IT English in Use: Учебно-методическое пособие

43 Pages·2022·0.553 MB·Russian

by  Дидык Н. В.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«МИРЭА ‐ Российский технологический университет»
(РТУ МИРЭА)
Дидык Н.В.
IT English in Use
Учебно-методическое пособие
Москва 2022
УДК: 811.111-26(075.8)
ББК: 81.432.1я73
Д 44

Дидык Н.В. IT English in Use [Электронный ресурс]: Учебно-методическое пособие /
Дидык Н.В. – М.: МИРЭА – Российский технологический университет, 2022. – 1 электрон.
опт. диск (CD-ROM)
Разработано в помощь специалистам и бакалаврам второго курса для совершенствования
навыков работы с английскими текстами по специальности для приобретения навыков
профессиональной деятельности, для развития монологической речи, практического
овладения профессиональной терминологией в сфере информационных технологий.
Направлено на систематизацию и закрепление профессиональной лексики, повышение
навыков и умений, формирования коммуникативной компетентности в сфере будущей
специальности.
Рекомендовано к изданию на заседании кафедры Иностранных языков, протокол № 8 от
18.04.2022г.
Учебно-методическое пособие издается в авторской редакции.
Автор: Дидык Наталия Валерьевна, старший преподаватель кафедры Иностранных языков
РТУ МИРЭА.
Рецензенты:
Дерягина Зинаида Савиновна, к.ф.н., доцент, преподаватель департамента
педагогического образования, автономная некоммерческая организация дополнительного
профессионального образования.
Романов Михаил Петрович, д.т.н, профессор, директор института искусственного
интеллекта, Российский Технологический Университет – МИРЭА.
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Подписано к использованию по решению Редакционно-издательского совета
МИРЭА — Российский технологический университет.
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© Дидык Н.В., 2022
© МИРЭА - Российский
технологический университет, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1 ......................................................................................................................... 4
Text A ........................................................................................................................ 4
Text B ........................................................................................................................ 6
Text C ........................................................................................................................ 8
Text D ...................................................................................................................... 12
UNIT 2 ....................................................................................................................... 15
Text A ...................................................................................................................... 15
Text B ..................................................................................................................... 16
Text C .................................................................................................................... 20
UNIT 3 ....................................................................................................................... 22
Text A ...................................................................................................................... 22
Text B ..................................................................................................................... 24
Text C ...................................................................................................................... 26
UNIT 4 ....................................................................................................................... 29
Text A ...................................................................................................................... 29
Text B ..................................................................................................................... 31
Text C ..................................................................................................................... 33
Security ................................................................................................................... 33
UNIT 5 ....................................................................................................................... 36
Text A ...................................................................................................................... 36
Text B ...................................................................................................................... 37
Text C ...................................................................................................................... 40
References .................................................................................................................. 42
Information About The Author .................................................................................. 43

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UNIT 1
Text A
Information and communications technology (ICT)
Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for
information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and
the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and
computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and
audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate
information.
ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisual and telephone
networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There
are large economic incentives to merge the telephone network with the computer
network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and
management. ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device,
encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware,
satellite systems, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as
video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology,
such as paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.
ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving. It covers any product
that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit, or receive information electronically
in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital
television, email, or robots). Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of
many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals for
the 21st century.
The phrase "information and communication technologies" has been used by
academic researchers since the 1980s. The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after
it was used in a report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997, and
then in the revised National Curriculum for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in
2000. Variations of the phrase have spread worldwide. The United Nations has
created a "United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task
Force" and an internal "Office of Information and Communications Technology".
There is evidence that, to be effective in education, ICT must be fully
integrated into the pedagogy. Specifically, when teaching literacy and math, using
ICT in combination with Writing to Learn produces better results than traditional
methods alone or ICT alone. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organisation has made integrating ICT into education part of its efforts to
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ensure equity and access to education. The following, taken directly from a
UNESCO publication on educational ICT, explains the organization's position on
the initiative.
Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal
access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and
teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education
management, governance, and administration. UNESCO takes a holistic and
comprehensive approach to promote ICT in education. Access, inclusion, and
quality are among the main challenges they can address.
Despite the power of computers to enhance and reform teaching and learning
practices, improper implementation is a widespread issue beyond the reach of
increased funding and technological advances with little evidence that teachers and
tutors are properly integrating ICT into everyday learning. Intrinsic barriers such as
a belief in more traditional teaching practices and individual attitudes towards
computers in education as well as the teachers own comfort with computers and
their ability to use them all as result in varying effectiveness in the integration of
ICT in the classroom.

Task 1. Discuss the meaning of the words and phrases. Give definitions to the
words.
Information technology, unified communications, integration of
telecommunications, communication device, to transmit communication,
information and communications technology, computer and network hardware.

Task 2. Complete the sentences according to the text.
1. Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional
term for …..
2. IT stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of ….
3. Necessary enterprise software enables users to access, store, transmit
and manipulate …..
4. ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisual and
telephone networks with ……
5. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone network
with…..

5
Text B
The difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web
Many people use the terms the Internet and the World Wide Web
interchangeably, but in fact these two terms are not synonymous. The Internet and
the Web are two separate but related things.
What the Internet is? The Internet is a massive network of networks, a
networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally,
forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other
computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information that travels
over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols.
What the World Wide Web is? The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet,
a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. But it‟s not a
collection of networks. It is the information that is connected or linked together like
a web. WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents on the Internet. With
a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and
other multimedia and navigate between them by using hyperlinks. Using concepts
from earlier hypertext systems, English engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim
Berners Lee, now the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, wrote a
proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web.
He was later joined by Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau while both were
working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1990, they proposed using
“Hypertext to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in
which the user can browse at will”, and released that web in December.
The World Wide Web was developed to be a pool of human knowledge,
which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all
aspects of a common project. If two projects are independently created, the two
bodies of information could form into one cohesive piece of work.
The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the
Internet, to transmit data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to
communicate, use the Web to share information. The Web also utilizes browsers,
such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages
that are linked to each other via hyperlinks.
The Web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated over
the Internet. The Internet, not the Web, is also used for e-mail, which relies on
SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant messaging and FTP. So the Web is just a
portion of the Internet, although a large portion, but the two terms are not
synonymous and should not be confused.
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Task 1. Match the English terms with their Russian definitions.
1. World Wide Web Consortium
2. CERN (Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire)
3. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
4. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
5. Usenet (User Network)
6. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
a. протокол передачи гипертекста
b. простой протокол электронной почты, протокол SMTP (основной
протокол электронной почты в интернете)
c. пользовательская сеть, распределенная система электронных досок
объявлений, упорядоченная по группам новостей этой сети
d. Консорциум по разработке и распространению стандартов
и протоколов для WWW- системы
e. протокол передачи файлов, используемый в интернете
протокол передачи файлов между хост-компьютерами
f. Европейская организация по ядерным исследованиям

Task 2. Choose the words, to guess their meaning using the context: user, e-
mail, hardware, file, the Internet, software.
1. Some information held on disk: data, programs, text
2. An international computer network providing e-mail and information
from computers in educational institutions, government agencies, and
industry, accessible to the general public via modem links
3. An individual or group making use of the output of a computer
system
4. A general term for any computer programs
5. The computer equipment and its peripherals
6. Messages sent between users of computer systems, where the system
is used to hold and transport messages

Task 3 . Choose the correct question for the following answers.
1. The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking
infrastructure which connects millions of computers together globally.
a. How many computers does the Internet connect?
b. What the Internet is?
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c. How does the Internet connect computers?
2. The World Wide Web is the information that is connected or linked
together like a web.
a. What does the WWW stand for?
b. What is the WWW linked to?
c. What the World Wide Web is?
3. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text,
images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them by using
hyperlinks.
a. What do web pages contain?
b. How can one view web pages and navigate between them?
c. Are there any multimedia on the Internet?
4. The World Wide Web was developed to be a pool of human knowledge,
which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and
all aspects of a common project.
a. What was the World Wide Web developed to be?
b. When was the World Wide Web developed?
c. What do the collaborators do?
5. The Web is just a portion of the Internet, albeit a large portion, but the
two terms are not synonymous and should not be confused.
a. Is the Web the same as the Internet?
b. Is the Web a part of the Internet?
c. Are the two terms synonymous?

Text C
Teleworking
Teleworking or remote work, also called distance working, telework,
working from home, mobile work and work from anywhere is an employment
arrangement in which employees do not commute to a central place of work, such as
an office building, warehouse, or retail store. It is facilitated by technology such as
collaborative software, virtual private networks, conference calling, Internet access,
cloud computing, voice over IP (VoIP), mobile telecommunications technology
such as a Wi-Fi-equipped laptop or tablet computers, smartphones, and desktop
computers. It can be efficient and useful for companies since it allows workers to
communicate over long distances, saving significant amounts of travel time and
cost. Common software used for remote work include Zoom, Cisco Webex,
8
Microsoft Teams, Google Meet and WhatsApp.
The terms "telecommuting" and "telework" were created by Jack Nilles in
1973. In 1979, five IBM employees were allowed to work from home as an
experiment. By 1983, the experiment was expanded to 2,000 people. By the early
1980s, branch offices and home workers were able to connect to
organizational mainframes using personal computers and terminal emulators.
In 1995, the motto that "work is something you do, not something you travel
to" was created. Variations of this motto include: "Work is what we do, not where
we are." During the Information Age, many startups were founded in the houses of
entrepreneurs who lacked financial resources.
Since the 1980s, the normalization of remote work has been on a steady
incline. For example, the number of people working from home grew by 4 million
from 2003 to 2006, and by 1983 academics were beginning to experiment with
online conferencing.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of workers were forced to start
remote working for the first time. Many students had to switch to distance
education. Many companies have mandated employees work from home either
temporarily or permanently. Some companies paid for home office equipment.
Telecommuting has been adopted by many businesses, governments and
non- profit organizations. Organizations may use telecommuting to reduce costs.
Telecommuting employees do not require an office or cubicle, a space which needs
to be rented or purchased, and incurs additional costs such as lighting and climate
control. Some organizations adopt telecommuting to improve workers' quality of
life, as teleworking typically reduces commuting time and time stuck in traffic
congestion. Teleworking may make it easier for workers to balance their work
responsibilities with their personal life and family roles (e.g., caring for children or
elderly parents). Some organizations adopt teleworking for environmental reasons,
as telework can reduce traffic congestion and air pollution, with fewer cars on the
roads.

Task 1. Discuss the meaning of the words and phrases. Give definitions to
the words.
To commute, remote work, collaborative software, virtual private networks,
conference calling, cloud computing, Wi-Fi-equipped laptop, to communicate over
long distances, tablet computers, desktop computers.

9
Task 2. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences: Commuting, non-
profit, office, reduce, workers, teleworking, connect.
1. Telecommuting has been adopted by many businesses, governments
and
(1) organizations.
2. Organizations may use telecommuting to (2) costs.
3. Telecommuting employees do not require an (3) , a space
which needs to be rented or purchased.
4. Teleworking may make it easier for (4) to balance their
work responsibilities with their personal life.
5. Branch offices and home workers were able to (5)
to organizational mainframes using personal computers.
6. Some organizations adopt (6) for environmental reasons.
7. Teleworking typically reduces (7) time and time stuck in
traffic congestion.

Benefits and drawbacks of teleworking
The technology of teleworking is not advanced enough to replicate face-to-
face office interactions. Room for mistakes and miscommunication can increase.
According to media richness theory, face-to-face interactions provide the capacity
to process rich information: ambiguous issues can be clarified, immediate feedback
can be provided, and there is personalized communication (e.g. body language, tone
of voice). Telecommuting requires the use of various types of media to
communicate, such as the telephone and email. Emails have a time lag that does not
allow for immediate feedback; telephone conversations make it harder to decipher
the emotions of the person or team on the phone; and both of these forms of
communication do not allow one to see the other person. Typical organization
communication patterns are altered in telecommuting. For instance, teams using
computer-mediated communication with computer conferencing take longer to
make group decisions than face-to-face groups.
Workers tend to be satisfied with face-to-face interactions, phone
conversations, and in-person departmental meetings to receive communications, but
email and the Internet do not add to their communication satisfaction. This suggests
that teleworking may not have the components for "rich communication"
compared to face-to-face interactions, although one study found that virtual workers
in a team were more satisfied with their technology-mediated communication than
their in- person office communication.
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