOUTTHISRESOURCE