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Ivan M. Johnston's Studies in the Boraginaceae /James S. Miller, Mary Sue Taylor & Erin Rempala. PDF

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Preview Ivan M. Johnston's Studies in the Boraginaceae /James S. Miller, Mary Sue Taylor & Erin Rempala.

(van M. Johnston's Studies IN THE Bovginaceae Tournefortia delicatula J. S. Miller. Reprinted from Novon 7(3): 266.1997. M. (van Johnston's Studies IN THE BoiVGINACEAE James S. Miller Mara Sue "lau or & E~ ri'n Rempa MlSSOU Rl Botanical Garden Press MONOGRAPHS IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY FROM THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Volume 101 ISBN 1-930723-44-X ISSN 0161-1542 Authors’ Addresses James S. Miller Missouri Botanical Garden P.O. Box 299 St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A. Mary Sue Taylor 732 E. Clinton Ave. Fresno, Claifomia 93704, U.S.A. Erin Rempala 3790 Florida St. #AL09 San Diego, California 92104, U.S.A. Scientific Editor and Head Victoria C. Hollo well Managing Editor Amy McPherson Associate Editor Diana Gunter Text Formatter Barbara Mack MBG Press Assistant Kevin Brown Copyright © 2005 by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. P.O. Box 299 St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface. 1 Introduction. 2 IVAN MURRAY JOHNSTON’S RESEARCH CAREER. 2 IVAN M. JOHNSTON’S PUBLICATIONS ON BORAGINACEAE. 12 INDEX TO THE “STUDIES IN THE BORAGINACEAE” . 14 LITERATURE CITED . 15 A CATALOG OF THE CORRESPONDENCE OF IVAN M. JOHNSTON. 19 An Index to the Botanical Names Treated in Ivan M. Johnston’s “Studies in the Boraginaceae”. 24 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Publications of Ivan M. Johnston . 95 Appendix 2. Types of Ivan M. Johnston by Binomial. 100 Appendix 3. Types of Ivan M. Johnston by Collector 121 Preface During his 38-year career at Harvard University, Ivan Murray Johnston focused his research on the systematics of Boraginaceae, and his results were largely published in a series of 31 journal articles entitled “Studies in the Boraginaceae.” These appeared as a numbered series between 1923 and 1961, with subtitles giving some indication of the subject matter presented, yet all but one lacked an index to the taxa that were treated. Cumulatively they represent an enormous contribution to our present understanding of the taxonomy of the Boraginaceae, but the format in which they were published makes it difficult to access the information easily. The present contribution is an index to the botanical names in Johnston’s “Studies in the Boraginaceae.” Introductory material discusses Johnston’s career, including his other research interests, but this volume is not intended to be a complete history of his life and accomplishments. An explanation of how the index was prepared, a complete list of all of Johnston’s research publications, and indices to the type specimens of names published by Johnston are also provided. This project grew out of a personal effort by the first author to index Johnston’s publications as a tool for further monographic studies on the Boraginaceae. The suggestion to revise and publish this came from many people, but Joan Nowicke, Michael Frohlich, and Harald Riedl were especially encouraging. Checking the numerous references, standardizing abbreviations for authorities, and assembling information about Johnston’s life, the names he published, and the types of the names that he published were time-consuming and often tedious tasks that could not have been completed without the two coauthors. Sue Taylor helped proofread and check all of the index entries and assembled the appendices cataloging Johnston’s names, types, and publications, and Erin Rempala did the majority of the work standardizing author citations, many of which required consulting the original literature to resolve ambiguous citations. Several other colleagues at the Missouri Botanical Garden assisted either in finding or photocopying additional research materials. The authors would like to especially thank Roy Cummings and Heidi Schmidt for their assistance. Emily Wood and the staff of the Harvard University Botanical Libraries, particularly Sheila Conner of the Arnold Arboretum, helped find Johnston’s correspondence that remains at Harvard. Following his death, Johnston’s research materials were destined for the Texas Research Foundation, which was dissolved in 1972. While some available correspondence provides a bit of information, the final disposition of Johnston’s correspondence and field books remains a mystery. John Kirkpatrick, of the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin, helped locate Johnston’s correspondence with Donovan Correll. Billie Turner willingly provided access to his personal correspondence with Johnston. Barney Lipscomb provided assistance at BRIT, and Larry Sail, of the University of Texas at Dallas, helped confirm that none of Johnston’s material had ended up there with Lundell. Finally, this whole project benefited tremendously from assistance from the library staff at the Missouri Botanical Garden. Martha Riley and Doug Holland helped find archival materials. Teri-Ann Wallace helped obtain materials through inter-library loan, and Linda Oestry helped locate necessary references. As the project was concluded, Joseph Ewan discussed much of the history surrounding Johnston’s career and helped place his actions in the context of the botanical community at the time. His advice added greatly to the work. 1 2 Miller, Taylor & Rempala Introduction No single botanist has had as great an impact on our present state of knowledge of the systematics of Boraginaceae as Ivan Murray Johnston. The family was his primary research interest during his 38- year career at Harvard University. In addition to his contributions to our present understanding of relationships and classification, he published 215 new names in the family, accounting for about 10% of the presently recognized species. Only the combined efforts of Augustin Pyramus and Alphonso de Candolle in the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (de Candolle, 1845, 1846), where they published more than 350 species and nearly 500 new taxa of Boraginaceae, could attempt to claim a larger number, but their work is much less detailed, a much smaller percentage of their species are accepted by modem authors, and their classification was much less refined than that of Johnston. Although Johnston focused intensively on Boraginaceae, his interests were broad and covered many subjects, perhaps best described in his own words in a letter dated 10 June 1957 to an old friend in California: “I am, as you may know, a systematic botanist with a monographic interest in the family Boraginaceae, and a general interest in plants of Latin America. Before the war I was working on the flora of the intermontane states of northern Mexico (those south of Texas and New Mexico) and since then have been working in Panama and for a time of the flora of southeastern Asia. My love of desert plants and floras still persists but of late I seem to have been occupied most of the time with the analysis of tropical forests for the Army.” While a great deal can be learned of Johnston’s research interests through his publications, the more personal side of his life is a bit more difficult to follow. His last 10 years at Harvard were not happy ones, as he became embittered over the merging of the Arnold Arboretum and Gray Herbarium libraries and herbaria. Shortly before his death, he had decided to move to the Texas Research Foundation. His science library, presumably containing the major part of his correspondence and his field books, was to become part of the library of the Texas Research Foundation (Cornell, 1961). The foundation closed on the first of September 1972 and the herbarium and library were transferred to the University of Texas, Austin (Turner, 1973), but Johnston’s materials either never made it to the foundation or they were separated and lost when the foundation was dissolved. Ivan Murray johnston’s research career Ivan Murray Johnston was bom on February 28, 1898, in Los Angeles, California, where his parents, William Murray Johnston, a locally prominent physician, and Etta Farnsworth Johnston, had emigrated in 1895. He attended public school in Los Angeles and began collecting plants in southern California as a high school student. He roamed the area where he lived and collected along streams and the coast. He later wrote to botanist and botanical historian Joseph Ewan that “I was bom on Pico Street and used to go swimming just beyond Western Ave. not to mention stealing watermelons near Brea pits.” His affection for the area lasted his entire life, and he later lamented the unique biological environments that had been destroyed by development in the Los Angles area. His specimens were pressed and labeled with a great deal of care, and this interest in specimen quality was later a frequent topic in his correspondence and publications. He began corresponding with botanists at nearby universities, and also in other parts of the country, before he began college. Much of this correspondence would result in life-long professional relationships. In 1916, Johnston began his undergraduate studies at Pomona College, in Claremont, California, where he studied botany with Philip Munz and began building his relationships with the major figures in botanical research in California at the time (Munz, 1961). He transferred to the University of I. M. Johnston’s “Studies in the Boraginaceae” 3 California at Berkeley in 1918 and received his A.B. degree with Highest Honors in Botany in 1920. He continued his studies at Berkeley and received his M.A. in 1922. During the summers of 1919, 1920, and 1922, he also kept botanically busy working at the Pike’s Peak alpine laboratory of the Carnegie Institution with F. E. Clements and Harvey M. Hall (Howard, 1961; Munz, 1961). From mid April to mid July 1921, Johnston took a leave from his master’s studies and served as the botanical collector on the California Academy of Sciences expedition to the Gulf of California. As was to characterize his work throughout his career, Johnston returned home from his trip and published a 233-page article only three years later. His published account (Johnston, 1924c) is an excellent example of his ability to incorporate geological, geographical, and climatalogical information into his understanding of species. His introduction provides an excellent review of the physical features and geology of the region. During the trip, Johnston made about 1500 collections on 30 islands in the Gulf, 5 sites in Sonora, and 14 localities on mainland Baja California (Johnston, 1924c). The collection represented approximately 300 species, of which about 50 were new to science (Evermann, 1921). Then- director of the museum at the California Academy of Sciences, B. W. Evermann, wrote in his Director’s Report for 1921, “Specialists who have examined some of the groups assert that, in spite of the fact that the time when the collecting was done was the most unfavorable of the year, it is the best collection ever made in that little explored region.” In addition to his collections of vascular plants, Johnston kept a separate number series for the marine algae, which he also collected. William Albert Setchell and Nathan Lyon Gardner (1924) described 60 new species from his collections, 14 of them named after him (Table 1). During both high school and his undergraduate college years, Johnston developed professional relationships with the prominent botanists in California, and also with botanists in other parts of the country. One of those who most influenced Johnston was J. Francis Macbride, then at the Gray Herbarium at Harvard (later at the Field Museum in Chicago). Johnston had expressed his opinion to Macbride as early as 1918 that some of the Boraginaceae of the American Southwest were in dire need of study; it was Macbride’s suggestion that Johnston continue with his graduate studies at Harvard (Howard, 1961; Mangelsdorf et al., 1961). Johnston moved to the East Coast to begin doctoral studies at Harvard under the direction of B. L. Robinson in the fall of 1922. He received his doctorate in 1925 following approval of his dissertation by his graduate committee of Robinson, Oakes Ames, and Merrit L. Femald. His thesis, entitled “The North American Species of Cryptantha,” was published as the fourth article in his “Studies in the Boraginaceae” (Johnston, 1925a). With the encouragement of Robinson, Johnston was awarded a Sheldon Traveling Fellowship, which allowed him to travel to and conduct fieldwork in Chile from 1 October 1925 to 31 May 1926. During this trip he developed a series of friendships that lasted his entire life; the respect his South American colleagues held for him is evidenced by the number of memorial articles published following his death (Ferreyra, 1960; Looser, 1961; Ruiz Leal, 1961). Both his guide to the preparation of botanical specimens for the herbarium (Johnston, 1939c) and his article “The floristic significance of shrubs common to North and South American deserts” (Johnston, 1940c) were re-published in Spanish (Johnston, 1941c, 194 Id). On 18 and 19 October 1925, Johnston collected the extraordinarily dry Nitrate Coast of northern Chile during an unusually wet year for the region. He gathered 86 collections in the region, 52 from a steep quebrada north of Tocopilla and 34 from the base of the hills north of Antofagasta. Between 28 October and 10 January, Johnston made 930 collections in the northern provinces of Chanaral and Taltal (Johnston, 1929c), which were the basis of his 137-page publication on the region three years after his fieldwork. While he collected wherever he could, he seemed particularly interested in the vegetation regularly covered by sea-fog, from altitudes of 300 to 800 m, between Barquito and Paposo. Many of the plants he described bear specific epithets commemorating the towns of the region. 4 Miller, Taylor & Rempala On 10 January 1926, Johnston crossed the border through the Paso de Valeriano, into the drainage of the Rio de la Tagua, in the high cordilleras of Argentina. He collected in this high-mountain region from 3000 to 4425 m for five days before returning to Chile late in the afternoon of 15 January with 121 collections from this poorly known area, including many new distributional records, seven new species, and a new variety (Johnston, 1929b). Table 1. Types of marine algae collected by Ivan Johnston on the California Academy of Sciences exploration of the Gulf of California in 1921. S. & G. = Setch. & N. L. Gardner. Coll. Family Species No. 1 Rhodophyllidaceae Hypnea johnstonii S. & G. 2 Sargassaceae Sargassum guardiense S. & G. 8 Codiaceae Codia simulans S. & G. 8a Oscillatoriaceae Hydrocoleum codicola S. & G. 9e Rivulariaceae Calothrix nodulosa S. & G. 11 Sargassaceae Sargassum insulare S. & G. lib Corynophyloeaceae Gonodia johnstonii S. & G. 13a Chamaesiphonaceae Xenococcus deformans S. & G. 16 Codiaceae Codium conjunctum S. & G. 18b Rhodomelaceae Laurencia obtusiuscula var. corymbifera S. &G. 21 Rhodophyllidaceae Corallopsis excavata S. & G. (syntype with Johnston 59) 23 Gelidiaceae Gelidium decompositum S. & G. 24 Encoeliaceae Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima S. &G. 26 Chaetophoraceae Entocladia condensata S. & G. 27 Gelidiaceae Gelidium johnstonii S. & G. 27a Ceramiaceae Ceramium procumbens S. & G. 32 Dictyotaceae Dictyota hesperia S. & G. 34c Chamaesiphonaceae Dermocarpa reinschii S. & G. 36 Rhodophyllidaceae Gracilaria vivipara S. & G. 41 Rhodomelaceae Polysiphonia sinicola S. & G. 42 Codiaceae Codium reductum S. & G. 44 Rhodophyllidaceae Gracilaria pinnata S. & G. 47 Codiaceae Codium cuneatum S. & G. 47e Ectocarpaceae Ectocarpus gonodioides S. & G. 49b Chaetophoraceae Entocladia mexicana S. & G. 53b Ceramiaceae Callithamnion endovagum S. & G. 53c Rhodomelaceae Laurencia estebaniana S. & G. 53e Grateloupiaceae Prionitis abbreviata S. & G. 56 Nemastomaceae Schizymenia johnstonii S. & G. 58b Myrionemataceae Compsonema immixtum S. & G. 59 Rhodophyllidaceae Corallopsis excavata S. & G. (syntype with Johnston 21) 60 Grateloupiaceae Grateloupia squarrulosa S. & G. 62 Rhodophyllidaceae Gracilaria johnstonii S. & G.

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