Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia

435 Pages·2016·6.86 MB·English

by  Sara Nur Yildiz

ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY IN MEDIEVAL ANATOLIA
Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia
Edited by
A.C.S. PEACOCK
BRUNO DE NICOLA
SARA NUR YILDIZ
University of St Andrews, UK
First published 2015 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Islam and Christianity in medieval Anatolia / edited by A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola and
Sara Nur Yıldız.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4724-4863-7 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-3155-8988-6 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-
3171-1268-6 (epub) 1. Islam--Relations--Christianity. 2. Christianity and other religions--
Islam. 3. Islam--Turkey--History. 4. Christianity--Turkey--History. 5. Seljuks. I. Peacock, A. C.
S. (Andrew C. S.) II. De Nicola, Bruno. III. Yıldız, Sara Nur.
BP172.I8115 2015
297.2’8309561--dc23
2014037433
ISBN: 9781472448637 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781315589886 (ebk-PDF)
ISBN: 9781317112686 (ebk-ePUB)
Contents
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgements
Note on Transliteration and Place Names
Abbreviations
Notes on Contributors
Introduction
A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola and Sara Nur Yıldız
PART I CHRISTIAN EXPERIENCES OF MUSLIM RULE
1 Christians in the Middle East, 600–1000: Conquest, Competition and Conversion
Philip Wood
2 Christian Views of Islam in Early Seljuq Anatolia: Perceptions and Reactions
Alexander D. Beihammer
3 Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between
Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony
S. Peter Cowe
4 The Rape of Anatolia
Scott Redford
5 Liquid Frontiers: A Relational Analysis of Maritime Asia Minor as a Religious Contact
Zone in the Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries
Johannes Preiser-Kapeller
6 The Greek Orthodox Communities of Nicaea and Ephesus under Turkish Rule in the
Fourteenth Century: A New Reading of Old Sources
Johannes Pahlitzsch
PART II ARTISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN ISLAM AND
CHRISTIANITY
7 Byzantine Appropriation of the Orient: Notes on its Principles and Patterns
Rustam Shukurov
8 Other Encounters: Popular Belief and Cultural Convergence in Anatolia and the Caucasus
Antony Eastmond
9 Thirteenth-Century ‘Byzantine’ Art in Cappadocia and the Question of Greek Painters at
the Seljuq Court
Tolga B. Uyar
10 An Interfaith Polemic of Medieval Anatolia: Qā ī Burhān al-Dīn al-Anawī on the
Armenians and their Heresies
A.C.S. Peacock
11 ‘What Does the Clapper Say?’ An Interfaith Discourse on the Christian Call to Prayer by
Abdīshō bar Brīkhā
Salam Rassi
PART III THE FORMATION OF ISLAMIC SOCIETY IN ANATOLIA
12 Sunni Orthodox vs Shi ite Heterodox?: A Reappraisal of Islamic Piety in Medieval
Anatolia
Rıza Yıldırım
13 Mevlevi-Bektashi Rivalries and the Islamisation of the Public Space in Late Seljuq
Anatolia
Judith Pfeiffer
14 Battling Kufr (Unbelief) in the Land of Infidels: Gülşehri’s Turkish Adaptation of A ār’s
Man iq al- ayr
Sara Nur Yıldız
15 Islamisation through the Lens of the Saltuk-name
Ahmet T. Karamustafa
Bibliography
Index
List of Illustrations
Colour Plates
Plate 1 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, west wall, Church
of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Plate 2 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, west wall, Church
of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia (photo: Yıldız Ötüken)
Plate 3 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, detail. Wall painting, west wall,
Church of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Plate 4 Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, niche on exterior wall, Church of Saint
George at Belisırma (Kırkdamaltı Kilise), Ihlara, Cappadocia, (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Plate 5 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, west wall, Karşı
Kilise at Gülşehir, Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Maps
Map 1 The Byzantine eastern Mediterranean and neighbouring regions: Armenia, the Caucasus,
the Jazira and Mesopotamia under the Abbasids, c.1050
Map 2 Anatolia c.1144: Byzantium, the Rūm Seljuqs, and other Turco-Muslim principalities
(Danishmendids, Mengüjekids, Saltuqids, and Artuqids)
Map 3 Thirteenth-Century Mongol-Dominated Seljuq Anatolia, c.1280
Map 4 Anatolia c.1330: Byzantium, Turkish Beyliks, and the Ilkhanate
Black and White Figures
5.1 The network of land and sea routes in Southern Anatolia: Nodes are sized according to
their betweenness centrality values (J. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS)
5.2 The embedding of Anatolia into the international web of commerce of the fourteenth
century according to Francesco Pegolotti’s Handbook (nodes being localities from which
or to which merchandise traded in the Anatolian cities found its way). Nodes are scaled
according to their betweenness centrality (J. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created with
QuantumGIS)
5.3 The web of entanglements created by the Venetian galley of 1414 on the basis of the
mobility of its crew and of the ship itself (nodes of localities sized according to the
number of oarsmen coming from there) (J. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created with
QuantumGIS)
5.4 Connections between Famagusta and the Mediterranean world on the basis of links to the
places or origin of merchants who came there to trade with slaves in 1300/1301 (J.
Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS)
5.5 Connections between Famagusta and the Mediterranean world on the basis of links to the
places from or via which slaves came who were traded in Famagusta in 1300/1301 (J.
Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS)
5.6 Connections between Candia and the Mediterranean world on the basis of links to the
places of origin of merchants who came there to trade with slaves in 1305/1306 (J.
Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS)
5.7 Connections between Candia and Anatolia, the Aegean and the Black Sea on the basis of
links to the places or origin of slaves who were traded there in 1305/1306 (J. Preiser-
Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS)
8.1 Tower of Mamkhatun (Tower 63), Ani. 1219. Photo: author
8.2 Tower 5, Ani, showing crosses. Thirteenth century. Photo: author
8.3 Ulu Baden (Tower 31), Amid (Diyarbakır). 1207/8. Photo: author
8.4 Yedi Kardeş (Tower 39), Amid (Diyarbakır). 1207/8. Photo: author
8.5 Gate at Konya. c.1219–21. C. Texier, Description de l’Asie Mineure faite par Ordre du
gouvernement Français de 1833 à 1837 (Paris: Didot Frères, 1839–49), plate 97.
(Photo: Courtesy of the Institute of Classical Studies, University of London)
8.6 Bāb al- alsim [Talisman gate], Baghdad. 1221. Photo: Friedrich Sarre, courtesy Fine
Arts Library, Harvard College Library
8.7 Ankara. Roman herms and altars re-employed in city walls. Photo: author
8.8 Ankara. Inscription re-employed in city walls. Photo: author
8.9 Astrolabe of al-Ashraf Mūsā, made by Abd al-Karīm. Front. 1227–78. Photo: Museum of
the History of Science, University of Oxford
8.10 Astrolabe of al-Ashraf Mūsā, made by Abd al-Karīm. Reverse. 1227–78. Photo:
Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford
8.11 Astrological Treatise, National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi A-65, fol. 352r: Aries. Photo:
National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi
8.12 Pseudo-Galen’s Kitāb al-Diryāq (Book of Antidotes), Paris BNF, MS Arabe 2964, fol.
15. 1199. Photo: BNF
8.13 Astrological Treatise, National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi A-65, fol. 376r: Sagittarius.
Photo: National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi
8.14 Coin with Sagittarius. Nā ir al-Dīn Artuq Arslan. Mardin 1202–03. The David
Collection, Copenhagen, Inv. C 191. Photo: Pernille Klemp
8.15 Mars in Scorpio on Tower 11, Amid (Diyarbakır), twelfth century (?). Photo: author
8.16 Pisces, Aries, Taurus on the Bridge at Jazira ibn Umar (Cizre), 1164. Photo: Courtesy of
the Gertrude Bell Archive, Newcastle University (M_087)
8.17 Mirror. Seljuq, 1153. Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo
8.18 Talismanic bows, made for Zayn al-Dīn. Syria, 1224. Museum für Islamische Kunst,
Berlin inv. I.3633. Photo: bpk / Museum für Islamische Kunst, SMB / Georg Niedermeiser
8.19 Hystera amulet. Byzantine, twelfth century. The Menil Collection, Texas. Inv. 490.824.
Recto © The Menil Collection, Houston. Photo: Paul Hester. Verso © The Menil
Collection, Houston. Photo: Taylor and Dull, NY
9.1 T’amar, donor portrait (1282–1295 or 1302–1310). Wall painting, west wall, Church of
Saint George at Belisırma (Kırkdamaltı Kilise), Ihlara, Cappadocia, (photo: Tolga B.
Uyar)
9.2 Shamhurash, dragon-slaying angel (mid to late thirteenth century). Miniature illustration
from Daqā’iq al- aqā’iq, BNF MS pers. 174, fol. 83 (photo: Bibliothèque nationale de
France)
9.3 Dragon and lion slaying riders (late twelfth – early thirteenth century). Stucco relief from
Konya Palace. Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts, Istanbul 2831 (photo: Museum of
Turkish Islamic Arts)
9.4 Map of Byzantine Cappadocia (based on Hild, Das byzantinische Strassensystem)
9.5 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, west wall, Church of
Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
9.6 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, west wall, Church of
Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia (photo: Yıldız Ötüken)
9.7 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, west wall, Church of Stratelates at
Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia (drawing based on Yıldız Ötüken’s photo)
9.8 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, detail. Wall painting, west wall,
Church of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
9.9 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, detail. Wall painting, west wall,
Church of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
9.10 Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, niche on exterior wall, Church of Saint
George at Belisırma (Kırkdamaltı Kilise), Ihlara, Cappadocia, (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
9.11 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, west wall, Karşı
Kilise at Gülşehir, Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
13.1 Map of Nūr al-Dīn ibn Jājā’s endowments in Anatolia
Map 1 The Byzantine eastern Mediterranean and neighbouring regions: Armenia, the Caucasus,
the Jazira and Mesopotamia under the Abbasids, c.1050
Map 2 Anatolia c.1144: Byzantium, the Rūm Seljuqs, and other Turco-Muslim principalities
(Danishmendids, Mengüjekids, Saltuqids, and Artuqids)