IS 14669: Thermal Neutron Radiography - Recommended Practices

13 Pages·1999·1.4 MB·English

by  Bureau of Indian Standards

इंटरनेट मानक
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ”
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”
IS 14669 (1999): Thermal Neutron Radiography - Recommended
Practices [MTD 21: Non-Destructive Testing]
“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee””
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै”
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

IS 14669 : 1999

Indian Standard
THERMALNEUTRONRADIOGRAPHY-
RECOMMENDEDPRACTICES
KS 77.040.20

0 BIS 1999
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

July 1999 PriceGroup
evitcurtseD-noN gnitseT lanoitceS ,eettimmoC DTM 2 1
DROWEROF
sihT naidnI dradnatS was adopted yb the uaeruB of naidnI ,sdradnatS after the draft dezilanif yb the -noN
evitcurtseD gnitseT lanoitceS eettimmoC had neeb devorppa yb the lacigrullateM gnireenignE noisiviD .licnuoC
nortueN yhpargoidaR (NR) sesu nortuen as the gnitartenep noitaidar for gnihpargoidar slairetam dna stnenopmoc
for noitaulave of defects dna .noitaziretcarahc snortueN tcaretni htiw suelcun of the mota of slairetam rednu
test whereas -X dna syar-ammag tcaretni htiw the nortcele duolc of mota gnitluser ni ediw ecnereffid ni noitprosba
scitsiretcarahc of stcejbo for these two .smaeb sihT ecnereffid si desu ni nortuen yhpargoidar ot seek -amrofni
snoit ton elbaliava morf -X or .yhpargoidar-ammag lamrehT nortuen yhpargoidar si desu for tnereffid snoitacilppa
ni suoirav seirtsudni ,raelcun( aerospace, ,ecnefed .)ygrullatem nI raelcun ,yrtsudni NR si tsom lufesu for
yhpargoidar of detaidarri raelcun leuf dna other reactor stnenopmoc for defect noitaulave dna lanoisnemid
.stnemerusaem hgiH noitaunetta of snortuen yb suonegordyh slairetam edivorp lufrewop snaem ot hpargoidar
evisolpxe charges, ,slio ,slaes setisopmoc dna gaskets ni tnereffid cillatem .seilbmessa
roF the esoprup of gnidiced whether a ralucitrap tnemeriuqer of siht dradnats si deilpmoc ,htiw the lanif ,eulav
devresbo or ,detaluclac gnisserpxe the tluser of a test or ,sisylana llahs eb dednuor off ni ecnadrocca htiw
SI 2 : 1960 seluR‘ for gnidnuor off laciremun seulav .‘)desiver( ehT rebmun of tnacifingis secalp deniater ni
the dednuor. off eulav dluohs eb the emas as that of the deificeps eulav ni siht .dradnats
IS 14669: 1999
Indian Standard
LAMREHT NEUTRON YHPARGOIDAR -
RECOMMENDED SECITCARP
1 EPOCS muidem for cipocsorcam tcejbo .sliated ehT edom of
noitaunetta of snortuen yb slairetam si tnereffid morf
sihT dradnats srevoc the dednemmocer ecitcarp for
that of .syar-X yar-X tcaretni htiw the latibro ,snortcele
lamreht nortuen yhpargoidar of slairetam hcihw
gnitluser ni esaercni of noitaunetta stneiciffeoc htiw
sedivorp the sisab for good gnikrow secitcarp for
gnisaercni cimota .rebmun saerehW snortuen tcaretni
gnicudorp hgih ytilauq .shpargoidar sihT dradnats
htiw the suelcun dna the noitcaretni si denrevog yb
slaed htiw tnereffid sepyt of nortuen secruos dna the
the epyt of ielcun gnitluser modnar noitairav ni
maeb ,scitsiretcarahc noitaredom dna noitamilloc
.noitaunetta .giF 1 shows the ssam noitaunetta -iffeoc
,seuqinhcet serusopxe ,euqinhcet egami gnidrocer
stneic for syar-X dna lamreht .snortuen tI yam eb
sdohtem dna egami .ytilauq
deton that nortuen noitaunetta si yllareneg hgih for
2 NORTUEN YHPARGOIDAR wol Z lairetam dna yllareneg wol for hgih Z .lairetam
ehT cisab nortuen cihpargoidar set pu stsisnoc of a
nortueN yhpargoidar si yllacisab ralimis ot -X
fast nortuen ,ecruos ,rotaredom ,rotamilloc tcejbo dna
yhpargoidar ni hcihw the gnitartenep maeb of snortuen
gnidrocer muidem as nwohs ni .giF 2. llA the elbaliava
are dewolla ot tcaretni htiw the tcejbo dna the
nortuen secruos ecudorp snortuen ni the hgih ygrene
detaludom maeb si recorded ni a elbatius gnidrocer

l
l NEUTRONSik 1.08 I. 1
- x RAYS (kO.098 t 1
I 1 I
0 10 20 30 10 50 60 70 80 90 100
ATOMIC NUMBER
FIG. 1 APPKOXIMATMEA SS ATTENUATIOCNO EFFJCIENATSS A FUNCTIONO FA TOMICN UMBERF OR
X-RAYS ANDT HERMALN EUTRONS

1
IS 14669: 1999
SCATTERED
8 PARTICLE
\
\ \ i I,
IWATOR -
.GIF 2 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTO F BASIC EQUIPMENT
ROF LAMREHT NORTUEN YHPARGOIDAR
egnar (a few nortcele )stlov dna yeht deen ot eb dewols .GIF 3 CITAMEHCS MARGAID FO A
nwod ot rewol ygrene level (a few nortcele )stlov ot ELCITRAP ROTARELECCA
ekam meht elbatius for lamreht nortuen .yhpargoidar
snortueN are dewols nwod ot wol ygrene slevel gnisu
hgiH ygrene yar-X senihcam nac osla eb desu ot
gnitaredom slairetam hcus as water, yvaeh water,
ecudorp snortuen gnisu muillyreb or muinaru target
,etihparg muillyreb dna enelyhteylop decalp dnuora
yb (X, )n .noitcaer ehT cihpargoidar ytisnetni elbaliava
the fast nortuen .ecruos sA snortuen evom ni a
si ni the egnar of 3ol ot n601 2emc se& after noitamilloc
yletelpmoc modnar rennam ni the ,rotaredom
dna .noitaredom
srotamilloc are desu ot extract lanoitcerid nortuen
maeb for .gnigami 3.1.3 Radioisotopes
3 NORTUEN SECRUOS evitcaoidaR ielcun dellac sepotosioidar are ni tnatsnoc
state of yaced yb noissime of ,ahpla ateb or ammag
3.1 ynA eno of the gniwollof sepyt of nortuen secruos
.syar muillyreB has the tsewol nortuen gnidnib ygrene
nac eb desu for gniyrrac tuo :RN
(1.6 MeV) dna ti si desu as target htiw htob ahpla dna
a) raelcuN reactor, ammag gnittime sepotosi ot ecudorp snortuen as nwohs
)b ,srotareleccA dna ni .giF 4. sepotosI ekil muinrofilac 252 yaced yb
suoenatnops noissif gnivig tneiciffus .snortuen ecniS
c) lacitirc-buS .seilbinessa
ti takes gnol emit ot ecudorp siht epotosi ni the reactor,
3.1.1 Nuclear Reactors ti si etiuq .evisnepxe revewoH ti si etiuq evitcartta
nI a raelcuN Reactor snortuen are decudorp yb noissif morf the tniop of sti ytilibatrop for etis nortuen
of elissif lairetam ekil .muinaru Reactor snortuen are yhpargoidar .sboj sihT epotosi ecruos sevig a nortuen
dewols nwod ot the lamreht ygrene (0.03 eV) yb ytisnetni of order *ol ot 5ol n *-mc .I-ees emoS of the

elbatius rotaredom ekil yvaeh water or .etihparg lufesu oidar cipotosi nortuen secruos are nevig ni
Proper gnilooc dna lortnoc metsys are dedivorp for elbaT 1.
safe noitarepo of reactor. raelcuN reactor nac edivorp
lamreht nortuen xulf of 10” ot 10’) n 2emc se& at the UTRON
core of the reactor erofeb .noitamilloc A lacipyt
yhpargoidar ytisnetni elbaliava si dnuora 5ol ot
8ol n 2snrc se& at the egami enalp for .yhpargoidar
hgiH noitamilloc elbissop htiw raelcun reactors
edivorp hgih noituloser .shpargoidar
3.1.2 Accelerators
sihT si a lareneg eman nevig ot senihcam that .GIF 4 CIPOTOSI NORTUEN SOURCE
etarelecca a maeb of charged selcitrap ,snotorp(
,snortued )sahpla dna tcerid meht ot a target as nwohs
ni .giF 3. nA noitcaretni takes ecalp neewteb the 3.1.4 Sub-Critical Assemblies
gnidrabmob selcitrap dna the target smota gnitluser
lacitirc-buS seilbmessa are desu ot esaercni the nortuen
ni the noislupxe of .snortuen emoS of the lacipyt
xulf of rotcaer-non desab secruos yllaicepse htiw oidar
snoitcaer desu ni these srotarelecca :era
.sepotosi sihT si ralimis ni noitcurtsnoc ot a llams
T31 + DZl ,4He + n’O + 17.6 MeV lamreht raelcun reactor dna ti si ton elbapac of
gniniatsus niahc .noitcaer nortueN ecruos si decalp at
49Be + ‘*D ‘OB + n’o + 4.3 MeV
5 the core of the ylbmessa dna the noissif process that

2
IS 14669 : 1999
Table 1 Radioisotopic Neutron Sources ygrene at hcihw snortuen are ni lamreht muirbiliuqe
htiw sti .sgnidnuorrus tI si tnatropmi morf the tniop
(Clause 3.1.3)
of weiv of yhpargoidar as snortuen ni siht ygrene level
tibihxe retteb noitprosba scitsiretcarahc for tsom of
SI Source Half-Life Reaction Neutrons Average
No. per curie Neutron the slairetam as nwohs ni .giF 1. rehtruF tsom of the
per set Energy detectors are yrev tneiciffe ni lamreht ygsene level for
(MeV egami .gnidrocer snortueN are deifissalc as per rieht
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ygrene as nevig ni elbaT 3.
9 eB-bS“‘ 3.06 d ( )n, 3.1 x 6OI 420.0 lamrehT snortuen are deniatbo yb gniwols nwod of
ii) eB-oP‘“* 831 d ( )n, 5.2 x 6ol 2.4 fast snortuen yb citsale noisilloc htiw the smota
iii) eB-mA142 1.854 y ( )n, 2.2 x 601 0.4 rotaredom litnu rieht egareva citenik ygrene si lauqe
)vi eB-aR6*2 ~0261 ( )n, 5.1 x ’01 9.3 ot that of smota of gnitaredom .muidem ehT snortuen
)v eB-hT8ZZ y9.1 ( )n, 0.2 x ’01 0.4
detubirtsid ni a yletelpmoc modnar rennam ni the
)iv eB-cA722 y8.12 ( )n, 5.1 x ’01 0.4
rotaredom are extracted ni a lanoitcerid maeb for
)iiv fC2’2 56.2 y suoenatnopS 3.4 X 01 9 3.2
gnigami gnisu .rotamilloc
takes ecalp ni the leuf of the ylbmessa lliw dael ot
4 NEUTRON BEAM
tnemecnahne of nortuen tuptuo of the ecruos yb ynam
order of .edutingam 4.1 nortueN maeb sretemarap that affect egami ytilauq
ni yhpargoidar are ,ygrene ,ytisnetni yrtemoeg maeb(
A lacipyt lacitirc-bus ylbmessa htiw Cf 252 ecruos nac
,)noitamilloc noitisopmoc dnuorgkcab( .)noitaidar
edivorp a noitacilpitlum factor of dnuora 30. gnisneciL
dna ytefas snoituacerp deriuqer ot eb dewollof are 4.1.1 Neutron Energy
ralimis ot that of deriuqer for a raelcun reactor. esehT
tsoM NR si deirrac tuo ni the lamreht ygrene .egnar
seilbmessa edivorp retteb cost ycneiciffe derapmoc ot
revewoH tnereffid ygrene snortuen are desu for cificeps
a reactor dna hgih nortuen sexulf htiw wol ammag
snoitacilppa dna yeht are deniatbo gnisu maeb .sretlif
.noitanimatnoc ehT nortuen xulf elbaliava si revewoh
ssel naht that of raelcun reactor. muimdaC retlif htiw noitanibmoc of muidnI retrevnoc
liof no emos snoitacilppa sevig sharp .serutcip
3.2 Characteristics of Sources muimdaC sbrosba lla snortuen woleb 0.04 eV dna so
evael the maeb ylevitaler hcir ni rehgih .seigrene enO
3.2.1 ehT tnatropmi scitsiretcarahc of tnereffid nortuen
of these 1.4 eV si the ygrene of a ecnanoser ni muidnI
secruos are nevig ni elbaT 2.
at hcihw cross noitces sesaercni morf 2 x 2ol snrab
ecniS hgih ytisnetni si elbaliava ni raelcun reactor, ot 3 x 4ol .snrab roF yhpargoidar of evitcaoidar raelcun
NR gnisu raelcun reactor si preferred esuaceb of the leuf ,nip siht noitanibmoc has neeb dnuof .lufesu emoS
short erusopxe emit dna retteb .noituloser other retlif slairetam are - ,muillyreB ,noroB ,muidoS
,muidohR dna .muinilodaG
3.2.2 nI each of the evoba secruos snortuen are
devomer morf na mota yb a raelcun noitatumsnart 4.1.2 Beam Geometry
process dna egreme ni suomrone ygrene egnar morf
tnereffiD sepyt of srotamilloc desu for maeb noitcartxe
1 4-o eV ot 10’ eV. ygrenE of tsom tseretni for lamreht
are show ni .giF 5. maeB ezis dna ytisnetni elbaliava
nortuen yhpargoidar si tuoba O.O3eV, dna ti si the
Table 2 Characteristics of Sources
(Clause 3.2.1)
SI Type of Source Typical Resolution Exposure Characteristic
No. Flux
n/cm’/sec
i) oidaR epotosi 101 - 401 rooP ot muidem gnoL elbatS .noitarepo muideM
tnemtsevni ,tsoc elbatrop
ii) rotareleccA 301 - 601 muideM egarevA ffo-nO ,noitarepo muidem ,tsoc
ylbissop .elibom
iii) raelcuN rotcaer -401 801 tnellecxE trohS elbatS ,noitarepo hgih ,tnemtsevni
ton .elibom
)vi lacitirc-buS ylbmessa 401 - 601 dooG egarevA elbatS ,noitarepo muidem ,tsoc ton
.elbatrop
3
IS 14669 : 1999
for yhpargoidar at the egami enalp si affected yb the Table 3 Neutrons Classified According to Energy
epyt of rotamilloc .desu ehT tnatropmi sretemarap
(Clause 3.2.2)
that affect the ssenprahs of egami si the oitar of
ecnatsid morf ecnartne erutrepa ot the egami enalp LS Term Energy Range
(L) ot the retemaid of ecnartne erutrepa (0). rehgiH No.
the L/D oitar retteb lliw eb the egami ssenprahs dna i) SIOW 100.0 eVt0 lO)eV
vice versa. tuB rehgih L/D secudersoitar cihpargoidar ii) dloC Less naht 10.0 e V
mlif ytisnetni elbaliava dna eriuqer regnol erusopxe iii) Thermal 0.01 eV to0.5eV
.emit oS rehgih L/D oitar si elbissop htiw raelcun iv) Epi-thermal 0.05eVto104eV
reactors. L/D oitar of at tsael 10 si preferred for yna v) Resonance l.OeVtolOZeV
lufgninaem lacitcarp NR. ehT tsom ylediw desu vi) Fast lO”eVto20MeV
rotamilloc si the tnegrevid epyt hcihw sedivorp egral
dleif ezis for .noitanimaxe nortuen :yhpargoidar (1) maeB ytirup ,rotacidni
(2) ytivitisneS .rotacidni maeB ytirup rotacidni si a
ecived desu ot erusaem maeb scitsiretcarahc hcus as
lamreht nortuen ,tnetnoc ammag ,tnetnoc scatter
nortuen tnetnoc dna ycauqeda of L/D .oitar ytivitisneS
rotacidni si a ecived for gnirusaem the denibmoc
effects of tsartnoc dna ssenprahsnu no the ytivitisnes
of liated elbisiv ni the yhpargoidar sliateD( gnidrager
00 noitcurtsnoc of maeb ytirup rotacidni dna ytivitisnes
rotacidni dna the serudecorp for stnemerusaem are
debircsed ni a separate dradnats ot eb deussi rednu
the ‘Method for gninimreteD egamI ytilauQ ni
lamrehT nortueN .)’yhpargoidaR
005 RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
5.1 Set up Marking and Identification
nortueN maeb dluohs eb dengila ot the elddim of the
boj dna lamron ot the .ecafrus gnikraM for proper
FIG. 5 NEUTRON COLLIMATORS (A) POINT SOURCE noitacifitnedi of shpargoidar dluohs eb enod htiw
FOR EAST NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY muimdac or citsalp .slaremun emoS semit the edge
(B) PARALLEL-WELL COLLIMATOR (C) DIVERGENT of the tcejbo dluohs eb pasted htiw muimdac or citsalp
COLLIMATOR sliof ot etaeniled the .yradnuob

4.1.3 Beam Quality 5.2 Image Recording
Other lamreht nortuen sretemarap tnatropmi ot
snortueN do ton evah tcerid noitca no .smlif nI order
nortuen yhpargoidar :era
ot record the egami deirrac yb the dettimsnart nortuen
a) degree of noitasilamreht of the nortuen maeb maeb morf the ,tcejbo ti si laitnesse ot esu elbatius
yllausu expressed as muimdac ;oitar lairetam that brosba snortuen dna ecudorp yradnoces
)b ytisnetni of yar-ammag detaicossa htiw the -uen snoitaidar hcus as ,snortcele ,snotohp ahpla selcitrap
nort maeb detneserper as oitar that ,si n/r that evah cihpargotohp .noitca sihT lairetam si
;oitar dna yllacipyt ni the mrof of liof of ssenkciht 25 ot 250
c) degree of scattered nortuen tneserp ni the .snorcim esehT sliof are dellac retrevnoc .sneercs ehT
.maeb gniwollof two sepyt of gnigami sdohtem are desu for
egami gnidrocer ni NR as nwohs ni .giF 6.
4.1.3.1 tnemerusaeM of evoba factors are deriuqer
as yeht affect the egami tsartnoc dna noituloser ni a) tceriD egami ,dohtem dna
nortuen .yhpargoidar evitatilauQ tnemssessa dna )b tceridnI or refsnart egami .dohtem
evitatitnauq stnemerusaem nac eb enod gnisu egami
ytilauq .srotacidni 52.1 Direct Image Method
nI tcerid egami dohtem a mlif si exposed gnola htiw
retrevnoc .neercs tpmorP yradnoces noitaidar dettime
4.1.3.2 Image quality indicators yb the retrevnoc liof sesuac the cihpargotohp effect
owT sepyt of egami ytilauq srotacidni are desu ni no the .mlif sihT si ralimis ot yar-X mlif .erusopxe
4
SI 699PI : 6661
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113
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