Isocyanides’ Latest Trick: Palladium‐Catalyzed Imidoylative Cross‐ Coupling Reactions Tjøstil Vlaar 2014 The work described in this thesis was financially supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO, TOP grant). Cover picture: © Richard Megna, FUNDAMENTAL PHOTOGRAPHS, NYC Cover design: Paul Slobbe ISBN: 978‐90‐5335‐821‐4 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Isocyanides’ Latest Trick: Palladium‐Catalyzed Imidoylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Exacte Wetenschappen op donderdag 15 mei 2014 om 13.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Tjøstil Vlaar geboren te Alkmaar promotor: prof.dr.ir. R.V.A. Orru copromotor: dr. E. Ruijter “Vertrouwen is goed, controle is beter” Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 9 Preface 11 Chapter 1 Introduction: 13 Recent Advances in PalladiumCatalyzed Cascade Cyclizations Chapter 2 Introduction: 63 PalladiumCatalyzed Migratory Insertion of Isocyanides: An Emerging Platform in CrossCoupling Chemistry Chapter 3 4Aminophthalazin1(2H)ones: 95 Reaction Optimization and Substrate Scope Chapter 4 4Aminophthalazin1(2H)ones: 117 Followup Chemistry and Scaffold Diversification Chapter 5 Heterocyclic Guanidines: 137 Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Diamines and Isocyanides Chapter 6 Heterocyclic Guanidines: 169 Synthesis of Diverse Azolo[c]quinazolines Chapter 7 2Aminobenzoxazinones: 197 Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Anthranilic Acids and Isocyanides Chapter 8 4Aminoquinolines: 215 Imidoylative Oxidative PdCatalyzed Double CH Activation 7 Table of Contents Chapter 9 Reflections and Future Directions 227 Summary 239 Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) 245 Dankwoord 251 List of Publications 255 8 List of Abbreviations 9‐BBN 9‐borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane ee enantiomeric excess Ac acetyl ESI electrospray ionization Ad adamantyl EWG electron withdrawing group APO 4‐aminophthalazin‐1(2H)‐one et al. et alii (and others) Ar aryl GC gas chromatography atm atmosphere h hour aq. aqueous i.e. id est (that is) Bn benzyl IR infrared (spectroscopy) br broad HRMS high resolution mass conc. concentrated spectroscopy Cp cyclopentadienyl Hz hertz Cy cyclohexyl L ligand d doublet m multiplet (NMR) or medium dba dibenzylideneacetone (IR) DBU 1,8‐diazabicycloundec‐7‐ene m.p. melting point DCE 1,2‐dichloroethane MCR multicomponent reaction DCM dichloromethane MeTHF 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran DIPEA N,N‐diisopropylethylamine min minutes DME dimethoxyethane MS molecular sieves DMF dimethylformamide Mts 2,4,6‐trimethylphenylsulfonyl DMSO dimethylsulfoxide NMM N‐methylmorpholine DPEphos (oxydi‐2,1‐phenylene)‐ NMR nuclear magnetic resonance bis(diphenyl‐phosphine) NMP N‐methylpyrrolidone dppe 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐ MOM methoxymethyl ethane NHC N‐heterocyclic carbene dppf 1,1'‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐ Ns nosyl, 2‐ or 4‐nitrobenzene‐ ferrocene sulfonyl dppp 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐ Nu nucleophile propane PG protecting group e.g. exempli gratia (for example) Piv pivaloyl 9 List of Abbreviations PMB paramethoxybenzyl THF tetrahydrofuran ppm parts per million TLC thin layer chromatography q quartet TMS trimethylsilyl rt room temperature tol tolyl SAR structure‐activity relationship Ts tosyl SM starting material s singlet (NMR) or strong (IR) t triplet UV ultraviolet TBS tert‐butyldimethylsilyl vs. versus Tf triflyl, trifluoromethane‐ w weak sulfonyl XPhos 2‐dicyclohexylphosphino‐ TFA trifluoroacetic acid or 2′,4′,6′‐triisopropylbiphenyl trifluoroacetate µW microwave 10
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