Table Of Content

Philosophy and Medicine P&M137 Afifi al-Akiti Aasim I. Padela Editors Islam and Biomedicine Philosophy and Medicine Volume 137 Series Editors Søren Holm, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Lisa M. Rasmussen, UNC Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA Founding Editors H. Tristram Engelhardt, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Stuart F. Spicker, Renodo Beach, CA, USA Editorial Board George Agich, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Bob Baker, Union College, Schenectady, NY, USA Jeffrey Bishop, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA Ana Borovecki, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Ruiping Fan, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Volnei Garrafa, International Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil D. Micah Hester, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA Bjørn Hofmann, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjøvik, Norway Ana Iltis, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA John Lantos, Childrens’ Mercy, Kansas City, MO, USA Chris Tollefsen, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Dr Teck Chuan Voo, Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore The Philosophy and Medicine series is dedicated to publishing monographs and collections of essays that make important contributions to scholarship in bioethics and the philosophy of medicine. The series addresses the full scope of issues in bioethics and philosophy of medicine, from euthanasia to justice and solidarity in health care, and from the concept of disease to the phenomenology of illness. The Philosophy and Medicine series places the scholarship of bioethics within studies of basic problems in the epistemology, ethics, and metaphysics of medicine. The series seeks to publish the best of philosophical work from around the world and from all philosophical traditions directed to health care and the biomedical sciences. Since its appearance in 1975, the series has created an intellectual and scholarly focal point that frames the field of the philosophy of medicine and bioethics. From its inception, the series has recognized the breadth of philosophical concerns made salient by the biomedical sciences and the health care professions. With over one hundred and twenty-five volumes in print, no other series offers as substantial and significant a resource for philosophical scholarship regarding issues raised by medicine and the biomedical sciences. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6414 Afifi al-Akiti • Aasim I. Padela Editors Islam and Biomedicine Editors Afifi al-Akiti Aasim I. Padela Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies Department of Emergency Medicine & Oxford, UK Institute for Health and Equity Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA ISSN 0376-7418 ISSN 2215-0080 (electronic) Philosophy and Medicine ISBN 978-3-030-53800-2 ISBN 978-3-030-53801-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53801-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Although many deserve to be appreciated and acknowledged, not least of all those who contributed to our conversations throughout the journey, I wish to thank especially my project partner, Dr Aasim I. Padela, who has heroically been ever so patient with me in giving birth to this volume. It is arguably providential that the two partners – a theolo- gian and a scientist, one originating from the world of naql, the other coming from the world of ʿaql – should meet and start this journey, and then complement each other, thus exemplifying what we do indeed believe, the true complementarity between both Islam and Biomedicine. We were indeed fortunate to have had the support from our patron, the Templeton Religion Trust, for our original joint-project entitled, ‘Conversations on Islam and the Human Sciences.’1 Special appreciation therefore is reserved for Michael Murray, at the John Templeton Foundation, who supported this project from conception through implementation and served as a critical interlocutor for the chapter authors, and W. Christopher Stewart who trusted our team to carry out the project under the auspices of the Templeton Religion Trust. I should also mention Professors Abdulaziz Sachedina and Omar Qureshi who also served as key interlocutors. Professor Sachedina doubled as a Keynote Speaker at the special dinner event billed as ‘Trivia with the ʿUlamāʾ’ (when there is nothing trivial about sitting with the ʿulamāʾ actually!), staged on the sidelines of the two-day Multidisciplinary Symposium and Workshop on Islam and Biomedicine at the University of Chicago in September 2018. That Symposium was indeed the return match from the weekly Seminar Series on ‘Islam and Biomedicine’ I had convened a year earlier at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies in Michaelmas Term 2017. For this, I would like to thank the Director of the Centre, Dr Farhan Nizami, CBE, who supported and allowed the Centre to host the project from the get-go. Oxford, UK Afifi al-Akiti 1 The project website is at: https://www.medicineandislam.org/conversations-on-islam-and-the- human-sciences v vi Preface I echo Dato’ Dr Afifi’s sentiments in thanking our sponsors, chapter authors, and interlocutors. I am truly indebted to him for agreeing to embark on this project journey with me. We could not have produced this volume without his steadfastness in the face of obstacles, his trust in our abilities, and his scholarly insights. I also would like to thank Dr Don Fette Barrett at Arizona State University for his editorial assistance. Much gratitude goes to Drs Rosie Duivenbode and Shaheen Nageeb who supported the project in many ways and arranged our retreat and symposium at the University of Chicago. I also thank the volunteers, participants, and supporters for allowing that weekend to be one of much learning and camaraderie. I also acknowl- edge the hospitality of Dr Farhan Nizami and the Fellows at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies for hosting me and my family in Michaelmas Term 2017 so that Dr Afifi and I could work on this and other projects. Last but not least, all praise and gratitude are due to Allāh for arranging our affairs to make this all possible, may He make this work one of benefit to its readers. Milwaukee, WI, USA Aasim I. Padela Contents 1 Taking On the Ghazālian Challenge of Integrating Religion and Science in Islam and Biomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Afifi al-Akiti and Aasim I. Padela Part I From Greek Sources to Islamic Conceptions of Health and Biomedicine 2 Medical Epistemology in Arabic Discourse: From Greek Sources to the Arabic Commentary Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Peter E. Pormann 3 The Piety of Health: The Making of Health in Islamic Religious Narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Ahmed Ragab 4 The Concept of a Human Microcosm: Exploring Possibilities for a Synthesis of Traditional and Modern Biomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Osman Bakar 5 Islamic Ethics in Engagement with Life, Health, and Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Adi Setia Part II T he Meaning of Life and Death 6 When Does a Human Foetus Become Human? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Hamza Yusuf 7 Where the Two Oceans Meet: The Theology of Islam and the Philosophy of Psychiatric Medicine in Exploring the Human Self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Asim Yusuf and Afifi al-Akiti vii viii Contents 8 Muslim Values and End-of-Life Healthcare Decision-Making: Values, Norms and Ontologies in Conflict? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Mehrunisha Suleman 9 The Intersection between Science and Sunnī Theological and Legal Discourse in Defining Medical Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Rafaqat Rashid Part III Interfacing Biomedical Knowledge and Islamic Theology 10 Islam and Science: Reorienting the Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Omar Qureshi, Afifi al-Akiti, and Aasim I. Padela 11 Science in the Framework of Islamic Legal Epistemology: An Exploratory Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Kamaluddin Ahmed 12 Interface between Islamic Law and Science: Ethico-Legal Construction of Science in Light of Islamic Bioethical Discourses on Genetic and Reproductive Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Ayman Shabana 13 Integrating Science and Scripture to Produce Moral Knowledge: Assessing Maṣlaḥa and Ḍarūra in Islamic Bioethics and the Case of Organ Donation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Aasim I. Padela Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Chapter 1 Taking On the Ghazālian Challenge of Integrating Religion and Science in Islam and Biomedicine Afifi al-Akiti and Aasim I. Padela 1.1 Introduction Advances in the sciences, particularly in the biomedical and life sciences, have created a knowledge gap that leaves various Muslim lay persons feeling bewildered even as Muslim scientists and religious scholars (ʿulamāʾ) labour to integrate religious teachings with new scientific knowledge. For example, breakthroughs in arti- ficial intelligence technology force Muslim theologians to consider anew traditional ideas of sentience and the nature of the soul. Advanced predictive epidemiologic modelling techniques, such as those used to forecast COVID-19 disease spread and mortality, spur Muslim legists to reconsider classical views on the obligation of establishing congregational Friday prayer. And the human-animal chimeras used to grow organs in the lab pose multiple questions to Muslim scholars about the nature of a ‘human’ organ, as well as the ethical limits of biomedical research and healthcare enterprises. These topics are but the tip of the iceberg as biomedical develop- ment pushes new frontiers on a daily basis, and accordingly pushes religious scholars to bridge scientific discoveries and religious understandings. This book, Islam and Biomedicine, engages this exciting problem-space by initi- ating conversations at the intersection of the Islamic intellectual tradition, specifically its theological, legal, and metaphysical frameworks, as well as the diverse A. al-Akiti (*) Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, Oxford, UK e-mail: [email protected] A. I. Padela Department of Emergency Medicine & Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA e-mail: [email protected] © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to 1 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 A. al-Akiti, A. I. Padela (eds.), Islam and Biomedicine, Philosophy and Medicine 137, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53801-9_1