Islam and Democracy PDF
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Islam and Democracy This page intentionally left blank Islam and Democracy JOHN L. ESPOSITO JOHN O. VOLL New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1996 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1996 by John L. Esposito and John O. Voll Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Esposito, John L. Islam and democracy / John L. Esposito, John O. Voll. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-19-510296-7; 0-19-510816-7 (pbk.) 1. Islam and state. 2. Democracy—Religious aspects—Islam. 3. Islamic countries—Politics and government. I. Voll, John Obert, 1936- . II. Title. JC49.E76 1996 320.9i7'67i'o9045—dc20 95-42339 7 9 86 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Acknowledgments We have received assistance and cooperation from many people throughout the Islamic world and in the academic world in our research for this book. It is impos- sible to list them all here but we hope that they know how grateful we are for their help. We especially thank the National Endowment for the Humanities and the United States Institute for Peace for their support and advice. Positions taken in this book are, of course, not those of the NEH or the USIP but their help reflects the continuing significance of those institutions as indispensable sources of sup- port for research in the social sciences and humanities. Parts of the first chapter appeared originally in Middle East Quarterly as an article, "Islam's Democratic Essence," and we express our thanks to the Middle East Forum for permission to use that material. We also express our gratitude to Georgetown University, the new academic home for both of us, and the staff of the Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding for their patience and help. Finally, we recognize that our wives, Jean and Sarah, provide the essential encouragement that we need in projects like this. Washington, D.C. J.L.E. November, 1995 J.O.V. This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction 3 ONE Islam and Democracy: Heritage and Global Context 11 Two State and Opposition in Islamic History 33 THREE Iran: Revolutionary Islam in Power 52 FOUR Sudan: The Mahdi and the Military 78 FIVE Pakistan: The Many Faces of an Islamic Republic 102 SIX Malaysia: The Politics of Multiculturalism 124 SEVEN Algeria: Democracy Suppressed 150 EIGHT Egypt: Governmental, Populist, and Extremist Islam in Conflict 173 Conclusion 192 Notes 203 Suggestions for Further Reading 221 Index 224 This page intentionally left blank Islam and Democracy
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