Islamic Laws

537 Pages·2017·2.02 MB·English

by  Syed Ali al-Sistani

islamic laws
A   
 H E
S A H S
V O : R A  W
A New Annotated Translation by
Mohammed Ali Ismail
THE WORLD FEDERATION
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-909285-50-7
Second Edition
© Copyright 2015 e World Federation of KSIMC
Published by:
e World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities
Registered Charity in the UK No. 282303
e World Federation is an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations
Islamic Centre, Wood Lane, Stanmore, Middlesex, United Kingdom, HA7 4LQ
www.world-federation.org
Design & Layout by Advent Publishing Services, London
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmied in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior wrien
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations quoted in
articles or reviews.
C  B
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Translator’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii
Transliteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
1. Following a Jurist (Taqlīd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Purification (Ṭahārah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Prayer (Ṣalāh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
4. Fasting (Ṣawm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
5. Spiritual Retreat (Iʿtikāf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
6. e One-Fih Tax (Khums) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
7. Enjoining Good and Forbidding Evil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
8. Alms Tax (Zakat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463
9. Hajj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Appendix: Table of Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507
Works Consulted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
C

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Translator’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii
Transliteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
1. Following a Jurist (Taqlīd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Purification (Ṭahārah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Unmixed (muṭlaq) and mixed (muḍāf) water . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1. Kurr water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2. Qalīl water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
3. Flowing water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. Rainwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
5. Well water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Laws relating to the different types of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Laws relating to emptying the bowels and the bladder . . . . .18
Clearing the male urethra of urine (istibrāʾ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Recommended (mustaḥabb) and disapproved (makrūh)
acts when emptying the bowels and the bladder . . . . . . . 22
Impurities (najāsāt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
1. & 2. Urine and Faeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
3. Semen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4. Corpse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
5. Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
6. & 7. Dog and Pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
8. Disbeliever (kāfir) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9. Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
10. Sweat of an excrement-eating animal . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Ways of establishing impurity (najāsah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
How a pure (ṭāhir) object becomes impure (najis) . . . . . . . . . 30
Laws of impurities (najāsāt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
ings that purify an impure object (muṭahhirāt) . . . . . . . . . 35
1. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2. Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
3. e Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
4. Transformation (istiḥālah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
5. Change (inqilāb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6. Transfer (intiqāl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
7. Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
8. Subsequence (tabaʿiyyah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
9. Removal of intrinsic impurity (ʿayn al-najāsah) . . . . .50
10. arantine (istibrāʾ) of an excrement-eating animal . 51
11. Absence of a Muslim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
12. Flowing out of blood [of a slaughtered animal] in
a normal quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Laws of utensils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Ablution (wuḍūʾ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Immersive ablution (al-wuḍūʾ al-irtimāsī) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Recommended supplication (duʿāʾ) while performingwuḍūʾ .59
Conditions for the validity of wuḍūʾ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Laws of wuḍūʾ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
ings for which one must perform wuḍūʾ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
ings that invalidate wuḍūʾ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Laws of jabīrah wuḍūʾ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Obligatory (wājib) ritual bathing (ghusl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Laws of ritual impurity (janābah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
ings that are unlawful (ḥarām) for a junub . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
ings that are disapproved (makrūh) for a junub . . . . . . . . .83
e ghusl for janābah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Sequential ritual bathing (al-ghusl al-tartībī) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Immersive ritual bathing (al-ghusl al-irtimāsī) . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Laws of performing ghusl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Irregular blood discharge (istiḥāḍah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Laws of istiḥāḍah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Menstruation (ḥayḍ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Laws of a woman in menstruation (ḥāʾiḍ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Categories of women in menstruation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
1. A woman with a habit of time and duration . . . . . . .109
2. A woman with a habit of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
3. A woman with a habit of duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
4. A woman with a disordered habit (muḍṭaribah) . . . .119
5. A menarcheal woman (mubtadiʾah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6. A forgetful woman (nāsiyah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Miscellaneous rulings on ḥayḍ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Lochia (niās) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
e ghusl for touching a corpse (mass al-mayyit) . . . . . . . . .128
Laws relating to a dying person (muḥtaḍar) . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Laws relating to aer death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
e obligation to give ghusl, shroud (takīn), pray over,
camphorate (taḥnīṭ), and bury (dafn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Method of performing the ghusl given to a corpse (mayyit) . . 134
Laws of shrouding (takīn) a corpse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Laws of camphorating (taḥnīṭ) a corpse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Laws of the funeral prayer (ṣalāt al-mayyit) . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Method of performing ṣalāt al-mayyit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Recommended (mustaḥabb) acts of ṣalāt al-mayyit . . . . . . . 148
Laws of burial (dafn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Recommended (mustaḥabb) acts of burial (dafn) . . . . . . . . . 152
e prayer of loneliness (ṣalāt al-waḥshah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Exhumation of a grave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Recommended (mustaḥabb) ghusls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Dry ablution (tayammum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
1. Not having water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
2. Not having access to water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3. Using water is harmful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
4. Hardship (ḥaraj) and excessive difficulty (mashaqqah) . 169
5. Needing water to quench thirst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6. Performing wuḍūʾ or ghusl conflicts with another
legal responsibility that is more important or just
as important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7. Shortage of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
ings with which performing tayammum is valid (ṣaḥīḥ) .172
Method of performing tayammum in place of wuḍūʾ or
ghusl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Laws of tayammum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3. Prayer (Ṣalāh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
e obligatory (wājib) prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
e obligatory daily prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
e time for the midday (ẓuhr) and aernoon
(ʿaṣr) prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
e Friday prayer (ṣalāt al-jumuʿah) and its laws . . . . . . . . .186
Some laws concerning the Friday prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
e time for the prayer at sunset (maghrib) and the
evening (ʿishāʾ) prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
e time for the morning (ṣubḥ) prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Laws relating to the time of prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Prayers that must be performed in order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Recommended (mustaḥabb) prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Timings for the daily supererogatory (nāfilah) prayers . . . .198
e ghufaylah prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Rules of qibla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Covering the body in prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Conditions of clothing worn by someone performing
prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Cases when it is not necessary for the body and clothing
of someone performing prayers to be pure . . . . . . . . . .216
ings that are recommended (mustaḥabb) for the clothing
of someone performing prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
ings that are disapproved (makrūh) for the clothing
of someone performing prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
e place where prayers are performed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Places where performing prayers is recommended
(mustaḥabb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Places where performing prayers is disapproved
(makrūh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Laws of a mosque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
e call to prayer (adhān) and the call to stand for prayer
(iqāmah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Translation of the sentences of adhān and iqāmah . . . 233
Obligatory components of the prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Intention (niyyah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Takbīrat al-iḥrām . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Standing (qiyām) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Recitation (qirāʾah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
Bowing (rukūʿ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Prostrating (sujūd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
ings on which sajdah is permied (jāʾiz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Recommended (mustaḥabb) and disapproved (makrūh)
acts of sajdah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Obligatory (wājib) prostrations of the r’an . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Testifying (tashahhud) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Salutation (salām) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Sequence (tartīb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
Close succession (muwālāh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
nūt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Translation of prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
1. Translation of Surat al-Ḥamd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
2. Translation of Surat al-Ikhlāṣ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
3. Translation of the dhikr of rukūʿ and sujūd, and the
dhikrs that are recommended to be said aer them .280
4. Translation of qunūt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
5. Translation of al-tasbīḥāt al-arbaʿah . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6. Translation of the complete tashahhud and salām . .282
Supplications aer prayers (taʿqībāt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Ṣalawāt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
ings that invalidate (mubṭilāt) prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
ings that are disapproved (makrūh) in prayers . . . . . . . . .293
Instances of when it is permied (jāʾiz) to break an
obligatory (wājib) prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Doubts that arise in prayers (shakkiyyāt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Doubts that invalidate prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Doubts that must be dismissed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
1. A doubt about an act for which the time of
performance has passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
2. Doubt aer salām . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
3. Doubt aer the time of prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
4. An excessive doubter (kathīr al-shakk) . . . . . . . . . . . 299
5. Doubt of an imam and a follower in congregational
prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
6. Doubts in recommended prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Doubts that are valid (ṣaḥīḥ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Method of performing the precautionary prayer
(ṣalāt al-iḥtiyāṭ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309
e prostration for inadvertence (sajdat al-sahw) . . . . . . . . 313
Method of performing sajdat al-sahw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
Making up (qaḍāʾ) a forgoen sajdah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
Omiing or adding components or conditions of
the prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
Prayers of a traveller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
Miscellaneous rulings on the prayer of a traveller . . . . . . . .338
Lapsed (qaḍāʾ) prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Lapsed (qaḍāʾ) prayers of a father that are obligatory
(wājib) on the eldest son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
Congregational prayers (ṣalāt al-jamāʿah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
Conditions of the imam of congregational prayers . . . . . . . 356
Rules of congregational prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Duties of the imam and the follower in congregational
prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
ings that are disapproved (makrūh) in congregational
prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
e prayer of signs (ṣalāt al-āyāt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Method of performing ṣalāt al-āyāt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
e Eid al-Fiṭr & Eid al-Aḍḥā prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Hiring someone to perform prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
4. Fasting (Ṣawm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
Intention (niyyah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
ings that invalidate a fast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
1. Eating and drinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
2. Sexual intercourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
3. Masturbation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
4. Ascribing something false to Allah, Prophet
Muḥammad (Ṣ), and the Twelve Imams (ʿA) . . . . . . .389
5. Causing dust to reach the throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390
6. Remaining in a state of janābah, ḥayḍ, or niās
until the time of ṣubḥ prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
7. Applying enema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
8. Vomiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396
Laws of things that invalidate a fast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
ings that are disapproved (makrūh) for a fasting
person to do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398