IS and Cultural Genocide: Antiquities Trafficking in the Terrorist State

112 Pages·2016·1.13 MB·English

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In IS and Cultural Genocide: Antiquities Trafficking in the Terrorist State, the C
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writing team of Retired Brigadier General Russell Howard, Marc Elliott, t
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and Jonathan Prohov offer compelling research that reminds govern- a
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ment and military officials of the moral, legal, and ethical dimensions e
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of protecting cultural antiquities from looting and illegal trafficking. o
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Internationally, states generally agree on the importance of protecting d
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antiquities, art, and cultural property not only for their historical and : A
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artistic importance, but also because such property holds economic, tiq
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political, and social value for nations and their peoples. Protection is in it
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the common interest because items or sites are linked to the common s
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heritage of mankind. The authors make the point that a principle of ra
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international law asserts that cultural or natural elements of humanity’s ic
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common heritage should be protected from exploitation and held in in
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Jonathan R. Prohov
JSOU Report 16-11
ISBN 978-1-941715-15-4
Joint Special Operations University
Brian A. Maher, Ed.D., SES, President
Francis X. Reidy, Interim Director, Center for Special Operations Studies and Research
Robert Nalepa, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force, Ret., Editor in Chief
Lisa Sheldon, B.A., Advertising, JSOU Press Editor
Cindy Snyder, B.A., Mass Communications/Journalism, Assistant JSOU Press Editor
Peter McCabe, Ph.D., Political Science, Colonel, U.S. Air Force, Ret.
Joint Special Operations University
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and the Center for Special Operations Studies and Research Paul Lieber, Ph.D., Mass Communication & Public Affairs
David Ellis, Ph.D., International Relations, Comparative Politics, Resident Senior Fellows
The Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) provides its publications
to contribute toward expanding the body of knowledge about joint special Editorial Advisory Board
operations. JSOU publications advance the insights and recommendations
Roby C. Barrett Alvaro de Souza Pinheiro
of national security professionals and the Special Operations Forces (SOF)
Ph.D., Middle Eastern & South Asian History Major General, Brazilian Army, Ret.
students and leaders for consideration by the SOF community and defense Public Policy Center Middle East Institute and JSOU Associate Fellow
JSOU Senior Fellow
leadership.
James J.F. Forest James F. Powers, Jr.
JSOU is the educational component of the United States Special Opera-
Ph.D., Higher Education Administration Colonel, U.S. Army, Ret.
tions Command (USSOCOM), MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. The JSOU Associate Professor, School of Criminology and JSOU Senior Fellow
mission is to educate SOF executive, senior, and intermediate leaders and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts
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selected other national and international security decision makers, both
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army
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JSOU Senior Fellow
IS and Cultural Genocide:
Antiquities Trafficking in the
Terrorist State
Brigadier General (Retired)
Russell D. Howard, U.S. Army
Marc D. Elliott
Jonathan R. Prohov
JSOU Report 16-11
The JSOU Press
MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
2016
Comments about this publication are invited and should be forwarded to the
Director of the Center for Special Operations Studies and Research, Joint Spe-
cial Operations University, 7701 Tampa Point Blvd., MacDill AFB FL 33621.
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This work was cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Printed in November 2016.

ISBN 978-1-941715-15-4
The views expressed in this publication are entirely those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views, policy, or position
of the United States Government, Department of Defense, United
States Special Operations Command, or the Joint Special Operations
University.
Authors are granted academic freedom provided their work does not
disclose classified information, jeopardize operations security, or
misrepresent official U.S. policy. Such academic freedom empowers
authors to offer new and sometimes controversial perspectives in the
interest of furthering debate on key issues.
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On the cover. The defaced 180-foot statue of Buddha, carved by monks in the cliffs
in the Bamiyan Valley, Afghanistan, has since been destroyed by the Taliban. Photo
by Newscom.
Back cover. ISIS militants smashed antiquities at a museum in Mosul, Iraq, in Feb-
ruary 2015. The militants shoved statues off pedestals, and used hammers and drills
to destroy what was left. During the destruction, a militant was quoted as saying,
“These antiquities and idols behind me were from people in past centuries and were
worshiped instead of God. When God Almighty orders us to destroy these statues,
idols, and antiquities, we must do it, even if they’re worth billions of dollars.” Photo
by Newscom.
Contents
Foreword ..........................................................................................................vii
About the Authors .........................................................................ix
Acknowledgements ......................................................................xi
Introduction ...................................................................................1
1. The Global Illicit Antiquities Trade and How It Supports
Terrorism in the Middle East ..........................................................5
2. Case Study: Antiquities Looting in Iraq up to 2010 ...................17
3. Case Study: Looting and Trafficking in Syria Since 2011 ..........25
4. Digging In and Trafficking Out: Plundering the Fertile
Crescent for Profit and Ideology ...................................................31
5. Cultural Heritage as a Target and Victim of War .......................43
6. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations ...............................57
Appendix A: Acronym List ...........................................................67
Endnotes .....................................................................................69
v

Foreword

I
n IS and Cultural Genocide: Antiquities Trafficking in the Terrorist State,
the writing team of Retired Brigadier General Russell Howard, Marc
Elliott, and Jonathan Prohov offer compelling research that reminds gov-
ernment and military officials of the moral, legal, and ethical dimensions of
protecting cultural antiquities from looting and illegal trafficking. Interna-
tionally, states generally agree on the importance of protecting antiquities,
art, and cultural property not only for their historical and artistic impor-
tance, but also because such property holds economic, political, and social
value for nations and their peoples. Protection is in the common interest
because items or sites are linked to the common heritage of mankind. The
authors make the point that a principle of international law asserts that
cultural or natural elements of humanity’s common heritage should be pro-
tected from exploitation and held in trust for future generations.
Most military readers will recognize doctrinal and planning require-
ments concerning cultural sites and property. The conflicts in Afghanistan,
and especially in Iraq and Syria, coupled with the rise of the Islamic State
(IS), have brought renewed attention to the plight of cultural heritage in the
Middle East and throughout the world. The authors describe trafficking
and destruction of antiquities for dual purpose: to fund armed groups and
organized crime, but also wanton destruction that fulfills the ideological
goals of extremists. Without greater efforts to protect cultural heritage, the
authors warn that the world will continue to suffer irreplaceable losses to
the shared history of mankind.
The authors offer a rational outline of a theoretical supply chain that
spans continents and class, legal and illegal actors, and involve a shadowy
network of accomplices. The gray networks are ancient but remain success-
ful because they adapt to the environment. There are three key points that
make this study important to SOF:
1. The trafficking trade reveals some of the IS’s operational infrastruc-
ture, linkages with partners and middlemen in loose and adaptive
networks, and insight as to how the IS exploits and intimidates local
civilian populations.
vii
2. The study reveals the lengths to which the IS seeks to expunge the
landscape of non-Muslim cultural artifacts including large and immov-
able sites. Financial gain appears secondary or immaterial compared
to the opportunity for destruction to fuel propaganda to advance
their ideological goal. In the short run, SOF will be a force of choice
to mitigate the threat and positively influence partners to blunt the
assault on antiquities.
3. Interagency and international collaboration is vital to halting what
amounts to cultural genocide, through legal prosecution, economic
sanctions, customs enforcement, and diplomatic as well as military
means.
Readers should be mindful of the bravery of individuals, the local citi-
zenry, who intervene to protect, defend, and preserve cultural heritage. The
authors correctly acknowledge the private individuals and self-designated
“Monuments Men” who place themselves at risk to preserve evidence of the
common heritage of mankind. Finally, readers should take extra time to
examine the comprehensive and practical recommendations at the conclu-
sion. They are worthy of your careful consideration.
Francis X. Reidy
Interim Director, Center for Special Operations Studies and Research