Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia

457 Pages·2016·4.83 MB·English

by  A.C.S. Peacock

Islam and ChrIstIanIty In medIeval anatolIa
This page has been left blank intentionally
Islam and Christianity in
medieval anatolia
edited by
a.C.s. PeaCoCk
Bruno de nICola
sara nur yIldIz
University of St Andrews, UK
© A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola and Sara Nur Yıldız, and the contributors 2015
all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola and Sara Nur Yıldız have asserted their right under the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
Published by
ashgate Publishing limited ashgate Publishing Company
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British library Cataloguing in Publication data
a catalogue record for this book is available from the British library
the library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Islam and Christianity in medieval anatolia / edited by a.C.s. Peacock, Bruno de nicola
and Sara Nur Yıldız.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4724-4863-7 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4724-5635-9 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-
4724-5636-6 (epub) 1. Islam--Relations--Christianity. 2. Christianity and other religions-
-Islam. 3. Islam--Turkey--History. 4. Christianity--Turkey--History. 5. Seljuks. I. Peacock,
A. C. S. (Andrew C. S.) II. De Nicola, Bruno. III. Yıldız, Sara Nur.
BP172.I8115 2015
297.2’8309561--dc23
2014037433
ISBN: 9781472448637 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781472456359 (ebk – PDF)
ISBN: 9781472456366 (ebk – ePUB)
Printed in the united kingdom by henry ling limited,
at the dorset Press, dorchester, dt1 1hd
Contents
List of Illustrations   vii
Acknowledgements   xv
Note on Transliteration and Place Names   xvi
Abbreviations   xvii
Notes on Contributors   xix
Introduction   1
A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola and Sara Nur Yıldız
PartI ChrIstIanExPErIEnCEsofMuslIMrulE
1 ChristiansintheMiddleEast,600–1000:Conquest,Competition
andConversion   23
Philip Wood
2 ChristianViewsofIslaminEarlyseljuqanatolia:
Perceptionsandreactions   51
Alexander D. Beihammer
3 Patternsofarmeno-MuslimInterchangeonthearmenian
PlateauintheIntersticebetweenByzantineandottoman
hegemony   77
S. Peter Cowe
4 therapeofanatolia   107
Scott Redford
5 liquidfrontiers:arelationalanalysisofMaritimeasiaMinoras
areligiousContactZoneinthethirteenth-fifteenthCenturies   117
Johannes Preiser-Kapeller
6 theGreekorthodoxCommunitiesofnicaeaandEphesusunder
turkishruleinthefourteenthCentury:anewreadingofold
sources   147
Johannes Pahlitzsch
vi Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia
PartII artIstICandIntEllECtualEnCountErsBEtwEEn
IslaMandChrIstIanIty
7 Byzantineappropriationoftheorient:notesonitsPrinciples
andPatterns   167
Rustam Shukurov
8 otherEncounters:PopularBeliefandCulturalConvergencein
anatoliaandtheCaucasus   183
Antony Eastmond
9 thirteenth-Century‘Byzantine’artinCappadociaandthe
QuestionofGreekPaintersattheseljuqCourt   215
Tolga B. Uyar
10 anInterfaithPolemicofMedievalanatolia:QāḍīBurhānal-dīn
al-anawīonthearmeniansandtheirheresies   233
A.C.S. Peacock
11 ‘whatdoestheClappersay?’anInterfaithdiscourseonthe
ChristianCalltoPrayerbyʿabdīshōʿbarBrīkhā   263
Salam Rassi
PartIII thEforMatIonofIslaMICsoCIEtyInanatolIa
12 sunniorthodoxvsshiʿiteheterodox?:areappraisalofIslamic
PietyinMedievalanatolia   287
Rıza Yıldırım
13 Mevlevi-BektashirivalriesandtheIslamisationofthePublic
spaceinlateseljuqanatolia   309
Judith Pfeiffer
14 BattlingKufr(unbelief)inthelandofInfidels:Gülşehri’sturkish
adaptationofʿaṭṭār’sManṭiq al-Ṭayr   329
Sara Nur Yıldız
15 IslamisationthroughthelensoftheSaltuk-name   349
Ahmet T. Karamustafa
Bibliography   365
Index   409
List of Illustrations
Colour Plates
Plate 1 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall
painting, west wall, Church of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan),
Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Plate 2 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall
painting, west wall, Church of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan),
Cappadocia (photo: Yıldız Ötüken)
Plate 3 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, detail. Wall
painting, west wall, Church of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan),
Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Plate 4 Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting, niche on exterior
wall, Church of Saint George at Belisırma (Kırkdamaltı Kilise),
Ihlara, Cappadocia, (photo: Tolga B. Uyar)
Plate 5 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall
painting, west wall, Karşı Kilise at Gülşehir, Cappadocia (photo:
Tolga B. Uyar)
Maps
Map 1 The Byzantine eastern Mediterranean and neighbouring
regions: Armenia, the Caucasus, the Jazira and Mesopotamia
under the Abbasids, c.1050 xi
Map 2 Anatolia c.1144: Byzantium, the Rūm Seljuqs, and other Turco-
Muslim principalities (Danishmendids, Mengüjekids, Saltuqids,
and Artuqids) xii
Map 3 Thirteenth-Century Mongol-Dominated Seljuq Anatolia, c.1280 xiii
Map 4 Anatolia c.1330: Byzantium, Turkish Beyliks, and the Ilkhanate xiv
Black and White Figures
5.1 The network of land and sea routes in Southern Anatolia: Nodes are
sized according to their betweenness centrality values (J. Preiser-
Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS) 123
5.2 The embedding of Anatolia into the international web of commerce
of the fourteenth century according to Francesco Pegolotti’s
Handbook (nodes being localities from which or to which
merchandise traded in the Anatolian cities found its way). Nodes
viii Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia
are scaled according to their betweenness centrality (J. Preiser-
Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS) 130
5.3 The web of entanglements created by the Venetian galley of 1414
on the basis of the mobility of its crew and of the ship itself (nodes
of localities sized according to the number of oarsmen coming from
there) (J. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created with QuantumGIS) 135
5.4 Connections between Famagusta and the Mediterranean world on
the basis of links to the places or origin of merchants who came
there to trade with slaves in 1300/1301 (J. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013;
created with QuantumGIS) 139
5.5 Connections between Famagusta and the Mediterranean world on
the basis of links to the places from or via which slaves came who
were traded in Famagusta in 1300/1301 (J. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013;
created with QuantumGIS) 140
5.6 Connections between Candia and the Mediterranean world on the
basis of links to the places of origin of merchants who came there
to trade with slaves in 1305/1306 (J. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created
with QuantumGIS) 141
5.7 Connections between Candia and Anatolia, the Aegean and the
Black Sea on the basis of links to the places or origin of slaves who
were traded there in 1305/1306 (J. Preiser-Kapeller, 2013; created
with QuantumGIS) 142
8.1 Tower of Mamkhatun (Tower 63), Ani. 1219. Photo: author 183
8.2 Tower 5, Ani, showing crosses. Thirteenth century. Photo: author 187
8.3 Ulu Baden (Tower 31), Amid (Diyarbakır). 1207/8. Photo: author 189
8.4 Yedi Kardeş (Tower 39), Amid (Diyarbakır). 1207/8. Photo: author 190
8.5 Gate at Konya. c.1219–21. C. Texier, Description de l’Asie Mineure faite
par Ordre du gouvernement Français de 1833 à 1837 (Paris: Didot Frères,
1839–49), plate 97. (Photo: Courtesy of the Institute of Classical
Studies, University of London) 193
8.6 Bāb al-Ṭalsim [Talisman gate], Baghdad. 1221. Photo: Friedrich
Sarre, courtesy Fine Arts Library, Harvard College Library 194
8.7 Ankara. Roman herms and altars re-employed in city walls.
Photo: author 195
8.8 Ankara. Inscription re-employed in city walls. Photo: author 196
8.9 Astrolabe of al-Ashraf Mūsā, made by ʿAbd al-Karīm. Front. 1227–78.
Photo: Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford 200
8.10 Astrolabe of al-Ashraf Mūsā, made by ʿAbd al-Karīm. Reverse.
1227–78. Photo: Museum of the History of Science, University
of Oxford 201
8.11 Astrological Treatise, National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi A-65, fol.
352r: Aries. Photo: National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi 203
8.12 Pseudo-Galen’s Kitāb al-Diryāq (Book of Antidotes), Paris BNF, MS
Arabe 2964, fol. 15. 1199. Photo: BNF 204
List of Illustrations ix
8.13 Astrological Treatise, National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi A-65, fol.
376r: Sagittarius. Photo: National Manuscript Centre, Tbilisi 205
8.14 Coin with Sagittarius. Nāṣir al-Dīn Artuq Arslan. Mardin 1202–03.
The David Collection, Copenhagen, Inv. C 191. Photo: Pernille Klemp 206
8.15 Mars in Scorpio on Tower 11, Amid (Diyarbakır), twelfth century (?).
Photo: author 207
8.16 Pisces, Aries, Taurus on the Bridge at Jazira ibn ʿUmar (Cizre),
1164. Photo: Courtesy of the Gertrude Bell Archive, Newcastle
University (M_087) 208
8.17 Mirror. Seljuq, 1153. Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo 209
8.18 Talismanic bows, made for Zayn al-Dīn. Syria, 1224. Museum für
Islamische Kunst, Berlin inv. I.3633. Photo: bpk / Museum für
Islamische Kunst, SMB / Georg Niedermeiser 210
8.19 Hystera amulet. Byzantine, twelfth century. The Menil Collection,
Texas. Inv. 490.824. Recto © The Menil Collection, Houston. Photo:
Paul Hester. Verso © The Menil Collection, Houston. Photo: Taylor
and Dull, NY 211
9.1 T’amar, donor portrait (1282–1295 or 1302–1310). Wall painting,
west wall, Church of Saint George at Belisırma (Kırkdamaltı Kilise),
Ihlara, Cappadocia, (photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 220
9.2 Shamhurash, dragon-slaying angel (mid to late thirteenth century).
Miniature illustration from Daqā’iq al-ḥaqā’iq, BNF MS pers. 174, fol.
83 (photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France) 223
9.3 Dragon and lion slaying riders (late twelfth – early thirteenth
century). Stucco relief from Konya Palace. Museum of Turkish and
Islamic Arts, Istanbul 2831 (photo: Museum of Turkish Islamic Arts) 224
9.4 Map of Byzantine Cappadocia (based on Hild, Das byzantinische
Strassensystem) 224
9.5 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting,
west wall, Church of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia
(photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 226
9.6 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon. Wall painting,
west wall, Church of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia
(photo: Yıldız Ötüken) 226
9.7 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, west wall,
Church of Stratelates at Başköy (Mavrucan), Cappadocia (drawing
based on Yıldız Ötüken’s photo) 227
9.8 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, detail.
Wall painting, west wall, Church of Stratelates at Başköy
(Mavrucan), Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 228
9.9 Saint Theodore and Saint George slaying the dragon, detail.
Wall painting, west wall, Church of Stratelates at Başköy
(Mavrucan), Cappadocia (photo: Tolga B. Uyar) 228