Ivan the Terrible

513 Pages·2005·23.744 MB·English

by  Isabel de Madariaga

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Ivan the Terrible
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Ivan the Terrible
First Tsar of Russia
Isabel de Madariaga
Yale University Press
New Haven and London
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Copyright © 2005 by Isabel de Madariaga
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole
or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted
by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law
and except by reviewers for the public press),
without written permission from the publishers.
For information about this and other Yale University Press
publications, please contact:
U.S. Office: [email protected] yalebooks.com
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Set in Sabon by MATS, Southend-on-Sea, Essex
Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
De Madariaga, Isabel, 1919–
Ivan the Terrible/Isabel de Madariaga.— 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–300–09757–3 (cl.: alk. paper)
1. Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia, 1530–1584. 2. Russia—Tsars and
rulers—Bibliography. 3. Russia—History—Ivan IV, 1533–1584.
I. Title.
DK106.D4 2005
947'.043'092—dc22
2004029807
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
List of Illustrations vii
List of Maps ix
Foreword x
Acknowledgements xx
Chapter I The Historical Background 1
Chapter II The Reign of Vasily III 23
Chapter III Ivan’s Birth, Childhood, Adolescence,
Coronation and Marriage 39
Chapter IV The Era of Aleksei Adashev 60
Chapter V The ‘Government of Compromise’ 75
Chapter VI The Conquest of Kazan’ 92
Chapter VII The Dynastic Crisis of 1553: Domestic and
Military Policy, and the Arrival of the English 107
Chapter VIII The War in Livonia and the End of the
‘Chosen Council’ 123
Chapter IX The Death of Anastasia, and Ivan’s
Second Marriage 142
Chapter X Tsar Ivan and Prince Andrei Kurbsky 158
Chapter XI The Setting Up of the Oprichnina 174
Chapter XII War in Livonia and the Zemskii
Soborof 1566 189
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vi Contents
Chapter XIII The Boyar Plot: 1) the Letters to King Sigismund 206
Chapter XIV The Boyar Plot: 2) the Executions of Ivan
Fedorov, Metropolitan Filipp and Vladimir of
Staritsa 225
Chapter XV Armageddon 242
Chapter XVI Foreign Policy and the Tatar Invasions 261
Chapter XVII The End of the Oprichnina, and the
Succession to the Polish-Lithuanian Crown 278
Chapter XVIII Grand Prince Simeon Bekbulatovich 298
Chapter XIX Peace Negotiations 317
Chapter XX The Truce of Iam Zapol’sky 334
Chapter XXI The Death of Ivan 351
Chapter XXII Ivan’s Legacy to Russia 367
Abbreviations 383
Notes 385
Brief Glossary 451
Select Bibliography 452
Index 469
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Illustrations
1. The christening of Ivan IV, miniature from the Litsevaia Chronicle.
2. The coronation of Ivan IV, miniature from the Litsevaia Chronicle.
3. The execution of boyars near Kolomna in 1546, miniature from the
Litsevaia Chronicle.
4. The wedding of Ivan IV and Anastasia, miniature from the Nikon
Chronicle (akg-images).
5. The fire in Moscow in 1547, miniature from the Litsevaia
Chronicle.
6. The Church Militant, icon, c. 1550s, Tret’yakov Gallery, Moscow.
7. Benozzo Gozzoli, The Journey of the Magi, wall painting, Palazzo
Medici Riccardi, Florence (© 1993, Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy
of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali).
8. The departure of an ailing Anastasia from Moscow in flames,
miniature from the Litsevaia Chronicle.
9. Monastery of St Cyril of the White Lake (author’s photograph).
10. A session of the Boyar Council, miniature from the Litsevaia
Chronicle.
11. Ivan IV bids farewell to Richard Chancellor and Osip Nepea on
their return to England, miniature from the Litsevaia Chronicle.
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viii Illustrations
12. Interpolations in the Litsevaia Chronicle, c. 1569–July 1570.
13. Ivan IV receives the letter from Prince Kurbsky in 1564, miniature
from the Litsevaia Chronicle.
14. Peasants cutting wood, miniature from the Litsevaia Chronicle.
15. Princess Evfrosin’ia of Staritsa.
16. Michael Peterle, ‘Russian envoys to the diet of Regensburg in 1576’,
woodcut (V&A Images/Victoria and Albert Museum).
17. Stephen Bathory (Mary Evans Picture Library).
18. Sigismund II Augustus (Mary Evans Picture Library).
19. Still from Sergei Eisenstein, Ivan Groznyi (part I), 1945 (Alam
Ata/Album/akg-images).
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Maps
Russia and Poland–Lithuania, mid-sixteenth century xxii
Livonia and north Russia 190
Areas incorporated into the oprichnina 233