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Issues in Japan’s China Policy PDF

192 Pages·1978·19.101 MB·English
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ISSUES IN JAPAN'S CHINA POLICY The Royal Institute of International Affairs is an unofficial body which promotes the scientific study of international questions and does not express opinions of its own. The opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the author. The Institute and its Research Committee are grateful for the com ments and suggestions made by Professor Gerald L. Curtis, Professor R. P. Dore, and Dr D. C. Wilson, who were asked to review the manuscript of this book. Also by Wolf Mendl DETERRENCE AND PERSUASION : FRENCH NUCLEAR ARMAMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL POLICY, 1945-1969 PROPHETS AND RECONCILERS : REFLECTIONS ON THE QUAKER PEACE TESTIMONY ISSUES IN JAPAN'S CHINA POLICY WolfMendl Palgrave Macmillan © Royal Institute of International Affairs 1978 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 978-0-333-23253-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1978 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Delhi Dublin Hong Kong Johannesburg Lagos Melbourne New York Singapore Tokyo ISBN 978-1-349-03582-3 ISBN 978-1-349-03580-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-03580-9 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Mendl, Wolf Issues in Japan's China policy 1. Japan-Foreign relations-China 2. China Foreign relations-Japan I. Title II. Royal Institute of International Affairs 327.52'051 DS849.C6 This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement To Takako Red or white, China remains our next-door neighbor. Geography and economic laws will, I believe, prevail in the long run over any ideological differences and artificial trade barriers. Shigeru Yoshida, 'Japan and the Crisis in Asia', Foreign Affairs, January 1951, p. 179 Contents Preface and Acknowledgements IX Abbreviations and Note on Japanese Names Xlll Map XIV 1 JAPAN'S CHINA POLICY 1945-1971 1 The Years of Readjustment 1945-1949 2 Crystallization of the Issues in Japan's China Policy 1949-1952 6 Cycle I: 1952-1958 17 Cycle II: 1958-1965 19 Cycle III: 1965-1971 24 ~~ ~ 2 CHINA ISSUES AFTER TWENTY YEARS: 1971 32 Trade 33 Taiwan 39 Security 43 China in Domestic Politics 44 Conclusion 52 Notes 54 3 THE DIPLOMATIC REVOLUTION OF 1971-1972 AND SUBSEQUENT POLICY 57 The Movement towards Normalization July 1971 to September 1972 58 Normalization 64 The Development of Policy 1972-1976 68 Conclusion 77 Notes 77 viii Contents 4 ASPECTS OF THE CHINA PROBLEM IN THE LATE 1970s 82 Economic and Commercial Relations 82 Bilateral Political Issues 87 China in Japan's Relations with Third Countries 92 China in Domestic Politics 99 Notes 102 5 THE OUTLOOK FOR JAPAN'S RELATIONS WITH CHINA 105 The Future Importance of Specific Issues 106 The Determinants of Japanese Policy 117 Conclusion 122 Notes 124 TABLES 127 I Japan's Trade with China 1952-1976 127 II Total Japan-China Trade and L-T(MT) and Friendly Trade 1963-1971 128 III Exchange of Persons between Japan and China 1949- 1973 129 IV Japan's Trade with Taiwan 1952-1976 130 V Japan's Exports and Imports by Principal Areas 1968- 1976 131 APPENDIXES 133 A Exchange of letters between the Japanese Prime Minister, Mr Shigeru Yoshida, and Mr John Foster Dulles, regarding Japan's policy towards China 133 B Treaty of Peace between Japan and Nationalist China, Taipei, 28 April 1952 135 C Unified View of the Foreign Ministry concerning the China Problem 1964 140 D Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Japan 142 E Comparative Chronology of Events Affecting Japan's China Policy 1949-1976 145 Bibliographical Note 164 Index 171 Preface and Acknowledgements WHEN Mr Tanaka followed President Nixon to Peking in 1972, his visit was surrounded by much speculation over the future course of Japan's foreign policy. The establishment of American relations with Peking opened a new era in east Asia. A diplomatic revolution had ended twenty-two years of American-Chinese confrontation. It was the climax of a series of developments which included the Soviet-American detente, the Sino-Soviet conflict, and the greater self-assertion of some of the west European states-France under de Gaulle and West Germany with its Ostpolitik. The international system was no longer dominated by the bipolarity of Soviet-American confrontation and a multipolar system had taken its place. This was the widely held view of the early 1970s and Japan was counted among the poles or centres of influence in the new world order. How was this economic giant going to declare its interest and what was it going to do? The assumption was that, until then, Japan had had no foreign policy worthy of that description, that its policy had been to do as the United States did and to grow rich behind the pro tective shield of American military power in east Asia. It was often said that Japan now had to make choices, as if it had not made any choices since 1945. The same thing is still being said, by Japanese as much as outsiders. To talk in these days of a country's 'choices', is to invite a great many objections. It is generally agreed that what passes as the foreign policy of a state is essentially the product of the interaction of many factors, among which perceptions of the national interest, the impact of the international environment, and the cyclical relationship between one country's actions and another's reactions are the most important. Each of these factors raises further questions. For example, what do we mean by perceptions of the national interest? Do they not presup pose a perception of the nation? And whose perceptions are we talking about? We should certainly get a distorted view if we confined ourselves

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