PENGUIN BOOKS ISTANBUL John Freely was born in New York in 1926. He joined the US Navy at the age of seventeen and served with a commando unit in Burma and China during the last months of the Second World War. He received a Ph.D. in physics from New York University in 1960, and since then he has lived in New York, Boston, London, Athens, Istanbul and Venice. His first book was Strolling Through Istanbul (1971, with Hilary Sumner-Boyd). Since then he has written over twenty books, including Classical Turkey, Strolling Through Athens, Strolling Through Venice, Inside the Seraglio and The Lost Messiah. I S T A N B U L THE IMPERIAL CITY John Freely PENGUIN BOOKS PENGUIN BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Putnam Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 Penguin Books India (P) Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, India Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, Cnr Rosedale and Airborne Roads, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England www.penguin.com First published by Viking 1996 Published in Penguin Books 1998 18 Text copyright © John Freely,1996 All rights reserved The moral right of the author has been asserted Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser ISBN:978-0-14-192605-6 For Toots Istanbul Memories Contents List of Colour Plates and Picture Acknowledgements Maps Preface Turkish Spelling and Pronunciation PART I – BYZANTIUM 1 The Strait and the City, up to c. 658 BC 2 The Greek City-State of Byzantium, c. 658 BC–AD 196 3 Roman Byzantium, 196–330 PART II – CONSTANTINOPLE 4 The City of Constantine, 330–337 5 The Imperial Capital, 337–395 6 The Theodosian Walls, 395–450 7 The Late Roman City, 450–527 8 The Age of Justinian, 527–565 9 The Struggle for Survival, 565–717 10 The Iconoclastic Crisis, 717–845 11 Born in the Purple, 845–1056 12 The Dynasty of the Comneni, 1056–1185 13 The Latin Conquest, 1185–1261 14 Renaissance and Civil War, 1261–1354 15 The Fall of Byzantium, 1354–1453 PART III – ISTANBUL 16 Istanbul, Capital of the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1520 17 The Age of Süleyman the Magnificent, 1520–1566 18 The House of Felicity, 1566–1623 19 The Procession of the Guilds, 1623–1638 20 Decline and Gilded Decadence, 1638–1730 21 In the Days of the Janissaries, 1730–1826 22 The Age of Reform, 1826–1876 268 23 The Fall of the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1923 24 Istanbul under the Turkish Republic, 1923–1995 PART IV– NOTES ON MONUMENTS AND MUSEUMS APPENDICES Glossary List of Emperors and Sultans Bibliography Index Colour Plates and Picture Acknowledgements
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