İslam İlmihali

604 Pages·5.865 MB·Turkish

by  Diyanet İşleri

İLMİHAL
BİRİNCİ CİLT

İçindekiler

Birinci Bölüm
Din ve Mahiyeti
I. DİN KELİMESİ ..................................................................................................................... 1
II. DİNİN TANIMI .................................................................................................................... 3
III. DİNİN KAYNAĞI ................................................................................................................ 5
IV. DİNİN ÖNEMİ .................................................................................................................... 6
V. DİNLERİN TASNİFİ ............................................................................................................. 8
VI. DİĞER DİNLER ve İSLÂM ................................................................................................ 10
İkinci Bölüm
İslâm Dini
I. İSLÂM DİNİNİN MAHİYETİ ................................................................................................ 15
II. TARİHÎ SÜREÇ ................................................................................................................. 19
A) İTİKADÎ FIRKALAR .................................................................................................. 21
a) Selefiyye ............................................................................................................. 24
b) Eş‘ariyye ............................................................................................................ 25
c) Mâtürîdiyye ........................................................................................................ 26
d) Mu‘tezile ............................................................................................................ 27
e) Cebriyye ............................................................................................................. 28
f) Hâricîlik .............................................................................................................. 29
g) Şîa ..................................................................................................................... 29
B) FIKIH MEZHEPLERİ .................................................................................................. 31
a) Kavram ve Tarihçe ............................................................................................... 31
b) Fıkıh Mezhepleri ................................................................................................... 34
c) Mezhebe Bağlılık ve Telfik..................................................................................... 40
aa) Mezhebe Bağlanmanın Tarihî ve Fikrî Temelleri ............................................. 41
bb) Tek Mezhebe Bağlılık .................................................................................... 45
cc) Telfik ............................................................................................................ 46
C) TASAVVUF ............................................................................................................... 48
a) Tasavvufî Düşüncenin Dinî ve Fikrî Temelleri ........................................................ 48
b) Tarihî Gelişim ....................................................................................................... 55
c) Tasavvufta Örgütlenme Dönemi ............................................................................ 58
d) Tasavvufta Kurumlaşma Dönemi .......................................................................... 60
e) Tasavvufta Sapmalar ............................................................................................ 62
f) İlkeler ................................................................................................................... 65
VI İLMİHAL
Üçüncü Bölüm
Akaid
I. İMAN ............................................................................................................................. 68
A) İMANIN TANIMI ve KAPSAMI .................................................................................. 68
B) İCMÂLÎ ve TAFSÎLÎ İMAN ......................................................................................... 70
a) İcmâlî İman .......................................................................................................... 70
b) Tafsîlî İman .......................................................................................................... 71
C) TAKLÎDÎ ve TAHKÎKÎ İMAN ....................................................................................... 71
D) İMAN ile AMEL ARASINDAKİ BAĞ ........................................................................... 72
a) Amel İmanın Ayrılmaz Parçası Değildir .................................................................. 72
b) Amelin Gerekliliği ve İmanla Olan İlgisi ................................................................. 73
E) İMANIN ARTMASI ve EKSİLMESİ ............................................................................. 73
F) İMANIN GEÇERLİ OLMASININ ŞARTLARI ................................................................. 74
G) İMAN-İSLÂM İLİŞKİSİ ............................................................................................... 75
H) BÜYÜK GÜNAH KAVRAMI ....................................................................................... 76
I) TASDİK ve İNKÂR BAKIMINDAN İNSANLAR ............................................................. 77
a) Mümin ................................................................................................................. 77
b) Kâfir .................................................................................................................... 77
c) Münafık ............................................................................................................... 77
J) KÜFÜR ve ŞİRK ......................................................................................................... 78
K) İMAN ile KÜFÜR ARASINDAKİ SINIR........................................................................ 79
L) TEKFİR ..................................................................................................................... 79
II. İMAN ESASLARI .............................................................................................................. 81
A) ALLAH’A İMAN ....................................................................................................... 82
a) Allah İnancı.......................................................................................................... 82
b) Allah’ın Varlığı ve Birliği ....................................................................................... 83
c) Allah’ın Varlığının Delilleri .................................................................................... 84
d) Allah’ın İsim ve Sıfatları........................................................................................ 85
1. “Allah” Özel İsmi ............................................................................................ 85
2. İsm-i A‘zam ................................................................................................... 85
3. Esmâ-i Hüsnâ ................................................................................................. 85
4. Allah’ın Sıfatları .............................................................................................. 87
aa) Zâtî Sıfatlar ............................................................................................. 88
bb) Sübûtî Sıfatlar ......................................................................................... 89
B) MELEKLERE İMAN ................................................................................................... 92
a) Melek Kavramı ve Meleklere İman ........................................................................ 92
b) Meleklerin Mahiyeti .............................................................................................. 92
c) Meleklerin Özellikleri ............................................................................................. 92
d) Meleklerin Görevleri ve Çeşitleri ............................................................................ 94
e) İnsanlarla Melekler Arasındaki Üstünlük Derecesi .................................................. 95
f) Cin ve Şeytan ........................................................................................................ 96
aa) Cin ............................................................................................................... 96
bb) Şeytan.......................................................................................................... 98
İÇİNDEKİLER VII
C) KİTAPLARA İMAN .................................................................................................... 99
a) İlâhî Kitap Kavramı ve Kitaplara İman ................................................................... 99
b) İlâhî Kitaplar ...................................................................................................... 101
aa) Suhuf ......................................................................................................... 101
bb) Tevrat ........................................................................................................ 101
cc) Zebur .......................................................................................................... 102
dd) İncil ........................................................................................................... 102
ee) Kur’an ........................................................................................................ 102
1. Kur’an’ın Nüzûlü .................................................................................... 103
2. Kur’an’ın Muhtevası ............................................................................... 103
3. Kur’an’ın Mûcize Oluşu .......................................................................... 105
4. Kur’an’ı Diğer Kutsal Kitaplardan Ayıran Özellikler .................................. 105
D) PEYGAMBERLERE İMAN ....................................................................................... 106
a) Peygamber Kavramı ve Peygamberlere İman ....................................................... 106
b) Peygambere Olan İhtiyaç ve Peygamber Gönderilmesindeki Hikmet ..................... 108
c) Peygamberlerin Sıfatları ...................................................................................... 109
d) Kur’an’da Adı Geçen Peygamberler ..................................................................... 110
e) Peygamberlik Dereceleri ...................................................................................... 110
f) Peygamberlik ve Vahiy ........................................................................................ 112
g) Peygamberliğin İspatı ......................................................................................... 113
aa) Mûcize ....................................................................................................... 113
bb) Diğer Olağan Üstü Haller ............................................................................ 115
h) Hz. Muhammed’in Peygamberliğinin İspatı (Mûcizeleri) ...................................... 115
aa) Mânevî (aklî) Mûcize Olan Kur’an Mûcizesi ................................................. 115
bb) Hissî Mûcizeler ........................................................................................... 116
cc) Haber Şeklindeki Mûcizeler .......................................................................... 117
E) ÂHİRETE İMAN ....................................................................................................... 117
a) Âhiret Günü ve Âhirete İman .............................................................................. 117
b) Âhiretin Varlığının İspatı ..................................................................................... 119
c) Âhiret Hayatının Devreleri................................................................................... 120
aa) Kabir Hayatı (Berzah) ................................................................................. 121
bb) Kıyamet ve Kıyamet Alâmetleri ................................................................... 121
1. Kıyametin Kopacağı Zaman .................................................................... 122
2. Kıyamet Alâmetleri (Eşrâtü’s-Sâat) ......................................................... 123
3. Sûr ve Sûra Üfürüş ................................................................................. 124
cc) Ba‘s (Yeniden Dirilme) ve Âhiret Halleri ....................................................... 125
1. Ba‘s ....................................................................................................... 125
2. Haşir ve Mahşer ..................................................................................... 126
3. Amel Defterlerinin Dağıtılması ................................................................. 127
4. Hesap ve Sual ........................................................................................ 127
5. Mîzan .................................................................................................... 128
6. Sırat ....................................................................................................... 128
7. Havuz .................................................................................................... 128
8. Şefaat ..................................................................................................... 129
VIII İLMİHAL
9. A‘râf ...................................................................................................... 129
10. Cehennem ............................................................................................ 130
11. Cennet ................................................................................................. 131
F) KAZÂ ve KADERE İMAN.......................................................................................... 132
a) Kazâ ve Kaderin Anlamları ................................................................................. 132
b) Kazâ ve Kadere İman .......................................................................................... 133
c) Kader ve Kazâ ile İlgili Âyet ve Hadisler ............................................................... 134
d) İnsanın İradeli Fiilleri ve Fiillerinin Yaratılması ..................................................... 135
aa) Allah’ın ve İnsanın İradesi .......................................................................... 135
bb) İnsan İradesi ve Fiildeki Rolü ...................................................................... 136
cc) İnsanın Fiillerinin Yaratılması ...................................................................... 136
e) Tevekkül ............................................................................................................ 137
f) Hayır ve Şer ........................................................................................................ 138
g) Rızık .................................................................................................................. 139
h) Ecel ................................................................................................................... 140
Dördüncü Bölüm
Fıkıh
I. KAVRAM ........................................................................................................................ 141
II. KAYNAK ve METOT ....................................................................................................... 143
A) GENEL OLARAK ...................................................................................................... 143
B) DELİLLER ................................................................................................................ 144
a) Kitap .................................................................................................................. 145
b) Sünnet ............................................................................................................... 145
c) İcmâ ................................................................................................................... 146
d) Kıyas ................................................................................................................. 148
e) İstihsan .............................................................................................................. 149
f) İstislâh (Mesâlih-i Mürsele) ................................................................................. 151
g) Örf ve Âdet ........................................................................................................ 151
h) İstishâb .............................................................................................................. 152
ı) Sahâbe Sözü........................................................................................................ 153
j) İslâm Öncesi Şeriatlar .......................................................................................... 153
k) Sedd-i Zerâi‘ ....................................................................................................... 154
C) RE’Y ve İCTİHAD ..................................................................................................... 155
III. MÜKELLEFİYET ve HÜKÜM .......................................................................................... 157
A) EHLİYET ................................................................................................................. 157
B) HÜKÜM ................................................................................................................... 160
a) Vaz‘î Hüküm ...................................................................................................... 161
b) Teklifî Hükümler (Mükellefin Fiilleri) ................................................................... 163
aa) Beş Temel Teklifî Hüküm ............................................................................ 164
1. VÂCİP .................................................................................................... 164
a) Farz ................................................................................................. 165
b) Vâcip ............................................................................................... 166
İÇİNDEKİLER IX
2. MENDUP................................................................................................ 167
a) Sünnet ............................................................................................. 167
b) Müstehap ......................................................................................... 169
3. MUBAH ................................................................................................. 169
a) Câiz ................................................................................................. 171
b) Helâl ................................................................................................ 172
4. MEKRUH ............................................................................................... 172
a) Tahrîmen Mekruh ............................................................................ 173
b) Tenzîhen Mekruh ............................................................................. 174
5. HARAM ................................................................................................. 174
a) Haram Fiillerin Nevileri ..................................................................... 175
1. Haram li-aynihî .......................................................................... 175
2. Haram li-gayrihî ......................................................................... 175
b) Haramlık Hükmü İfade Eden Lafızlar ................................................ 176
c) Haram Hükmünü Belirleme Yetkisi .................................................... 176
d) Haramdan Kaçınmanın Önemi .......................................................... 177
bb) Azîmet ve Ruhsat ....................................................................................... 178
IV. İLMİHAL ....................................................................................................................... 180
Beşinci Bölüm
Temizlik
I. İLKELER ve AMAÇLAR ................................................................................................... 183
II. MADDÎ ve HÜKMÎ TEMİZLİK .......................................................................................... 185
A) SULARIN HÜKMÜ ................................................................................................... 186
a) Mutlak Su – Mukayyet Su ................................................................................... 187
b) Durgun Su – Akar Su .......................................................................................... 188
B) MADDÎ ve HÜKMÎ KİRLİLİK ..................................................................................... 190
a) Necâset .............................................................................................................. 190
b) Hades ................................................................................................................ 192
C) TEMİZLEME YOLLARI ............................................................................................. 192
a) Depo ve Kuyuların Temizlenmesi ........................................................................ 192
b) İstibrâ ve İstincâ ................................................................................................. 193
III. ABDEST ........................................................................................................................ 195
A) MAHİYETİ ve ÖNEMİ ............................................................................................... 195
B) ABDESTİN GEREKLİLİĞİ .......................................................................................... 195
C) ABDESTİN FARZLARI .............................................................................................. 197
D) ABDESTİN SÜNNETLERİ ve ÂDÂBI .......................................................................... 198
E) ABDESTİ BOZAN DURUMLAR ................................................................................. 199
F) ABDESTİN ŞEKLİ ..................................................................................................... 200
G) ÖZÜRLÜNÜN ABDESTİ ............................................................................................ 201
H) MESH ...................................................................................................................... 202
a) Mest Üzerine Mesh ............................................................................................. 202
b) Sargı Üzerine Mesh............................................................................................. 203
X İLMİHAL
IV. GUSÜL .......................................................................................................................... 204
A) GUSLÜ GEREKTİREN DURUMLAR .......................................................................... 204
a) Cünüplük ........................................................................................................... 205
b) Hayız ve Nifas .................................................................................................... 205
B) GUSLÜN FARZLARI ................................................................................................. 206
C) GUSLÜN SÜNNETLERİ ve ÂDÂBI ............................................................................. 207
V. TEYEMMÜM .................................................................................................................. 208
A) TEYEMMÜMÜN SEBEPLERİ .................................................................................... 209
B) TEYEMMÜMÜN YAPILIŞI ......................................................................................... 209
C) TEYEMMÜMÜ BOZAN DURUMLAR ......................................................................... 210
VI. KADINLARA MAHSUS HALLER .................................................................................... 210
A) HAYIZ ..................................................................................................................... 211
a) Süresi ................................................................................................................. 212
b) Dinî Hükümler .................................................................................................... 212
B) NİFAS ...................................................................................................................... 214
C) İSTİHÂZE ................................................................................................................. 215
Altıncı Bölüm
Namaz
I. GENEL OLARAK İBADETLERİN AMACI ........................................................................... 217
II. NAMAZIN MAHİYETİ ve ÖNEMİ ..................................................................................... 219
III. NAMAZ ÇEŞİTLERİ ........................................................................................................ 223
A) FARZ NAMAZLAR .................................................................................................. 223
B) VÂCİP NAMAZLAR .................................................................................................. 224
C) NÂFİLE NAMAZLAR ................................................................................................ 224
IV. NAMAZIN FARZLARI ve VÂCİPLERİ ............................................................................. 226
A) NAMAZIN FARZLARI .............................................................................................. 227
a) NAMAZIN ŞARTLARI ......................................................................................... 227
1. Hadesten Tahâret ......................................................................................... 227
2. Necâsetten Tahâret ....................................................................................... 229
3. Setr-i Avret .................................................................................................. 229
4. İstikbâl-i Kıble .............................................................................................. 231
5. Vakit ............................................................................................................ 233
aa) Beş Vakit Namazın Vakitleri .................................................................. 234
bb) Müstehap Vakitler ................................................................................ 236
cc) Mekruh Vakitler .................................................................................... 237
dd) Kutuplarda Namaz ................................................................................ 238
6. Niyet ............................................................................................................ 238
b) NAMAZIN RÜKÜNLERİ ...................................................................................... 240
1. İftitah Tekbiri ................................................................................................ 240
2. Kıyam .......................................................................................................... 241
3. Kıraat ........................................................................................................... 241
İÇİNDEKİLER XI
aa) Kur’an Meâliyle Kıraat .......................................................................... 242
bb) Gizli ve Açık Okumanın Ölçüsü ............................................................. 243
cc) Zelletü’l-karî ......................................................................................... 245
4. Rükû ............................................................................................................ 246
5. Secde ........................................................................................................... 247
6. Ka‘de-i Ahîre ................................................................................................ 247
B) NAMAZIN VÂCİPLERİ ............................................................................................. 249
V. NAMAZIN SÜNNET ve ÂDÂBI ........................................................................................ 251
A) SÜNNETLERİ ........................................................................................................... 252
B) NAMAZIN ÂDÂBI .................................................................................................... 255
VI. NAMAZA AYKIRI DAVRANIŞLAR ................................................................................. 256
A) NAMAZIN MEKRUHLARI ........................................................................................ 256
B) NAMAZI BOZAN ŞEYLER ........................................................................................ 259
VII. NAMAZIN KILINIŞI ....................................................................................................... 262
VIII. EZAN ve KAMET......................................................................................................... 266
IX. CEMAATLE NAMAZ ..................................................................................................... 270
A) CEMAATLE NAMAZ ................................................................................................ 270
a) Cemaatle Namaz Kılmanın Fazileti ...................................................................... 270
b) Cemaatle Namazın Hükmü .................................................................................. 271
c) Kadınların Mescidlere Gitmeleri ve Saf Düzeni ...................................................... 272
d) Cemaate Gitmemek İçin Mazeret Sayılan Haller ................................................... 275
e) Bir Mescidde Cemaatin Tekrarlanması .................................................................. 276
f) Cemaatle Namaz Kılmanın Âdâbı ......................................................................... 277
B) İMAMLIK ................................................................................................................. 277
a) İmamlığın Şartları ............................................................................................... 278
b) İmama Uymanın Geçerlilik Şartları ...................................................................... 279
c) Cemaatle Namaza İlişkin Bazı Meseleler ............................................................... 281
C) İMAMA UYANIN HALLERİ ....................................................................................... 282
a) Müdrik ............................................................................................................... 282
b) Lâhik ................................................................................................................. 284
c) Mesbûk .............................................................................................................. 285
X. CUMA NAMAZI ............................................................................................................. 287
A) DİNDEKİ YERİ ve HÜKMÜ ....................................................................................... 288
B) CUMA NAMAZININ ŞARTLARI ................................................................................ 289
a) Cuma Namazının Vücûb Şartları .......................................................................... 290
1. Erkek Olmak .............................................................................................. 290
2. Mazeretsiz Olmak ....................................................................................... 292
3. Hürriyet ..................................................................................................... 293
4. İkamet ....................................................................................................... 294
b) Cuma Namazının Sıhhat Şartları .......................................................................... 294
1. Vakit ............................................................................................................ 294
2. Cemaat ......................................................................................................... 294
3. Şehir ............................................................................................................ 295
4. Cami ............................................................................................................ 296
XII İLMİHAL
5. İzin .................................................................................................. 298
6. Hutbe ............................................................................................... 299
aa) Hutbenin Rüknü ....................................................................... 299
bb) Hutbenin Şartları ...................................................................... 300
cc) Hutbenin Sünnetleri .................................................................. 301
dd) Hutbenin Mekruhları ................................................................ 302
C) CUMA NAMAZININ KILINIŞI .................................................................................... 302
1. Zuhr-i Ahîr Namazı ............................................................................................. 302
2. Cuma Vakti ve Cuma Namazıyla İlgili Bazı Meseleler ............................................ 303
XI. VİTİR NAMAZI .............................................................................................................. 304
XII. BAYRAM NAMAZI ....................................................................................................... 306
XIII. NÂFİLE NAMAZLAR ................................................................................................... 308
A) REVÂTİB SÜNNETLERİ ............................................................................................ 308
a) Vakit Namazlarıyla Birlikte Düzenli Olarak Kılınan Sünnetler ................................ 308
aa) Müekked Sünnetler ..................................................................................... 309
bb) Gayr-i Müekked Sünnetler .......................................................................... 309
b) Teravih Namazı .................................................................................................. 311
B) DİĞER NÂFİLE NAMAZLAR ..................................................................................... 315
a) Teheccüd Namazı ............................................................................................... 315
b) Kuşluk Namazı ................................................................................................... 315
c) Evvâbîn Namazı ................................................................................................. 315
d) Tahiyyetü’l-mescid ............................................................................................. 316
e) Abdest ve Gusülden Sonra Namaz ....................................................................... 316
f) Yolculuğa Çıkış ve Yolculuktan Dönüş Namazı ..................................................... 317
g) Hâcet Namazı ..................................................................................................... 317
h) İstihâre Namazı .................................................................................................. 318
i) Tövbe Namazı ..................................................................................................... 319
j) Tesbih Namazı .................................................................................................... 319
k) Yağmur Duası .................................................................................................... 320
l) Küsûf ve Husûf Namazları ................................................................................... 321
m) Mübarek Gecelerde Namaz Kılmak ..................................................................... 322
XIV. NAMAZLA İLGİLİ BAZI MESELELER ........................................................................... 322
A) HASTA NAMAZI ...................................................................................................... 322
B) YOLCU NAMAZI ...................................................................................................... 323
a) Seferîliğin Mahiyeti ............................................................................................. 323
b) Seferîliğin Hükümleri .......................................................................................... 326
C) İKİ NAMAZI BİR VAKİTTE KILMAK (CEM‘) .............................................................. 329
D) KORKU NAMAZI ..................................................................................................... 333
XV. NAMAZLARIN KAZÂSI ................................................................................................ 334
A) Sebepler ................................................................................................................... 335
B) İfa Şekli ................................................................................................................... 337
XVI. SECDELERLE İLGİLİ MESELELER ............................................................................... 339
A) SEHİV SECDESİ ....................................................................................................... 339
a) Sehiv Secdesinin Yapılış Biçimi ............................................................................ 340
b) Sehiv Secdesini Gerektiren Durumlar ................................................................... 341