Islam in the World today

527 Pages·2016·6.98 MB·English

T H E D I F F E R E N T
A S P E C T S O F I S L A M I C
C U LT U R E
6
T
H E D I F F E R E N T
A S P E C T S
I
O F S L A M I C
C U L T U R E
VOLUME SIX
I
S L A M I N T H E

W O R L D T O D A Y
PART I
RETROSPECTIVE OF THE EVOLUTION OF
ISLAM AND THE MUSLIM WORLD
Editors: Abdulrahim Ali, Iba Der Thiam and Yusof A. Talib
U N E S C O P u b l i s h i n g
Published in 2016 by the United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural
Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France
© UNESCO 2016
ISBN 978-92-3-100132-1
This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO
(CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/).
By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of
use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/
terms-use-ccbysa-en).
The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this
publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of
UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are
not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.
Note: dates separated by a slash (e.g. 212/827) are given fi rst according to the Muslim lunar calendar
(AH), and then according to the Christian/common era calendar (CE/AD ).
The preparation and publication of this volume have been funded by the World
Islamic Call Society (WICS).
Cover photo: Stucco (8th to 9th century) Ibn Tulun Mosque, Cairo (Egypt)
Cover design: UNESCO
Layout and printing: Dergham sarl, Beirut – Lebanon
Printed in Beirut – Lebanon
P REFACE
The UNESCO Constitution states that ‘ignorance of each other’s ways and
lives has been a common cause, throughout the history of mankind, of that
suspicion and mistrust between the peoples through which their differences
have all too often broken into war.’
Since its creation 70 years ago, UNESCO’s message has been that of
highlighting the value of diversity, to build understanding and dialogue, while
fighting discrimination and upholding human rights.
UNESCO’s Histories project is a flagship to take forward this ambition.
The different aspects of the Islamic culture makes a seminal contribution to
exploring the richness of Islamic civilization, and its immense contribution
to the history of humanity. In 1976, the General Conference of UNESCO
launched this vital work, which has since been carried out with equal passion
and determination.
The scope of these volumes is broad. They document the theological
foundations of Islam, the status of the individual and society in the Islamic
world, the expansion of Islam and the way in which the rights of converted
peoples were preserved, the fundamental contribution of Islam to education,
science and technology, as well as the cultural achievements of Islamic
civilization, through literature, philosophy, art and architecture.
These volumes show how, over centuries, Islam has been a driving force
in the rapprochement of cultures, and provided a framework within which
diverse cultures could flourish and interact. At a time when violent extremists
seek to distort the message of religion, it is critical that we share the depth of
wisdom of Islam as a religion of peace, moderation and tolerance.
In the Middle Ages, the influence of Islamic civilization was felt
throughout the world. From the China Sea to the Atlantic coast of Africa,
people who embraced Islam adopted a set of cultural and spiritual references
while preserving their own identity. Muslim thinkers and scientists, drawing on
the rich heritage of Greece, developed their own worldviews and influenced
the emergence of the European Renaissance. Muslim philosophers,
geographers, physicists, mathematicians, botanists and doctors made
influential contributions to the adventure of science. Averroës taught at the
University of Padua in Italy, and knowledge travelled with no heed across
borders. Islamic culture developed a conception of the individual and the
universe, a philosophy of life and art that has profoundly shaped our common
history and our societies as they stand today.
This creative diversity, anchored within universal spiritual and cultural
references and values, offered fertile ground for the dynamic development of
scientific knowledge, artistic refinement and intellectual exchange that marked
all great Islamic civilizations.
I wish to thank the eminent scholars from all over the world who have
contributed to this Collection and guaranteed its high scientific standards. It
is my hope that this Collection, which is now completed with the publication
of volume VI, will encourage a more informed understanding of Islam, its
culture, values and civilization, and promote further intercultural dialogue
and the rapprochement of cultures. I am also determined that the in-depth
knowledge presented in these volumes reach a wide audience, so that that
young generations take pride and draw lessons from this heritage, in a spirit of
mutual respect and understanding.
Irina Bokova
Director-General of UNESCO
C ONTENTS
List of maps and figures 13
Introduction
Abdelwahab A. Bouhdiba 19
I – From the fall of Granada to the abolition of the caliphate
(1492–1924)
CHAPTER 1.1
The expulsion of the Muslims from Andalusia and its consequences
Idris El-Hareir 27
CHAPTER 1.2
The impact of the great discoveries on the Islamic world
Iba Der Thiam 37
CHAPTER 1.3
Islamic revival in the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires
Yusof A. Talib 45
CHAPTER 1.4
The Golden Age of Islam in the Sahel: the example of Songhay
humanism
Djibril Tamsir Niane 53
C ONTENTS
CHAPTER 1.5
Islam in the Greater Maghreb
Idris El-Hareir 63
CHAPTER 1.6 (a)
Colonial penetration and counter resistance movements in the Muslim
countries of Asia from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century
Yusof A. Talib 85
CHAPTER 1.6 (b)
Colonial penetration and resistance movements in Africa’s Muslim
countries
Iba Der Thiam 91
CHAPTER 1.6 (c)
Colonial penetration and resistance movements in the Arab
countries (the Arab East)
Idris El-Hareir 97
CHAPTER 1.7
A forgotten page in the saga of the Suez Canal: from the Statue of
Liberty to the Statue of Lesseps: the story of a dual diversion
Ahmed Yousuf 121
CHAPTER 1.8
Colonial imperialism: the partition of Africa at the 1885 Berlin
Conference and its consequences for African Muslims
Thierno Bah 133
CHAPTER 1.9
The impact of the First World War on the Muslim world
Iba Der Thiam 139
CHAPTER 1.10
Towards the creation of the State of Israel
Khairia Kasmieh 151
CHAPTER 1.11
The Russian Revolution of October 1917 and its consequences for
the Muslim world
Iba Der Thiam 161
C ONTENTS
CHAPTER 1.12
Peace treaties and their consequences for the Muslim world
Omar Ibrahim El-˓Affas 171
II – Pan-Islamism and its role in the revival and affirmation of
the Muslim world (from 1924 to 1963)
CHAPTER 2.1
The abolition of the caliphate: causes and consequences
Basheer M. Nafi 183
CHAPTER 2.2
Resurgence of the struggle against foreign occupation in the
Muslim world
Iba Der Thiam 193
CHAPTER 2.3
The consequences of the Second World War on the Muslim world
Iba Der Thiam 213
CHAPTER 2.4
Creation of the State of Israel in 1948 and its impact on the
Muslim world
Khairia Kasmieh 227
CHAPTER 2.5
The emergence of Arab nationalism
Ali Muhammad Shembesh 239
CHAPTER 2.6
Nationalism and independence in South Asia
Fredj Maatoug 257
CHAPTER 2.7
The Bandung Conference
Ali Muhammad Shembesh 277
CHAPTER 2.8
Pan-Islamism and the struggle for independence in Africa
Iba Der Thiam 285
C ONTENTS
CHAPTER 2.9
The creation of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference
Mustafa Cissé 295
CHAPTER 2.10
Creation of the Organisation of African Unity
Ali Muhammad Shembesh 303
III – The years of confrontation within the Muslim world
(1964 – 2003)
CHAPTER 3.1
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict 1964 – 2006
Khairia Kasmieh 317
CHAPTER 3.2
The Kashmir question
Tahir Amin 349
CHAPTER 3.3
The Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty
Fredj Maatoug 369
CHAPTER 3.4
The war in Afghanistan and its consequences
Omar Ibrahim El-˓Affas 391
CHAPTER 3.5
The collapse of the Soviet Union
Fredj Maatoug 403
CHAPTER 3.6
The war in Chechnya
Fredj Maatoug 419
CHAPTER 3.7
The Gulf War: from the Iraq-Iran War (1980–8) to the 1991 Kuwait
War
Fredj Maatoug 433