Is Transport Infrastructure Effective?: Transport Infrastructure and Accessibility: Impacts on the Space Economy

390 Pages·1998·8 MB·English

by  Professor Dr. Piet Rietveld

Advances in Spatial Science
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Piet Rietveld· Frank Bruinsma
Is Transport
Infrastructure Effective?
Transport Infrastructure and Accessibility:
Impacts on the Space Economy
With 50 Figures
and 99 Tables
, Springer
Professor Dr. Piet Rietveld
Dr. Frank Bruinsma
Vrije Universiteit
Faculty of Economics
De Boelelaan 1105
NL-IOBI HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72234-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72232-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-72232-5
Cataloging-in-Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Rietveld, Piet:
Is transport infrastructure effective? : transport infrastructure and
accessibility impacts on the space economy; with 99 tables I Piet Rietveld; Frank Bruinsma. -
Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris;
Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1998
(Advances in spatial science)
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@ Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1998
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Hardcoverdesign: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg
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Preface
When in 1989 the authors started research on infrastructure, they did not
foresee that this would lead to a long-term involvement in this area. Our
beginning happened to coincide with the publication of David Aschauer's
article on public capital and productivity, which induced a large flow of
publications in this field. Infrastructure has indeed been a hot topic in policy
and research during the past decade. It is surprising, however, that the number
of monographs on spatial and economic impacts of infrastructure has
remained very limited. The aim of this book is to contribute to the literature
in a consolidated way.
A distinguishing feature of our book is that we analyze infrastructure
impacts using various methods (both modelling and non-modelling) at a
variety of spatial levels (from local to international). Other special features
are that we make ample use of 'accessibility' as a bridge concept between the
areas of infrastructure and the economy. Finally, we not only treat transport
infrastructure projects as given, as is the usual approach in infrastructure
impact research, but we also analyze the factors influencing infrastructure
supply.
We have adopted a mainly non-technical approach throughout most of the
book. This means that it can also be used by readers without a strong back
ground in statistics, modelling or micro-economics.
A considerable part of the book is clearly related to papers already pub
lished in various journals and edited books. The essential sections of the
introductory Chapters (J -4) however, have been written specifically for this
book.
The empirical part of the book has both a national (Dutch) and an inter
national (European) orientation, however, the emphasis is not on the specific
VI Preface
region or country itself, but rather on the existence and spatial distribution of
impacts of infrastructure projects (urban belt ways, international express
ways, railways, etc). Therefore, we believe that the book is also valuable for
those not particularly interested in the specific regions examined.
It was about seven years ago after completing a book that one of the
authors insisted he would never write a book again because of the large
amount of work involved and the frustrations with the word-processors of that
time. The present book shows that this claim was premature. Improved word
processors have indeed helped soften some of the hardships of writing, and
infrastructure appeared to be a challenging theme to address.
We want to express our gratitude to several colleagues who contributed to
specific sections of the book. In alphabetical order we thank Jaap Boonstra,
Maarten Hilferink, Joost van Nierop, Peter Nijkamp, Gerard Pepping, and
Sytze Rienstra for their valuable contributions. The maps in the book have
mostly been produced by o"ur colleagues Wim Douven, Michel Grothe, and
particularly Niels Vlaanderen, who have great expertise with Geographical
Information Systems (GIS).
Not only are we thankful to colleagues working in our own department; the
following colleagues throughout Europe made their data available for us:
Nadine Cattan, DA TAR, Ulf Erlandsson, Javier Gutierres, Wilhelm Meester,
Piet Pellenbarg, Klaus Spiekermann, and Michael Wegener. Michel Wegener
and Chris Jensen-Butler and Bjarne Madsen were so kind to allow us to use
parts of their empirical studies as examples of international-oriented infra
structure impact research.
The results of some research projects are already presented in journals or as
chapters in edited books. We thank the publishers Carfax (Regional Studies,
Urban Studies), KNAG (TESG), Nomos, Pion (Environment & Planning A),
Springer (Annals of Regional Science), and Wiley for their permission to
rewrite and use the material once again for this book.
We also thank the editorial board of Advances in Spatial Science
(especially Folke Snickars), as well as Marianne Bopp from Springer for their
encouragement to complete this project. Finally, we thank Sue Davis who
corrected our English.
Amsterdam, Easter 1998
Piet Rietveld
Frank R. Bruinsma
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Scope of the Book 3
1.3 Policy Analysis of Infrastructure Projects: Impact Studies 4
1.4 Accessibility Impacts 6
1.5 Infrastructure and Location Decisions of Firms 7
1.6 Transport Infrastructure: Supply or Demand Driven? 9
1.7 Infrastructure and the Environment JO
1.8 Aim and Structure of the Book 12
Part A: Concepts, Theory and Review of Empirical
Research
2 Concepts and Data 17
2.1 In troducti on 17
2.2 Defining Infrastructure 17
2.3 Infrastructure and Publicly Provided Capital 21
2.4 Ways of Measuring Infrastructure 23
2.5 Trends in Infrastructure Investments 26
2.5.1 Europe 26
2.5.2 The Netherlands 29
2.5.3 Trends in Private Versus Public Capital Formation 30
2.6 The Accessibility Concept 33
2.6.1 Definitions of Accessibility 33
VIII Contents
2.6.2 Further Variations in the Accessibility Concept 37
2.6.3 Problems in the Measurement of Accessibility 39
2.6A Broader Comparison of Some Accessibility Measures 41
2.6.5 Link between Infrastructure Improvement and
Accessibility 43
2.7 Conclusion 44
3 Theory: Infrastructure and the Space Economy 46
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Transport Infrastructure as a Production Factor 51
3.3 Transport Infrastructure, Interregional Trade and Industrial
Location 55
3.3.1 Transport Infrastructure and Interregional Trade 55
3.3.2 Transport Infrastructure and Industrial Location 59
3A Other Approaches to Measure Effects of Infrastructure
Improvements 61
3 A.I Spatial Organization of Distribution 61
3 A.2 Housing and Labour Market 62
3A.3 Transport Infrastructure and Land Prices 63
3 AA Monopolistic (Monopsonistic) Price Setting 65
3.5 Distributive and Generative Effects 66
3.6 External Benefits to Transport? 69
3.7 Costs and Benefits Versus Other Effects of Infrastructure
Investment 72
3.8 Conclusion 74
4 A Review of Empirical Infrastructure Impact
Research 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Methods for Analyzing Transport Infrastructure Impacts 76
4.3 Transport Infrastructure and RegionallNational Productivity 79
4A Transport Infrastructure and Relocation of Economic Activity 86
4.5 Transport Infrastructure and Intra-Urban Development 93
4.6 Major European Infrastructure Projects: Two Case Studies 98
4.6.1 The Danish Fixed Links 98
4.6.2 The Channel Tunnel 103
4.7 Concluding Remarks 107
Contents IX
Part B: European Accessibility Studies
Introduction to Part B 113
5 The Accessibility of Cities in European Infra-
structure Networks 115
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Methodology 116
5.3 Air Traffic 119
5.4 Rail Traffic 122
5.5 Road Traffic 124
5.6 National Borders as Barriers in the Road Network 127
5.7 Integration of the Transport Modes: the Shortest Travel Time 132
5.8 Equity in Accessibility 134
5.8.1 Air Traffic and the Shortest Travel Time 134
5.8.2 Rail Traffic 135
5.8.3 Road Traffic 136
5.8.4 The Transport Modes Compared 138
5.9 Concluding Remarks 139
6 A Comparison of European Accessibility Studies 140
6.1 Introduction 140
6.2 A Comparison of Accessibility Measures 141
6.2.1 Methodological Aspects of the Seven Studies 142
6.2.2 A Comparison of Approaches 146
6.3 Comparison of the Rankings of Each Transport Mode 147
6.3.1 Multi-Modal 148
6.3.2 Air Traffic 151
6.3.3 Rail Traffic 154
6.3.4 High-Speed Trains Network 157
6.3.5 Comparison between Modes 160
6.4 Conclusion 163
Appendices 165
x Contents
Part C: Regional and Urban Impact Studies
Introduction to Part C 171
7 Road Infrastructure and Corridor Development:
Regional Models 174
7.1 Introduction- 174
7.2 The Development of Accessibility in the Netherlands 177
7.2.1 The Development of Regional Employment in the
Netherlands 177
7.2.2 The Development of Accessibility in the Different Zones 179
7.2.3 Using an Accessibility Index 180
7.2.4 Correlations in Accessibility Growth 183
7.3 A Reference Region Approach 185
7.3.1 Introduction to the Al Highway and the AI-Regions 185
7.3.2 The AI-Regions Compared with the Remainder of the
Intermediary Zone 187
7.3.3 The AI-Regions Compared to Reference Regions 188
7.3.4 Remarks on the Reference Region Approach 190
7.4 A Regional Labour Market Approach 190
7.4.1 The Regional Labour Market: an Introduction 190
7.4.2 The Results of the Model for Total Regional Employment 192
7.4.3 Results for the Transport and Communication Sector 194
7.5 Conclusions 195
8 Road Infrastructure and Corridor Development:
Entrepreneurial Surveys 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Entrepreneurial Surveys: an Introduction 200
8.2.1 The Surveys of 1989 and 1994 200
8.2.2 General Results of the 1989 Survey 201
8.3 Infrastructure-<md Firm Development 204
8.3.1 Development of Employment 204
8.3.2 New and Relocated Firms 205
8.4 Infrastructure Components 208
8.4.1 The Impact of Infrastructure in General 208
8.4.2 Bottlenecks in the Infrastructure Networks 209