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इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 5451 (2001): Glossary of Terms Relating to Coal Carbonization Products [PCD 6: Bitumen Tar and their Products] “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda ““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee”” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” (Reaffirmed - 2011) Indian Standard GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS (First Revision) ICs 75.140 .- 0 BIS 2001 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Afovewber200I Price Group 4 _&t Bitumen, Tar and Their Products Sectional Committee, PCD 6 FOREWORD This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Bitumen,Tar and their Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Petroleum, Coal and Related Products Division Council. This Indian Standard on glossary of terms relating to coal carbonization products was originally published in 1969. The sectional committee felt that the standard does not cover allaspects of coal carbonization technique and therefore, taking cognizance of rapid progress in coal carbonization industry, the carbonization terms in vogue and referred in coke oven practices, decided to revise the same. In the preparation of this standard, considerable assistance has been derived from the following publications: 1S0 1543:1981 Bensole Industry — Vocabulary used inthe benzole industry Standard Method for Testing Tar and its Products Ed 6, 1967. Standardization Tar Products Tests Committee, London. The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard isgiven in Annex A. Is 5451:2001 Indian Standard GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS (First Revision) 1SCOPE anthracene. Thematerial isusually intheform ofpaste owing to presence of oil content. This standard defines technical terms relating to coal carbonization product. Anthracene 40percent —Aquality crude anthracene purified to an anthracene content of approximately 2 TERMINOLOGY 40 percent (m/m) and a solid paraffins content not exceeding 0.05 percent (m/m). A B Acid Sludge — The residue obtained during the acid washing of crude benzole. Bases,Crude Tar —Themixture ofthoseconstituents which may be extracted from distillates of coal tar by Ammoniacal Liquor — Adilute aqueous solution of dilute mineral acid and subsequent sprinkling by ammonia to about 3percent) andammonium salts (Lip (mainly sulfide, carbonate andchloride) together with alkali. The mixture consists essentially of basic phenols and other organic compounds, formed in compounds ofthepyridine orquinoline series or both. hydraulic Imains,condensers and scrubbers. Bases,Refined Tar — Amixture oftarbasesobtained Ammoniacal Liquor, Concentrated — An aqueous byprocessing ofcrude tar basesconsisting essentially . ofpyridine anditshomologies. Inthetrade, amixture solution ofammonia (15to25percent) andammonium oftar bases distilling lessthan 20 percent at 160”Cis salts, produced by distilling ammonical liquor under such conditions that part of the carbon dioxide and sometimes known as ‘refined heavy bases’. hydrogen sulphide isremoved. Beehive Coke — Coke obtained by carbonization of Ammonia, Fixed — Ammonia in the form of coal inabeehive oven. ammonium salts in solution from which ammonia is Benzole and Allied Products — Collection of not liberated when the solution isboiled. aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and itshomologies) Ammonia, Free — Ammonia libe rated by boiling a pure or commercially pure, isolated or in mixtures, solution of ammonium salts or ammonia. and whether or not containing impurities in a substantial proportion provided thatthe aromatic type Ammonia Still Effluent — Adark red-brown liquid products predominate inthe bulk of the mixture. resulting from distillation ofammoniacal liquor.Non- volatile acid radicals are present as calcium salts, if NOTE— Itisnotusualtoincludeinthisexpressioncertainpure hydrocarbonsofthearomaticserieswhich,althoughtheyexistin the ammonia compounds have been decomposed by crudebenzoleorincertainhavefractions,aremainlyobtainedby distillation with Iime, but otherwise they are present synthesis(forexample,i.w-propylbenz.ene). as ammonium salts. A proportion of the phenols Bensole, Crude — The product recovered by present in the food to the still remains inthe effluent scrubbing coal carbonization gases with wash oil liquor. (petroleum or tar based). [t consists essentially of Anthracene, Crude — The solid product, containing benzene and its homologies together with saturated anthracene, obtained on cooling the coal tar distillate and unsaturated hydrocarbons, sulphur compounds collected above 270°C. and other minor constituents. Pyridine bases and phenols may also be presenting insome cases. Anthracene Oil — The heaviest distillable coal tar fraction with distillation range 271”C-399°C Benzole Forerunnings — See ‘Distillation Fronts’. containing creosate oil anthracene, phenanthrene, Benzole, Industrial — The material recovered by carbazole and so on. fractionation and refining of crude benzole, usually Anthracene Paste/Powder — Unrefined crude boiling at about 100”C. anthracene containing 15 to 35 percent (m/m) Benzole, Motor —Mixtureofhydro carbons intended 1 -.. J 1s5451 :2001 for use ina motor fuel isappropriate. Coke Oven Gas — [tisabyeproduct fuelgas,derived from coking coals by the process of carbonization. Benzole Stripping—Treatment of coal gas or gas obtained from the process of coal carbonization with Coke Oven Gas, Rion — Coke oven gas from which the object of extracting all or a part of its benzole benzole hydrocarbon have not been stripped off. content. Coke, Run-of-Chamber Cokefromachamber, oven Benzolized Gas — See ‘Unstrapped Gas’. orretort before undergoing Coke, Run-or-Oven any screening or other Black End — Part of a charge incompletely Coke, Run-of-Retort } preparation carbonized as a result of its position in or near the mouthpiece ofahorizontal retort, orthedoorofacoke Creosote Oil — The oil or a blend of oils obtained oven. from coaltaranddistilling between 230°Cand 300°C. The term ‘creosote oil’ should always be associated Blast Furnace Coke — See ‘Metallurgical Coke’. with an indication of the type of coal tar from which Blocks Coke — Coke which may be broken most the oil has been produced, for example, high readily into approximately cubic pieces. temperature coal tar creosote oil. Crecsotes — Crude or processed heavy factions of c coal tar blended suitably to comply with the specification. Carbolic Acid — Amixture of monohydric phenols of substantial phenol content. Cresols — The tar acids mostly methylphenols obtained by fractional distillation of carbolic acid Carbolic Oil (Middle Oil) — It is coal tar fraction recovered from coal tar~having a crystallizing point with a distillation range of 199°C-271‘C containing below 20”C and building upto 205”C. mainly naphthalene, phenol and cresols. Cresylic Acid — A mixture of monohydric phenols, Carbonization — Operation consisting of the essentially cresols and higher homologies. treatment of coal by heat in a closed chamber/retort 4 in the absence of air, usually with the object of Cresylic Acid, Refined — A mixture of monohydric producing coke or gas. phenols, consisting essentially of cresols, with or without xylenols and with or without a small portion Carbonization, High Temperature — Thecoke mass ofphenol. temperature is kept around 900°C-1 10O°C. The ---- process isused to prepare blast furnace coke. Cresylic Crecsote — Crecosote oil containing substantialamountsofphenolsandusuallyconforming Carbonization, Low Temperature — Carbonization to a specification, especially in regard to its phenols carried out generally at a coke mass temperature content. Itmay beobtained directly bythe distillation between 450°C to 700”C. The pro cess is used to ofcoal tar,or itmay beanoil inwhich the proportion prepare smokeless fuels. of phenols has been adjusted to comply with the Carbonization, Medium Temperature — specification. Carbonization carried out generally at a coke mass Crude Gas — Amixture of gases resulting from the temperature between 700”C and 900°C. removal of all or nearly all the tar and most of the Char — Solid enriched carbon product obtained by water vapour from raw gas by condensation. low temperature carbonization of solid carbonaceous material or by fluidized bed carbonization process, D Coal Gas — It is the mixture of volatile products Debenzolized Gas — See ‘Stripped gas’. (mainly hydrogen, methane, CO and nitrogen) Dephenolation — Removing phenols from coal tar remaining after removal of water and tar , obtained distillate or distillate fractions or an aqueous liquid from carbonization of coal having a heat content of (such as ammoniacal liquor) or from a vapour, by 14.904 to 22.356 kJ/1. suitable physical or chemical method with a suitable Coal Tar Oil, Light — The product usually distills agent (such as activated carbon, benzole, creosote or between 60”Cand 180”C. sodium hydroxide solution). Coal Tar Paint — Black paint based on coal tar. Distillation Fronts — The firstfraction obtained from thedistillation ofcrude benzole. This fraction usually Coal Breeze — The finer sizes of coke below 6 mm distills below about 65°C. obtained by screening. 2 .- 1s 5451:2001 NOTE — ItcontainsmostoftheIightimpuritiesfromthecrudes frombenzolesarecloselyrelatedtothemethodsusedfortheirde- benzoleaswellascarbondisulphideandcyclopentadierre. termination.Forthis,amonganumberofreasons,thesameterms 4..+ mayhavedtffenmtsigniticrrnceinothersectors(suchaspetroleum). ? Distillation Tails (Residue) — Products distillation -4 above 200”C. Gum, Existent — The residue from the evaporation 5 of hydrocarbons during the specified test. NOTE — They may containsuchimpuritiesasnaphthalene, d~:,,4, ‘,, phenol,pyridinebasesandalsoasmallproportionofbenzole Gum, Potential — The gum which is not contained J absorbingoil of thecrudebenzole acdsomeresin-forming inthehydrocarbon atthemoment ofthetestbutwhich products.Theyareottencolourcd. may be formed later if the product is placed under conditions which induce the resinification of unstable F constituents. Foul Gas — See ‘Crude Gas’. NOTE—Potentialgumisactuallyequaltothedit~erentbetween totalgumandexistentgum. Foundry Coke — Hard coke of size over 60 mm Gum, Total — The residue from the evaporation of depending onthe internal diameter ofcupola, suitable hydrocarbons after,promoting, inspecified conditions, for use in foundry cupola melting furnaces. theresinitication ofallunsaturated constituents which Fuels, Coal Tar — Coal tar products ranging from may be converted into gum. creosote to hard pitch, which maybe liquid or solid at ordinary temperatures andconforming tospecification H which define their applicability as fuels. A coal tar Hard Coke — Acomprehensive term which includes fuel isdesignated by anumber representing approxi- metallurgical and foundry coke and also certain types mately the temperature in Fahrenheit at which the ofdomestic coke. viscosity is 100 seconds on the No. 1. Redwood viscometer. This isthe viscosity atwhich thefuelmay Heating Gas — Gas supplied for heating. beatomized satisfactorily. Thenormal gradesareCTF Heavy Oil — A heavy coal tar fraction with 50, 100,200,250,300 and 400, The grades CTF 200 distillation range usually 249”C-299°C containing and above are pitch creosotes. naphthalene and coal tar bases. NOTE — TheCTFdesignationnumbersareatpresentrelatedto Fahrenheitscaleoftempcratureandwouldbeamendedwhenin- dustryadoptsdesignationnumbersrelatedtothecelsiusscale. I Fuel Pulverizable, Coal Tar — Coal tar pitch of Inerts — Constituents of a solid, liquid or gaseous suitable high softening point so that it is non- fuelwhich donot contribute to itscalorific value. The agglomerating when stored in powdered form at usual inerts in a solid fuel are moisture and mineral normal air temperatures. matter and in gaseous fuels carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, etc. G lnsolttble Matter — The solid carbonaceous matter remaining after theextraction ofcoal tar or pitch with Gas Coke — The solid residue from the distillation pure benzene, toluene, quinoline or certain other of coals of high volatile content at high temperature solvents. in gas making retorts. Gas Liquor, Concentrated — An aqueous solution L of ammonia (10 to 20 percent) and ammonia salts, Lead Gas — Gas of relatively low calorific value. suchascarbonate and sulphide, produced bydistilling ammoniacal liquor. Low Temperature Sprit, Crude — Acrude product extracted from the.gas of the tar obtained by low Graded Coke — See ‘Sized Coke’. temperature carbonization ofcoalandhaving arelative Green Gas — See’ Raw Gas’. density at 27°C/270C between 0.790 to 0.850. The product normally contains larger proportions of Green Oil — See ‘Antbracene Oil’. paraffins, naphthenes and unsaturated hydrocarbons Gum — Non-volatile resinous products of high than crude benzole. molecular mass derived from the oxidation, condensation and polymerization of unsaturated M hydrocarbon present in the aromatic hydrocarbons Metallurgical Coke — This typically contains 85-88 found in the gas stream or in the liquid stream. percent fusedcarbon, 9to 11percent ashand2percent NOTE —Thecharacteristicsattributedtodifferenttypesofgum volatiles. 3 1s5451 :2001 N Pitch Coke — Coke obtained by carbonization of suitable processed coal tar pitch. “ Naphtha, Heavy (Coal Tar Solvent Naphtha) — A fraction of 1ight oil or of crude benzole conforming to a specification and distilling substantially between R 160”C and 190°C. Raw Gas — A mixture of permanent gases, vapours Naphthalene, Crude —The solidproduct, consisting and tar fog evolved from coal during carbonization. essentialIyof naphthalene. obtained on cooling crude Retort Carbon –-A layer of carbon formed on the intermediate fractions (205°C to 235°C) from the innersurfaces ofhigh temperature carbonizing vessels distillation ofcoaltar.Crude naphthalene issometimes by decomposition of hydrocarbons during obtained during the purification of coal gas. carbonization. It isperiodically removed by allowing Naphthalene, Hot-Pressed — Crude naphthalene air to pass over the carbon on the hot retort or even generally processed in a heated hydrualic or screw surfaces. This operation is termed as scurfing or press and having a crystallizing point generally not scaling. below 77.5”C. Naphthalene of similar quality Rich Gas — Gas of relatively high calorific value produced byother means isalsoknown inthetrade as consisting mainly of lower gaseous hydrocarbons. hot-pressed naphthalene. Road Tar — High temperature tar treated to make it Naphthalene Oils — Acoal tar creosote oildistilling suitable for surfacing or dressing of roads. substantially in the range of 206°C to 235°C and containing “acommercial quantity of recoverable s naphthalene. Naphthalene, Refined — A white solid consisting Scaling — Operation ofperiodical removal ofthe layer essentially of naphthalene, melting to a colorless of carbon formed on the inner surfaces of high liquid and having acrystallizing point notbelow than temperature carbonizing vesselsbyallowing airtopass 79.4”C. over it. Naphtha, Solvent — Aproduct consisting essentially Scurfing — See ‘Scaling’. of the xylenes together with their homologies and Sized Coke — Coke in lumps, of sizes between co-nforming to a specification. specified limits obtained by screening. Neutral Oil — Carbolic oilsfrom whichphenols have Soft Coke — Coke obtained by low temperature been removed. carbonization of coal and also by partial combustion inopen air. P Stripped Gas — Gas from which benzole has been Pan Breeze — Coke breeze recovered from producer removed. ashes. Pan Coke — Coke recovered from producer ashes. T Phenol — Synonymous with monohydroxybenzene. Tar — Aviscous material having adhesive properties and resulting from the destructive distillation of Phenols, Coal Tar — The mixture of those organic material. The word ‘tar’ should be preceded constituents of coal tar or of coal tar fractions which bythe name ofthe material from which itisproduced arereacted withandremain soluble inaqueous sodium for example coal, shale, peat, vegetable matter, etc, hydroxide solution. The mixture consists of and itsmode of production should also be indicated. monohydric, dihydric or other higher homologies of phenols. Tar Acids — Amixture of constituents of coal tar or coaltarfractionsextractable withaqueous caustic soda Phenols, High Boiling — Synonymous with high and springing by acids and consisting mainly of boiling tar acids. monohydric phenols. Pitch, Coal Tar — The black or dark brown solid or Tar Acids, High Boiling — Mixture of tar acids semi-solid fusible and agglomerative residue boiling mostly above 230”C. remaining after partial evaporation or fractional distillation of coal tars. They are usually graded on Tar Coal —Tar producedbythecarbonization ofcoal. thebasisoftheir softening points assoft,softmedium, Tar, Coke Oven — Coaltarproduced asaby-product hard medium, hard, extra hard, etc. 4 1s5451 :2001 .— at coke oven plant during the manufacture of coke u fkombituminous coal. Unsaturated Gas — Gas from which benzole hasnot Tar, Dolomite — A special grade of processed tar beenrecovered. used asabinder forthemanufacture ofdolomite brick. w Tar, High Temperature — Obtained asaby-product in the high temperature carbonization of coal. Wash Oil (Benzole Absorbing Oil) — A high temperature coaltarcreosote oildistilling substantially Tar, Low Temperature — Obtained asaby-product between 200”Cand 300”Cused for benzole stripping. inthe low temperature carbonization of coal. Also applied to a petroleum fraction distilling Tar, Refined — Tar from which water and the more substantially between 250° and 370°C. volatile oils have been removed by distillation. x Toluole, Industrial — The material obtained by fractionation and refining of crude benzole, usually Xylenols — A mixture of tar acids consisting boiling at about 11O“C,mainly consisting of toluene essentially ofdimethyl phenols obtained bydistillation (methyl benzene). after recovery of phenols and cresols. Town Gas — It is agaseous mixture of coal gas and Xylole, Industrial — The material obtained by carbureted water gas manufactured from coal with a fractionation and refining of crude benzoie, usually heat content of 22.356 kJ/1, boiling in the range of 135°C to 142”C, mainly consisting of xylenes (dimethyl benzenes). 5