Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia

445 Pages·2015·113.31 MB·English

by  A.C.S. Peacock

ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY IN MEDIEVAL ANATOLIA
Islam and christianity in
Medieval Anatolia
Edited by
A.C.S. PEACOCK
BRUNO DE NICOLA
SARA NUR YILDIZ
University ofS t Andrews, UK
ASHGATE
© A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola and Sara Nur Y!ldlz, and the contributors 2015
All rights reserved. No part of th is publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola and Sara Nur Y!ldlz have asserted their right under the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
Published by
Ashgate publishing Limited Ashgate publishing Company
Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street
Union Road Suite 3-1
Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818
Surrey, GU9 7PT USA
England
www.ashgate.com
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Islam and Christianity in medieval Anatolia / edited by A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola
and Sara Nur Y!ldlz.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4724-4863-7 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4724-5635-9 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-
4724-5636-6 (epub) 1. Islam--Relations--Christianity.2. Christianity and other religions
-Islam. 3. Islam--Turkey--History. 4. Christianity--Turkey--History.5. Seljuks. I. Peacock,
A. C. S. (Andrew C. S.) 11. De Nicola, Bruno. Ill. Y!ldlz, Sara Nur.
BPl72.18115 2015
297.2'8309561--dc23
2014037433
ISBN: 9781472448637 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781472456359 (ebk - PDF)
ISBN: 9781472456366 (ebk - ePUB)
Contents
List of Illustrations • •
VII
Acknowledgements xv
Note on Transliteration and Place Names •
XVI
Abbreviations • •
XVII
Notes on Contributors •
XIX
Introduction 1
AC.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola and Sara Nur YI ldlz
PART I CHRISTIAN EXPERIENCES OF MUSLIM RULE
1 Christians in the Middle East, 600- 1000: Conquest, Competition
and Conversion 23
Philip Wood
2 Christian Views of Islam in Early Seljuq Anatolia:
Perceptions and Reactions 51
Alexander D. Beihammer
3 Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian
Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman
Hegemony 77
S. Peter Cowe
4 The Rape of Anatolia 107
Scott Redford
5 Liquid Frontiers: A Relational Analysis of Maritime Asia Minor as
a Religious Contact Zone in the Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries 117
}ohannes Preiser-Kapeller
6 The Greek Orthodox Communities of Nicaea and Ephesus under
Turkish Rule in the Fourteenth Century: A New Reading of Old
Sources 147
}ohannes Pahlitzsch
• Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia
VI
PART II ARTISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN
ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY
Byzantine Appropriation of the Orient: Notes on its Principles
7
and Patterns 167
Rustam Shukurov
8 Other Encounters: Popular Belief and Cultural Convergence in
Anatolia and the Caucasus 183
Antony Eastmond
Thirteenth-Century 'Byzantine' Art in Cappadocia and the
9
Question of Greek Painters at the Seljuq Court 215
Tolga B. Uyar
10 An Interfaith Polemic of Medieval Anatolia: QaQi Burhan aI-Din
al-Anawi on the Armenians and their Heresies 233
A.C.S. Peacock
11 'What Does the Clapper Say?' An Interfaith Discourse on the
Christian Call to Prayer by 'Abdish6' bar Brikha 263
Sa/am Rassi
PART III THE FORMATION OF ISLAMIC SOCIETY IN ANATOLIA
12 Sunni Orthodox vs ShiCite Heterodox?: A Reappraisal of Islamic
Piety in Medieval Anatolia 287
ylldmm
Rlza
Mevlevi-Bektashi Rivalries and the Isiamisation of the Public
13
Space in Late Seljuq Anatolia 309
}udith Pfeiffer
14 Battling Kufr (Unbelief) in the Land of Infidels: Glil,ehri's Turkish
Adaptation of 'Attar's Mantiq al-Tayr 329
Sara Nur yddlz
15 Islamisation through the Lens of the Saltuk-name 349
Ahmet T. Karamustafa
Bibliography
365
In dex
409
List of Illustrations
Colour plates
Plate 1 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall
painting, west wall, Church ofStratelates at Bajk6y (Mavrucan),
Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Plate 2 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall
painting, west wall, Church of Stratelates at Bajk6y (Mavrucan),
Cappadocia (photo: yddlz OtUken)
Plate 3 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, detail. Wall
painting, west wall, Church of Stratelates at Bajk6y (Mavrucan),
Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Plate 4 Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, niche on exterior
wall, Church of Saint George at BeliSIrma (KIrkdamaltl Kilise),
Ihlara, Cappadocia, (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Plate 5 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall
painting, west wall, Kaql Kilise at Gliljehir, Cappadocia (photo:
Tolga B. Uyar)
Maps
Map 1 The Byzantine eastern Mediterranean and neighbouring
regions: Armenia, the Caucasus, the ]azira and Mesopotamia
c. 1050
under the Abbasids,
XI
Map 2 Anatolia c.1144: Byzantium, the ROm Seljuqs, and other Turco
Muslim principalities (Danishmendids, Menglijekids, Saltuqids,
and Artuqids)
XII
Map3 Thirteenth-Century Mongol-Dominated Seljuq Anatolia, c.1280
XIII
c.1330: Beyliks,
Map4 Anatolia Byzantium, Turkish and the Ilkhanate
XIV
Black and Wh ite Figures
5.1 The network of land and sea routes in Southern Anatolia: Nodes are
sized according to their betweenness centrality values (J. Preiser-
Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS) 123
5.2 The embedding of Anatolia into the international web of commerce
of the fourteenth century according to Francesco Pegoiotti's
Handbook (nodes being localities from which or to which
merchandise traded in the Anatolian cities found its way). Nodes
Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia
VIII
O.
are scaled according to their betweenness centrality Preiser-
Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS) 130
5.3 The web of entanglements created by the Venetian galley of 1414
on the basis of the mobility of its crew and of the ship itself (nodes
of localities sized according to the number of oarsmen coming from
there) (j. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS) 135
5.4 Connections between famagusta and the Mediterranean world on
the basis of links to the places or origin of merchants who came
there to trade with slaves in 1300/1301 (j. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013;
created with QuantumGIS) 139
5.5 Connections between famagusta and the Mediterranean world on
the basis of links to the places from or via which slaves came who
were traded in famagusta in 1300/1301 (j. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013;
created with QuantumGIS) 140
5.6 Connections between Candia and the Mediterranean world on the
basis of links to the places of origin of merchants who came there
to trade with slaves in 1305/1306 (j. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created
with QuantumGIS) 141
5.7 Connections between Candia and Anatolia, the Aegean and the
Black Sea on the basis of links to the places or origin of slaves who
were traded there in 1305/1306 (j. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created
with QuantumGIS) 142
8.1 Tower of Mamkhatun (Tower 63), Ani. 1219. photo: author 183
8.2 Tower 5, Ani, showing crosses. Thirteenth century. photo: author 187
8.3 ulu Baden (Tower 31), Amid (DiyarbakIr). 1207/8. photo: author 189
8.4 Yedi Karde, (Tower 39), Amid (DiyarbakIr). 1207/8. photo: author 190
8.5 Gate at Konya. c. 1219- 21. C. Texier, Description de I'Asie Mineure fa ite
a
par Ordre du gouvemement franr;ais de 1833 1837 (Paris: Didot Freres,
1839- 49), plate 97. (photo: Courtesy of the Institute of Classical
Studies, University of London) 193
8.6 Bab al-Talsim [Talisman gate], Baghdad. 1221. photo: friedrich
Sarre, courtesy Fine Arts Library, Harvard College Library 194
8.7 Ankara. Roman herms and altars re-employed in city walls.
photo: author 195
8.8 Ankara. Inscription re-employed in city walls. photo: author 196
8.9 Astrolabe of al-AshrafMusa, made by 'Abd al-Karlm. front. 1227- 78.
photo: Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford 200
8.10 Astrolabe of al-AshrafMusa, made by 'Abd al-Karlm. Reverse.
1227- 78. photo: Museum ofthe History of Science, University
of Oxford 201
8.11 Astrological Treatise, National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi A-65, fol.
352r: Aries. photo: National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi 203
8.12 Pseudo-Galen's Kitab al-Diryaq (Book of Antidotes), Paris BNf, MS
Arabe 2964, fol. 15.1199. photo: BNf 204
of
List Illustrations
IX
8.13 Astrological Treatise, National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi A-65, fol.
376r: Sagittarius. photo: National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi 205
8.14 Coin with Sagittarius. aI-DIn Artuq Arslan. Mardin 1202- 03.
Na~ir
The David Collection, Copenhagen, Inv. C 191. photo: Pernille Klemp 206
8.15 Mars in Scorpio on Tower 11, Amid (Diyarbakir), twelfth century (?).
photo: author 207
8.16 Pisces, Aries, Taurus on the Bridge atjazira ibn 'Umar (Cizre),
1164. photo: Courtesy of the Gertr ude Bell Archive, Newcastle
University (M_087) 208
8.17 Mirror. Seljuq, 1153 . Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo 209
8.18 Talismanic bows, made for Zayn aI-DIn. Syria, 1224. Museum fUr
Islamische Kunst, Berlin inv. 1.3633. photo: bpk / Museum fUr
Islamische Kunst, 5MB / Georg Niedermeiser 210
8.19 Hystera amulet. Byzantine, twelfth century. The Menil Collection,
Texas. Inv. 490.824. Recto © The Menil Collection, Houston. photo:
Paul Hester. Verso © The Menil Collection, Houston. photo: Taylor
and Dull, NY 211
9.1 T'amar, donor portrait (1282- 1295 or 1302- 1310). Wall painting,
west wall, Church of Saint George at BeliSlrma (KIrkdamaltl Kilise),
Ihlara, Cappadocia, (photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 220
9.2 Shamh urash, dragon-slaying angel (mid to late thirteenth century).
Miniature illustration from Daqa'iq BNF MS pers. 174, fol.
al-~aqa'iq,
83 (photo: Bibliotheque nationale de France) 223
9.3 Dragon and lion slaying riders (late twelfth - early thirteenth
century). Stucco relief from Konya Palace. Museum of Turkish and
Islamic Arts, Istanbul 2831 (photo: Museum of Turkish Islamic Arts) 224
9.4 Map of Byzantine Cappadocia (based on Hild, Das byzantinische
Strassensystem) 224
9.5 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting,
west wall, Church of Stratelates at Bajk6y (Mavrucan), Cappadocia
(photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 226
9.6 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting,
west wall, Church of Stratelates at Bajk6y (Mavrucan), Cappadocia
(photo: y,ld,z Otliken) 226
9.7 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, west wall,
Church of Stratelates at Bajk6y (Mavr ucan), Cappadocia (drawing
based on Yildlz Otliken's photo) 227
9.8 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, detail.
Wall pain ting, west wall, Church of Stratelates at Bajk6y
(Mavr ucan), Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 228
9.9 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, detail.
Wall painting, west wall, Church of Stratelates at Bajk6y
(Mavr ucan), Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 228
x Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia
9.10 Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, niche on exterior
wall, Church of Saint George at BeliSIrma (KIrkdamaltl Kilise),
Ihlara, Cappadocia, (photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 230
9.11 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting,
west wall, Kaql Kilise at GUI,ehir, Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 230
13.1 Map of Nur ai-DIn ibnjaja's endowments in Anatolia 311