Islamic Civilization

32 Pages·2005·13.5 MB·English

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Islamic Nabeel
368–369
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ivilization
Muslims gather around the Kaaba
at the Great Mosque in Makkah.
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Chapter Overview Visit
ca.hss.glencoe.comfor a
preview of Chapter 2.
The Rise of Islam
Religion influences how civilization develops and how culture spreads.
The religion of Islam originated in Arabia. It was based on the
teachings of Muhammad.
Islamic Empires
Exploration and trade spreads ideas and goods. Followers of Islam,
called Muslims, built large empires and spread their faith through
trade and conquest throughout the Middle East and the
Mediterranean.
Muslim Ways of Life
The Interaction of different societies brings about the development of
new ideas,art,and technology. Muslims were skilled traders and
builders. They established large cities and made many advances in
mathematics, science, and the arts.
View the Chapter 2 video in the Glencoe Video Program.
Categorizing Information Make the following foldable to organize information
about the people and places of Islamic civilization.
Step 1 Collect two sheets Step 2 Fold down the top edges Reading and Writing
of paper and place them of the paper to form four tabs. As you read,use your
about 1 inch apart. foldable to write down
what you learn about
Islamic civilization.
This makes all
Write facts on each
the tabs the
Keep the same size. appropriate tab.
edges
straight.
Step 3 When all the tabs are the
same size,crease the paper to hold Islamic Civilization Staple
the tabs in place and staple the sheets The Rise of Islam along the
together.Turn the paper and label Islamic Empires fold.
each tab as shown. Muslim Ways of Life
171
Making Predictions
A prediction is a guess, based on what you already know.
Making predictions before you read can help you understand and
remember what you read. One way to predict while reading is to
guess what the author will tell you next.Read the paragraph below
from Section 1. Make predictions about what you will read in the
rest of the section.
Can you predict
Muhammad also preached that all peo-
how people will
ple were equal and that the rich should
react to these ideas?
share their goods. In Makkah, where most
people lived humbly, this vision of a just
society was very powerful. Muhammad
Think about what
you may already was saying that wealth was not as impor-
know about
tant as leading a good life. When the Day of
Islam. Predict
Judgment arrived, he said God would
how popular it
will become. reward the good people and punish the
evildoers.
— from page 176
What do you know about the beliefs of
other religions compared to Islam?
Predict how followers of other religions
Rtdeoea htdae tillpist l yeaosru ea cpnordve hdereiceatdd w iinnhgast will react.
each section. After you read the rest of the chapter,go back to
see if your predictions were correct.
172
Read the paragraph below from Section 3 of this chapter.
Read to Write
Select one photograph
in this chapter.
Without reading the
What Were Muslim Cities Like? caption, write a
Trade helped the lead-
prediction of what you
ing Muslim cities grow. Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus
think the caption
were located on trade routes that ran from the might say. Check the
Mediterranean Sea to central Asia. However, Muslim caption to see if your
prediction is correct.
cities were not only places of trade. They also became
important centers of government, learning, and the arts.
—from page 192
Predict what information will be discussed throughout this sec-
tion, and write down your predictions. Then as you read this sec-
tion, discuss your guesses with a partner, and decide if they were
correct.
Before you read the chapter, skim the
questions on pages 200–201 in the
Arab bazaar
Chapter Assessment. Choose three
questions and predict what the
answers will be.
173
Paul Dupuy Museum, Toulouse, France/Lauros-Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock
R I
ise slam
The of
Looking Back,Looking Ahead Meeting People
Previously,you learned about Bedouin (BEH•duh•wuhn)
History early empires in southwest Asia. Muhammad (moh•HAH•muhd)
Social Science During the A.D.600s,people called
Standards Arabs began a new empire in the Content Vocabulary
WH7.2 Students region.The driving force behind oasis (oh•AY•suhs)
analyze the geographic, their empire building was the sheikh (SHAYK)
political,economic,
religious,and social religion of Islam. caravan (KAR•uh•VAN)
structures of the Quran (koh•RAHN)
civilizations of Islam in
Focusing on the
the Middle Ages.
•The deserts,coastline,and oases of Academic Vocabulary
Arabia helped shape the Arab way intense (ihn•TEHNS)
of life. (page 175) transport (trans•POHRT)
•The prophet Muhammad brought the
Reading Strategy
message of Islam to the people of
Arabia. (page 176) Organizing Information Use a
diagram like the one below to identify
•The Quran provided guidelines for the Five Pillars of faith.
Muslims’lives and the governments
of Muslim states. (page 179)
Five Pillars
Locating Places
Makkah (MAH•kuh)
Kaaba (KAH•buh)
Madinah (mah•DEE•nah)
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A.D. 570 c. A.D.610 A.D.630
Muhammad Muhammad receives Makkah surrenders
Madinah is born prophetic call to Muhammad
Makkah
(Mecca)
174 CHAPTER 2 • Islamic Civilization
WH7.2.1 Identify the physical features and describe the climate of the Arabian peninsula,its relationship to surrounding bodies of
land and water,and nomadic and sedentary ways of life.WH7.2.5 Describe the growth of cities and the establishment of trade
routes among Asia,Africa,and Europe,the products and inventions that traveled along these routes (e.g.,spices,textiles,paper,steel,
new crops),and the role of merchants in Arab society.
Daily Life in Early Arabia
the tribe was called a sheikh (SHAYK). Some
tribes lived a settled lifestyle in villages near
The deserts, coastline, and oases of oases or wells, or in mountain valleys.
Arabia helped shape the Arab way of life.
Who Are the Bedouins?
Some Arabs were
Reading Connection Do you ever think about how
desert herders. To water and graze their
rainfall shapes your life? Read on to find out how lack of
rain helped shape the Arabs’ way of life. camels, goats, and sheep, they went from
oasis to oasis. They were called Bedouins
(BEH•duh•wuhnz). Bedouins lived in tents
Surrounded by the Red Sea on the west,
and ate dried fruits and nuts. They drank
the Persian Gulf on the east, and the Arabian
the milk of their animals. Only rarely
Sea to the south, the Arabian Peninsula is
would they eat meat. Their animals were
mostly a desert. The heat is intense, and a
much too valuable to be used as food.
sandstorm can blind any traveler. Water is
Trade and Towns
found only at oases(oh•AY•seez),green areas Many Arabs lived in vil-
fed by underground water. Not all of Arabia lages where they farmed or raised animals.
is dry, however. In the mountains of the These villages were near oases or in the
southwest, enough rain falls to support mountain valleys. Some villagers were mer-
plants such as juniper and olive trees. chants who transported goods across the
In ancient times, the peninsula was desert. To fend off attacks by Bedouins,
bounded by many different civilizations. For many traveled in a caravan (KAR•uh•VAN), or
example, Egypt and Kush were to the west, group of traveling merchants and animals.
Mesopotamia and Persia were to the north and By about A.D. 500, Arabian merchants
east, and the Israelites, the Greeks, and handled most trade between India and the
Romans were to the north and west. Records Mediterranean Sea. As their trade grew,
from these civilizations indicate that many Arab merchants founded towns along the
people visited or crossed the Arabian trade routes in Arabia. Makkah (MAH•kuh),
Peninsula, but few stayed. also known as Mecca, became the largest
To survive the Arabian climate, early and richest of them all. It was a crossroads
Arabs organized into tribes whose members for merchants, and it was also an important
were very loyal to one another. The head of religious site.
Today,many Bedouins still roam the desert and
live in tents. Where did Bedouins graze their
animals in the desert?
Bedouin woman
making bread
175
(l)DiMaggio/Kalish/CORBIS, (r)Kevin Fleming/CORBIS
WH7.2.2 Trace the origins of Islam and the life and teachings of Muhammad,including Islamic teachings on the connection with
Judaism and Christianity.WH7.2.4 Discuss the expansion of Muslim rule through military conquests and treaties,emphasizing the
cultural blending within Muslim civilization and the spread and acceptance of Islam and the Arabic language.
Muhammad: Islam’s Prophet
The Middle East
c.A.D.600
40°E
N The prophet Muhammad brought the
KEY W E message of Islam to the people of Arabia.
Byzantine Empire Reading Connection Have you ever heard someone
S
Persian Empire
speak and been moved to tears? The following para-
40°E
graphs tell about a prophet who moved the Arab people
CoBnAlsSatIcaAkn StienaoplCeAUCASUSMTSC.aspian 40°N 60°E with his words.
MINOR S Muhammad’s Message
Mediterranean SYRIA Tigris ea named Muhammad (mohIn• HAA.DH.•5m7u0h da) mwaans
Sea R
Damascus . PERSIA born in Makkah. An orphan, he was raised
Eu Baghdad
p
Alexandria Jerusalemhr by an uncle. As a teenager, he worked in
EGYPT atesR. Persepolis the trusted job of caravan leader and even-
SAHARANileR. R Yathrib PersianGulf tmuaarlrlyie db eacnadm hea da cshuicldcersesnf.u l merchant. He
e
d
Despite his success, Muhammad was
0 500 mi.Se ARABIAN
a
0 500 km Makkah PENINSULA dissatisfied. He felt that the wealthy town
Lambert Azimuthal (Mecca) 20°N
leaders should return to the old ways. He
Equal-Area projection
thought they should honor their families,
YEMEN Arabian
Sea be fair in business, and help the poor.
Muhammad went into the hills to pray.
In about A.D. 610, he said he was visited by
Islam,one of the world’s major
an angel and told to preach Islam. Islam
religions,began in the Arabian
peninsula. means “surrendering to the will of Allah.”
1. LocationWhich empire was Allah is the Arabic word for “God.”
located north and west of the
Inspired, Muhammad returned to
Arabian Peninsula?
Makkah. Everywhere he went, he told
2. LocationAbout how far is it
from Makkah to Yathrib? people to destroy statues of false gods and
Find NGS online map resources @ to worship only Allah, the one true God.
www.nationalgeographic.com/maps Muhammad also preached that all peo-
ple were equal and that the rich should
share their goods. In Makkah, where most
In the middle of Makkah was the Kaaba
people lived humbly, this vision of a just
(KAH•buh), a low square building sur-
society was very powerful. Muhammad
rounded by statues of gods and goddesses.
was saying that wealth was not as impor-
Arabs believed that the great stone inside
tant as leading a good life. When the Day of
the Kaaba was from heaven. Pilgrims, peo-
Judgment arrived, he said God would
ple who travel to a holy place, flocked to
reward the good people and punish the
Makkah. Arabians worshiped many gods,
evildoers.
but the most important was Allah. Allah
Opposition to Islam
was considered to be the creator. Slowly Muhammad
AnalyzeHow did geography convinced people that his message was
shape life in Arabia? true. At first, only his family became
176 CHAPTER 2 • Islamic Civilization
Muhammad’s Government
Muslims, or followers of Islam. Soon, how- The people of
ever, many of the poor were attracted to his Madinah accepted Muhammad as God’s
message that goods should be shared. prophet and their ruler. Muhammad
Wealthy merchants and religious lead- proved to be an able leader. He applied the
ers did not like Muhammad’s message. laws he believed God had given him to all
They thought he was trying to take away areas of life. Muhammad created an
their power. They made his life difficult and Islamic state—a government that uses its
beat and tortured his followers. political power to uphold Islam. He
In A.D. 622 Muhammad and his follow- required all Muslims to place loyalty to the
ers left Makkah. They moved north to a Islamic state above loyalty to their tribe.
town called Yathrib (YA•thruhb). The jour- To defend his new government,
ney of Muhammad and his followers to Muhammad built an army. The leaders of
Yathrib became known as the Hijrah (HIH• Makkah feared he would attack. In A.D. 630
jruh). The word comes from Arabic and they agreed to a treaty to give control of the
means “breaking off relationships.” Later city to Muhammad. He then made it a holy
Muslims made the year A.D. 622 the first city of Islam. Two years later, Muhammad
year of a new Muslim calendar. Yathrib wel- died. By this time, Islam had begun to
comed Muhammad and his followers. Their spread to all of Arabia.
city was renamed Madinah (mah•DEE•nah), Explain Why did
which means “the city of the prophet.” Muhammad’s message appeal to the poor?
A pilgrimage to Makkah
JJoouurrnneayy ttoo MMaakkkkaahh
A pilgrimage to the holy city of Makkah often involved a long,
difficult journey across deserts and other rough country.
Muslim travelers carried palm leaves to show that they were
on a pilgrimage. Where was Muhammad born?
177
Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library
WH7.2.2 Trace the origins of Islam and
the life and teachings of Muhammad,
including Islamic teachings on the
connection with Judaism and Christianity.
Researchers
Photo
M Chan/
UHAMMAD George
A.D. 570–632 Collection, (b)
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&
he was born.His grandfather,Abd al-Muttalib,took care of Art
Muhammad in Makkah for a short time.Abd al-Muttalib Ancient
felt that Makkah was an unhealthy place to raise a baby, Hellier/
C.
but he could not leave because he was a political leader in (t)
the city.So he entrusted Muhammad to a tribe of nomads.
They took the baby Muhammad to their home,the desert.
When Muhammad was six years old,his mother died.
Two years later,when Muhammad was eight,his
grandfather also died.Arab custom did not allow minors to
inherit anything,so the property and money from
Muhammad’s father and grandfather could not be passed
down to him.To survive,Muhammad needed the protection
of Abu Talib,his uncle who now headed the family.
Under the care of Abu Talib,Muhammad traveled by
The Mosque of the Prophet
camel on trading journeys to Syria.On one of these trips, in Madinah contains
Muhammad’s tomb.
when he was about twenty-five years old,Muhammad met
a wealthy woman named Khadijah.She and Muhammad
married and had four daughters.They also had at least two
sons who did not live past childhood.
Muhammad’s marriage to Khadijah made him a wealthy
man and a member of Makkah’s prosperous merchant class.
However,Muhammad could not forget his early experiences.
His childhood had deeply influenced Muhammad and made
him a thoughtful person.He often would go up into the hills
near Makkah and spend nights in a cave.Alone there,he
would reflect on the problems he saw in Makkah and the
growing tension between the few people with
great wealth and the many people with
nothing.It was in these hills that
Are any of the problems Muhammad saw in
Muhammad claimed an angel told him,
Makkah similar to problems in society we see
“You are the Messenger of God.”
today? Explain.
178
WH7.2.2 Trace the origins of Islam and the life and teachings of Muhammad,including Islamic teachings on the connection with
Judaism and Christianity.WH7.2.3 Explain the significance of the Qur’an and the Sunnah as the primary sources of Islamic beliefs,
practice,and law,and their influence in Muslims’daily life.
Islam’s Teachings
Muhammad. For Christians, Jesus was
more than a prophet. He was the son of
The Quran provided guidelines for God and therefore divine. In Islam,
Muslims’ lives and the governments of Muslim Muhammad is seen as a prophet and a very
states. good person but not as divine.
Reading Connection Do you ever wonder how you
What Is the Quran?
should act in certain situations? In the following para- Muslims wrote down
graphs, you will learn where Muslims looked for guidance. the messages that Muhammad said he
received from Allah. These writings became
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity have the Quran (koh•RAHN), or holy book of
some beliefs in common. Like Jews and Islam. For Muslims, the Quran is God’s
Christians, Muslims believe in one God. written word. For this reason, Muslims
Muslims believe this one God holds all strive to follow the Quran.
power and created the universe. They also The Quran instructs Muslims about
believe that God determines right and how they should live. Many of its moral
wrong. People are expected to obey God’s teachings are like those of the Bible. For
laws if they want to be blessed in the afterlife. example, Muslims are told to be honest and
Jews, Christians, and Muslims also to treat others fairly. They are to honor their
believe that God spoke to people through parents, show kindness to their neighbors,
prophets. For Muslims, early prophets and give generously to the poor. Murder,
were Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and finally lying, and stealing are forbidden.
A child studies
the Quran
Muslim pilgrims surround the Kaaba in Makkah. When did
Muhammad’s soldiers take control of Makkah?
CHAPTER 2 • Islamic Civilization 179
(l)AFP/CORBIS, (r)ARAMCO