IS 13969: Sampling of Ground water - Guidelines

14 Pages·1994·1.7 MB·English

by  Bureau of Indian Standards

इंटरनेट मानक
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in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
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education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ”
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”
IS 13969 (1994): Sampling of Ground water - Guidelines [WRD
3: Ground Water and Related Investigations]
“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee””
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै”
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

IS :96931 1994
,*m
fqGR
Wi?Wf + TS* +? $ rTr;iT$
*TV
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Indian Standard
SAMPLING OF GROUNDWATERS-
GUIDELINES
UDC 628’112 : 543’3

$J BIS 1994
BUREAU OF 1NDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAK MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Price Group 4
dnuorG retaW dna yranimilerP noitagitsevnI lanoitceS ,eettimmoC RVD 3
DROWEROF
sihT naidnI dradnatS was adopted yb the uaeruB of naidnI ,sdradnatS after the draft dezilanif yb
the dnuorG retaW dna yranimilerP noitagitsevnI lanoitceS eettimmoC had neeb devorppa yb the
reviR yellaV noisiviD .licnuoC
sihT dradnats slaed htiw the gnilpmas of ,sretawdnuorg the seuqinhcet ot eb desu dna the gnildnah
of
retaw selpmas deniatbo morf retawdnuorg .secruos
ehT lareneg esoprup of gnilpmas semmargorp ylnommoc desived for sretawdnuorg si ot yevrus
the ytilauq of retawdnuorg ,seilppus ot detect dna assess retawdnuorg noitullop dna ot tsissa ni
retawdnuorg ecruoser .tnemeganam
nI the noitaraperp of siht dradnats elbaredisnoc ecnatsissa has neeb devired morf OSI 5667
( Part I 1 1 : 1993 retaW‘ ytilauq - gnilpmaS : Part 11 ecnadiuG no gnilpmas of .’sretawdnuorg
roF the esoprup of gnidiced whether a ralucitrap tnemeriuqer of siht dradnats si deilpmoc ,htiw the
lanif ,eulav devresbo or ,detaluclac gnisserpxe the tluser of a test or ,sisylana llahs eb dednuor off
ni ecnadrocca htiw SI 2 : 1960 seluR‘ for gnidnuor off laciremun seulav (revised I’. The number of
tnacifingis secalp deniater ni the dednuor eulav dluohs eb the emas as that of the deificeps eulav
off
ni siht .dradnats
IS 13969 : 1994
Indian Standard
GNILPMAS FO SRETAWDNUORG -
SENILEDIUG
1 SCOPE ,tseretni ti si elbasivda ot esu laiceps tnempiuqe
derutcafunam morf ,ssalg sselniats ,leets or
1.1 sihT dradnats stneserp ecnadiug no the other lairetam elbapacni of gnihcael cinagro
ngised of gnilpmas ,semmargorp gnilpmas -inhcet .stneutitsnoc
seuq dna the gnildnah of water selpmas devired
morf retawdnuorg for ,lacisyhp lacimehc dna
lacigoloiborcim .tnemssessa 4.1.1 it4aterialsfor Borehole Construction
1.2 sihT dradnats does ton revoc gnilpmas detaler elbatiuS slairetam for gnirotinom eloherob gnisac
ot the yad-ot-yad lanoitarepo lortnoc of -dnuorg dna neercs are deriuqer ot diova noitacifidom ot
water snoitcartsba for elbatop or other ,sesoprup the yrtsimehc of retawdnuorg .selpmas dedaerhT
tub si denrecnoc htiw the lareneg ytilauq stnioj no llew gnisac are dednemmocer so that
ecnallievrus of .sretawdnuorg esuaceB of the seulg dna stnemec do ton ecudortni lanoitidda
ytixelpmoc of retawdnuorg ,smetsys ynam cificeps ksir of elpmas .noitacifidom A ediw yteirav of
gnilpmas snoitacilppa lliw * tsilaiceps slairetam are elbaliava for esu ni eloherob -noc
lacigoloegordyh ecivda hcihw eb’tdu:i’ac deliated .noitcurts nI weiv of rieht wol cost, daerpsediw
ni siht .dradnats ytilibaliava dna ysae ,gnildnah the nommoc
scitsa!pomreht ( ylbaton digir CVP ) are -mocer
2 SECNEREFER dednem for tsom retawdnuorg gnilpmas .sesoprup
,revewoH retawdnuorg that si ylhgih -tanimatnoc
ehT gniwollof sdradnats are yrassecen stcnujda ot ed htiw citehtnys cinagro stnevlos lliw attack dna
the :dradnats etaroireted CVP llew gnisac dna .neercs nI hcus
secnatsmucric sselniats leets or -roulfartetylop
IS No. Title enelyhte are the slairetam dednemmocer for
3025 (Part 1) : Methods of gnilpmas dna test eloherob noitcurtsnoc esuaceb of rieht ,tnatsiser
1986 lacisyhp( dna lacimehc I for treni character.
water dna waste water : Part 1
gnilpmaS
4.2 Types of Equipment
4410 (Part /ll yrassolG of smret gnitaler ot
Set 6) : 1985 revir yellav stcejorp : Part 11
,ygolordyH noitceS 8 -dnuorG 4.2.1 Pumps
water
A ediw yteirav of ,spmup ynam of hcihw are
,elbatrop are elbatius for retawdnuorg .noitacilppa
3 YGOLONIMRET
yehT reffid yltaerg ni rieht ngised dna gnipmup
yticapac dna are detius ot tnereffid snoitidnoc of
3.1 roF the esoprup of siht dradnats the
eloherob noitcurtsnoc dna gnilpmas depth.
snoitinifed nevig ni SI 4410 ( Part ceS/ll 6) :
noitcuS tfil spmup dellatsni at the ecafrus tonnac
1985 llahs .ylppa
tfil water morf erom naht 6 m dna elbisrembus
cirtcele spmup are therefore dednemmocer for
4 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT tsom retawdnuorg .gnilpmas noitcuS tfil spmup
dluohs ton eb deyolpme ni those snoitautis where
4.1 Materials gnilpmas si deirrac tuo ot enimaxe yliramirp the
devlossid suoesag tnetnoc of .sretawdnuorg
lareneG noitamrofni no the eciohc of slairetam
for gnilpmas dna selttob si nevig ni SI 3025
( Part 1 ) : 1986. ,enelyhteyloP ,enelyporpylop 4.2.2 Depth Sampling Equipment
etanobracylop dna ssalg sreniatnoc are -mocer
dednem for tsom gnilpmas .snoitautis Depth gnilpmas tnempiuqe ( netfo nwonk as
‘thtef’ or ’barg‘ srelpmas ) are secived that nac eb
fI the lacigoloib ytilauq of retawdnuorg si ylekil
derewol otni a eloherob ot tcelloc a elpmas at a
ot esuac segnahc ni the lacimehc-ocisyhp -isopmoc
cificeps depth. sngiseD reffid ylniam ni rieht
noit of the water, as hcum thgil as elbissop dluohs
gnisolc .msinahcem nepO ebut srrlpmas wolla
eb dedulcxe yb gnisu euqapo elpmas .sreniatnoc
wolfhguorht of water dna nac eb delaes at a
nehW gnilpmas retawdnuorg for cinagro -itsnoc cificeps depth eb snaem of a lacinahcem regnessem
,stneut noitanimatnoc of the elpmas yb other or yllacirtcele operated catch. roF emos cificeps
cinagro lairetam desu ni the noitcurtsnoc of the ,sesoprup hcus as gnilpmas na refiuqa -imatnoc
eloherob or tneserp ni the gnilpmas tnempiuqe detan yb na elbicsimmi cinagro ,dnuopmoc a
sdeen ot eb .desiminim sihT si yllaicepse tnatropmi delaes depth relpmas si .elbareferp ehT ngised
where trace slevel of cinagro stneutitsnoc are of desu dluohs eb hcus that on water semoc otni
1
1S 13969 : 1994
tcatnoc htiw the elpmas reniatnoc litnu the ecived 5 GNILPMAS SERUDECORP
si detavitca at the deriuqer depth. erehW other
5.1 gnilpmaS tnioP noitceleS
sdohtem of gnilpmas are ,lacitcarpmi hcus as ni
yrev deep srefiuqa .e.i( greater naht 100 m ),
5.1.1 General
depth gnilpmas si .dednemmocer
nehW gnisu gnitsixe seloherob ot niatbo dna
selpmaS of water yam osla eb detcelloc ni a reliab niag access ot dnuorg water, ti si yrassecen ot
gnirud gnillird ot edivorp edurc data no -dnuorg enimreted lanoitcurtsnoc sliated ot enifed morf
water ytilauq noitairav htiw depth. nO other hcihw strata the elpmas si gnieb .deniatbo nehW
,snoisacco where gnipmup of a eloherob si ton wen seloherob are gnieb detcurtsnoc yllacificeps
,elbissop a elpmis reliab hcus as a dethgiew elttob roF ,gnilpmas the ngised of the eloherob ( for
or other nepo reniatnoc nac eb derewol otni the ,elpmaxe the neercS ezis dna htgnel ) dna the
eloherob ot tcelloc a water .elpmas ehT esu of a dohtem of noitcurtsnoc deen ot eb ,nesohc ton
reliab si ylno dednemmocer for gnilpmas the ylno ot teem the gnilpmas ,tnemeriuqer tub osla
ecafrus reyal of the srefiuqa dna si ton -mocer ot esiminim noitanimatnoc or ecnabrutsid of the
dednem where other sdohtem are .elbaliava .refiuqa ehT esu of ,stnasaerged ,stnacirbul ,sdum
slio dna etinotneb gnirud gnillird dluohs eb
dediova fi at lla ,elbissop ylralucitrap nehw
4.2.3 In-situ SampIing Devices gniredisnoc gnilpmas for cinagro .sdnuopmoc
oslA care si yrassecen ot erusne that seloherob
esehT edulcni secived hcus as suorop spuc dna detelpmoc htiw a levarg pack dnuora a dilos
retemozeip stniop that are yltnenamrep dellatsni gnisac dna sneercs at cificeps slevel are ton tcejbus
at a ciliceps depth ni the refiuqa morf hcihw ot short gnitiucric of refiuqa water morf tnereffid
etercsid selpmas nac eb ,detcelloc esehT gnilpmas depths aiv the levarg pack. sihT nac eb deveihca
secived are netfo dellatsni at tnereffid depths ni yb gnilaes the levarg gnikcap ni the ytiniciv of
a .eloherob suoroP cimarec spuc yam eb desu ni the .sneercs noitnettA dluohs osla eb nevig ot
the detarutasnu or detarutas .senoz oT extract the ngised of eloherob snoitallatsni at the dnuorg
water that sretne the suorop ,puc a muucav si ,ecafrus ni order ot tneverp noitanimatnoc of the
deilppa hguorht a ebut attached ot the .puc eloherob yb ecafrus water.
erehT are other secived that wolla water ot retne
hguorht a eriw hsem otni a elpmas rebmahc that si 5.1.2 Groundwater Quality Surveillance qf Potable
detaucave yb gnisiru3qerp htiw desserpmoc .ria Supplies
,sretemozeiP llams retemaid sebut deneercs at
nehW gnirotinom the ytilauq of retawdnuorg
the dne dna nepo ot the ,ecafrus nac edivorp
seilppus for elbatop or yna other ,esu lla depmup
retawdnuorg selpmas morf llams retemaid ,spmup
,seloherob sllew dna sgnirps dluohs eb delpmas
or yb noitcus fi the water level si esolc ot dnuorg
ni order ot protect the esu ot hcihw the water si
.level lareveS sretemozeip nac eb delaes at
.tup roF elbatop ylppus ,sesoprup yna lanoitan
tnereffid depths ni a elgnis .eloherob ( See
raw water gnilpmas stnemeriuqer dluohs eb
osla 5.3.1.3 ).
referred ot for erom deliated .ecivda
4.2.4 Packer Systems nehW gnitceles gnilpmas stniop for ylppus
,ecnallievrus ti si dednemmocer that emos -erob

seloh etomer morf the noitcartsba are ,derotinom
Packer smetsys edivorp a snaem of gnitcartxe
ni order ot enimaxe the effect of the noitcartsba
water morf cificeps depth slavretni nihtiw a
no the cimanyd scitsiretcarahc of the refiuqa
.eloherob ehT metsys yam tsisnoc of eno or erom
(e.g. the larutan retawdnuorg ,wolf the noitairav
packers hcihw nac eb dednapxe rehtie -iluardyh
ni ssenkciht of the detarutas enoz ).
yllac or yllacitamuenp ecno ni noitisop nwod the
,eloherob ot edivorp a .laes A water elpmas si 5.1.3 Other Groundaater Quality Purposes
deniatbo morf the delaes noitces yb gnipmup or
roF other gnilpmas ,sesoprup the noitceles of
yb gas .tnemecalpsid A yteirav of smetsys are
lamitpo gnilpmas stniop lliw eb erom tluciffid dna
,elbaliava emos for tnenamrep ,noitallatsni the
others .elbatrop Packers are ton elbatius for eb yltcerid decneulfni yb the esoprup of ,gnilpmas
ni noitidda ot the ralucitrap scitsiretcarahc of the
esu ni seloherob htiw a levarg pack. ( See
osla 5.3.1.1 ). refiuqa that si gnieb delpmas ( e.g. the erutan of
the retawdnuorg ,wolf whether ralunargretni or
,erussif the ciluardyh tneidarg dna the noitcerid
4.2.5 Pore Water Sampling Systems of wolf ). nI these cases ti si laitnesse ot seek
tsilaiceps lacigoloegordyh ecivda ot tsissa ni the
roF deliated noitamrofni tuoba retawdnuorg noitceles of the tsom etairporppa gnilpmas
ytilauq at tnereffid depths ni rehtie the -utasnu .)s(tniop ehT esu of gnitsixe sllew or seloherob
rated or detarutas enoz of na ,refiuqa retaw-erop dluohs ton eb deredisnoc sselnu yeht nac eb
selpmas nac eb extracted morf rock selpmas nwohs ot eb elbatius for the esoprup of the
deniatbo morf esoprup dellird .seloberob ehT gnilpmas .emmargorp ( nI ynam cases gnitsixe
retaw-erop si extracted yb .noitagufirtnec sihT sllew dna seloherob yam ylluf etartenep the
gnilpmas euqinhcet si evisnepxe dna si ton refiuqa dna eb ,nepo or ,deneercs tuohguorht
dednemmocer for enituor gnirotinom esuaceb ti rieht depth, suht gnikam ti tluciffid ot enimaxe
seriuqer repeated .gnillird ytilauq at cificeps depths. )

2
SI 13969 : 1994
,sselehtreveN emos desilareneg ecnadiug nac eb sevitcejbo of the gnilpmas .emmargorp fI the
nevig nehw the evitcejbo si gnirotinom -dnuorg sevitcejbo do ton edulcni noitinifed of the
water for noitanimatnoc morf esuffid or -tniop edutingam of the elbarelot error, a yllacitsitats
ecruos .stupni desab gnilpmas emmargorp si .elbissopmi
roF ytilauq ecnallievrus of elbatop seilppus ( or
5.1.3.1 Diffuse contamination of groundwater yna other detaler-esu gnirotinom ytivitca ), the
laropmet noitairav ni ytilauq at a elgnis tniop SI
nehW gningised gnirotinom skrowten ot yfitnedi the tsom tnatropmi factor. par tsom _imreted
evisnetxe ecruos-esuffid noitullop of ,srefiuqa the
,sdnan ylhtnom or neve ssel tneuqerf gnilpmas
esu of gnitsixe gnilpmas stniop ni the mrof of
lliw eb etauqeda nehw the esoprup of gnilpmas
egral yticapac noitcudorp seloherob si -mocer
si ot assess the ytilibatius of retawdnuorg as a
dednem as yeht nac edivorp detargetni selpmas
ecruos of gniknird water. Refer ot SI 3025
morf a egral emulov of the .refiuqa ,revewoH ni
( Part 1 1 : 1986 dna yna lanoitan yrotutats
emos cases of desilacol or wol ytisnetni noitullop
stnemeriuqer for lareneg ecnadiug no gnilpmas
the esu of siht epyt Of eloherob yam etulid the ycneuqerf .tnemssessa More tneuqerf gnilpmas
noitanimatnoc ot slevel woleb the lacitylana
yam eb deriuqer ot esiminim yna cilbup htlaeh
noitceted ,timil ni these cases rellams yticapac
sksir ni those snoitautis where sretawdnuorg are
depmup seloherob are .dednemmocer ehT part
desu for elbatop seilppus tuohtiw .noitcefnisid
of the refiuqa tsom evitisnes ot noitullop si that
raen the yradnuob neewteb the detarutas dna
roF sevitcejbo other naht elbatop ylppus -lievrus
detarutasnu .senoz gnilpmaS seloherob dluohs
,ecnal the gnilpmas ycneuqerf dluohs eb nesohc
therefore edulcni at tsael eno htiw a neercs raen
gnidrocca ot the noitairav ni ytilauq of the -dnuorg
ot the ecafrus of the detarutas .enoz Other
water rednu ,noitagitsevni ni htob a laropmet dna
dellird-esoprup seloherob dluohs eb detelpmoc
laitaps .esnes ytilauQ segnahc ni retawdnuorg
dna deneercs revo tnereffid depth slavretni of the
are yllausu hcum erom laudarg ni emit dna space
.refiuqa gnilpmaS seloherob dluohs eb detacol
naht those ni ecafrus waters. nI emos srefiuqa
tuohguorht the area of .tseretni tI si -dnemmocer
there are factors gnicudorp lanosaes snoitairav ni
ed that setis are nesohc ot tneserper the tnereffid
ytilauq dna ni other cases, ylralucitrap where
lacigoloegordyh dna esu-dnal snoitidnoc dna
rstawdnuorg noitullop si ,gnirrucco there are
areas deredisnoc ot eb ylralucitrap elbarenluv ot
short mret snoitairav of neewteb lareves sruoh
esuffid .noitullop
dna tuoba two syad ni the noitisopmoc of selpmas
deniatbo gnirud a gnipmup .elcyc esehT -airav
5.1.3.2 Point-source contamination of groundwater snoit evah ot eb dezingocer erofeb a mret-gnol
emmargorp si .denifed
nehW gniyficeps gnilpmas stniop ot rotinom
ecruos-tniop ,noitullop hcus as that gnisira morf suounitnoC gnirotinom of pH, erutarepmet dna
a waste lasopsid llitdnal ,etis ti si yrassecen ot lacirtcele ytivitcudnoc nac edivorp a lufesu snaem
redisnoc the noitacol of the etis of the noitullop of gniyfitnedi the deen ot esaercni or decrease the
ni noitaler ot the retawdnuorg wolf .noitcerid gnilpmas ycneuqerf for sdnauimreted that tsum
erehW ,lacitcarp ti si dednemmocer that a eb desiretcarahc yb .gnilpmas nI case suounitnoc

gnilpmas eloherob ot rotinom the ytilauq of the gnirotinom setacidni the rate of ytilauq segnahc

retawdnuorg yltcerid htaeneb the noitullop ecruos si ,gnisaercni neht the gnilpmas ycneuqerf dluohs
si .dellatsni nI noitidda at tsael eno gnilpmas eb desaercni for yna sdnanimreted of ;tseretni
eloherob dluohs eb deneercs revo a worran depth ,ylesrevnoc fi the rate of egnahc decreases, or
egnar yletaidemmi woleb the water ,elbat so that stops, the gnilpmas ycneuqerf yam eb .decuder
yna stnatullop ssel esned naht water lliw eb erom
nI those cases where there has neeb a elbaredisnoc
ylisae detected. rehtruF gnilpmas stniop dluohs
egnahc ni ytilauq of yna ylsuounitnoc derotinom
eb detacol at evissergorp secnatsid nwod the
,dnanimreted ti si elbasivda ot redisnoc osla
ciluardyh tneidarg morf the ecruos of -imatnoc
gnidnetxe the egnar of sdnanimreted ot eb
,noitan dna noisivorp edam for gnilpmas morf a
ylenituor ,desylana as a .noituacerp
egnar of depths. noitaredisnoC osla dluohs eb
nevig ot the noitacol of eno or two seloherob pu suounitnoC gnirotinom si osla a lufesu snaem of
the ciluardyh tneidarg morf the ecruos of -noc gniyfitnedi the tsom etairporppa emit ot elpmas
,noitanimat so that the area1 tnetxe of the depmup noitavresbo seloherob hcihw are gnieb
noitullop emulp nac eb .deifitnedi hcuS seloherob desu ot niatbo evitatneserper selpmas of refiuqa
yam osla eb of ecnatsissa ot ytilauq lortnoc water. erehW tnacifingis snoitairav are recorded
,seiduts yb gnidivorp noitamrofni no the tnetxe of ( k ,/ool nihtiw the depmup egrahcsid ) siht
laitnetop noitanimatnoc yb the gnilpmas -orp ylbaborp setacidni lacol tneisnart snoitidnoc
,erudec ylralucitrap where the sisylana of trace nihtiw the eloherob flesti gnirud the ylrae stages
slairetam si of .tseretni of gnipmup dna selpmas dluohs ton eb detcelloc
litnu the gnirotinom stseggus that na muirbiliuqe
5.2 Frequency and emiT of gnilpmaS has neeb reached. fI on tnacifingis y-tilauq -airav
snoit rucco neht the emit at hcihw the elpmas si
lacitylanA stluser morf a gnilpmas emmargorp detcelloc after the tnemecnemmoc of gnipmup
deen ot edivorp setamitse of the deriuqer -rofni deen ylno eb tneiciffus for the eioherob to eb
noitam nihtiw the elbarelot errors denifed ni the .degrup
IS 13969 : 1994
5.3 Choice of Sampliog Method selpmaS dluohs ton eb detcelloc morf gnipmup
seloherob litnu the pmup has neeb gninnur for a
tneiciffus htgnel of emit ot evomer the gnidnats
5.3.1 Factors Afecting Representative Sampling
water ni the eloherob nmuloc ot erusne that wen
nI order ot eveihca evitatneserper gnilpmas nihtiw water si gnieb nward yltcerid morf the .refiuqa
na ,refiuqa the gnilpm’as dohtem sdeen ot eb ehT gnipmup emit deriuqer nac eb detaluclac
elbapac of gniwardhtiw selpmas whose -isopmoc yletamixorppa morf the ezis of the ,eloherob the
noit stcelfer the lautca laitaps dna laropmet -moc gnipmup rate dna the ciluardyh ytivitcudnoc tub
noitisop of the retawdnuorg rednu .yduts ecniS dluohs eb erom yletarucca denimreted yb -inom
the ytirojam of gnilpmas stniop ni srefiuqa are gnirot yna segnahc ni pH, erutarepmet or
sllew or ,seloherob yeht lliw brutsid the larutan lacirtcele ytivitcudnoc of the depmup :retaw ni
retawdnuorg metsys dna siht yam eb yllaicepse these cases selpmas dluohs ton eb nekat litnu
decnuonorp as a tluser of decudni lacitrev hcus emit that on tnacifingis snoitairav ( i e.
lacimehc dna ciluardyh .stneidarg ZII 10% ) are .devresbo
nI en;os gnilpmas ,snoitautis larenint lairetam ehT tsom evitceffe sdohtem of gnikat selpmas
yam etalumucca ni gnilpmas seloherob neewteb morf na refiuqa ni hcihw retawdnuorg ytilauq
gnilpmas snoitarepo gnitluser ni the water nihtiw seirav htiw depth are ot elpmas cificeps refiuqa
the eloherob nmuloc gnieb evitatneserpernu of snoziroh gnisu yHaiceps detcurtsnoc noitavresbo
that ni the refiuqa rednu .yduts gnilpmaS seloherob or, ,ylevitanretla ot elpmas morf delaes
seloherob dluohs therefore eb degrup erofeb snoitces of .seloherob nI the ,remrof elbatrop
gnilpmas yb gnipmup ot waste a emulov of water gnipmup tnempiuqe nac eb desu ot pntup selpmas
tnelaviuqe ot at tsael the lanretni emulov of the morf a seires of noitavresbo seloherob ni ylevitaler
eloherob .flesti esolc ,ytimixorp each detelpmoc dna deneercs ot
elbane selpmas ot eb nward morf a tnereffid depth
egnar of the .refiuqa nI the ,rettal selpmas are
lacitreV noitacifitarts ni retawdnuorg ytilauq yam
depmup morf a delaes noitces of a eloherob yb
eb larutan or a ecneuqesnoc of .noitullop roF
snaem of a pmup-rekcap ,ylbmessa ybereht
,elpmaxe tsom esuffid noitullop stluser ni a erom
gnidivorp a snaem of a etercsid elpmas of water
detullop reyal of retawdnuorg at the top of the
nihtiw a cificeps depth egnar of the refiuqa
detarutas refiuqa whereas stnatullop that are
( see 4.2.4 ). sihT gnilpmas dohtem si ylno
erom esned naht water dnet ot etalumucca evoba
dednemmocer for esu ni detadilosnoc ,srefiuqa
a ssel elbaemrep reyal at depth, or at the esab of
ti si ton etairporppa for esu ni seloherob
the .refiuqa gnilpmaS sdohtem therefore deen
detelpmoc htiw a neercs dna levarg pack.
ot eb elbapac of gnitceted lacitrev as llew as area1
snoitairav ni retawdnuorg .ytilauq
5.3.1.2 Depth sampling
ehT dohtem of gnilpmas osla sdeen ot tcelfer the
Depth gnilpmas stsisnoc of gnirewol a gnilpmas
seitixelpmoc of retawdnuorg wolf ni that ti tsum
ecived ( see 4.2.2 dna 4.2.6 ) otni the eloherob or
take tnuocca of the refiuqa wolf msinahcem
,llew gniwolla ti ot llif htiw water at a nwonk
(whether erussif or ralunargretni ), the noitcerid
depth, dna gniveirter the elpmas for refsnart ot
of the How dna the ciluardyh stneidarg ni the
na etairporppa ,reniatnoc where .yrassecen sihT
,refiuqa hcihw nac ecudorp gnorts larutan swolf dohtem of gnilpmas si yllamron ylno elbatius for
pu or nwod the eloherob nmuloc .flesti -noitidarT
esu ni noitavresbo seloherob that are ton gnieb
,ylla two nanmac gnilpmas sdohtem are -yolpme
depmup hguohtla depth selpmas nac eb detcelloc
ed, yleman depmup gnilpmas dna depth ;gnilpmas
morf seloherob gnirud gnipmup fi there si raelc
htob evih rieht sesu dna iI ,snoitatin hcihw deen
access past the pmup hcus as a dilos access ebut
ot ab ylluferac JereJisnoc nehw gniyfitnedi the
dellatsni for the .esoprup De_pth selpmas dluohs
scope for rieht .esu
reven eb detcelloc ntorf nihtiw the dilos gnisac of
a ,elol!erob ecnis the water tonnac evah detanigiro
5.3.1.1 Pumped sampling at the depth at hcihw the gnilpmas ecived~ si
detavitca ,dna rednu citats ,snoitidnoc yam evah
depmuP selpmas morf noitcudorp seloherob desu deretla ni ytilauq eud ot lacimehc or
for slbatap or other seilppus yzm esirpmoc a lacigoloiborcim .ytivitca
erutxim of water gniretne the nepo or deneercs
htgnel of the eloherob morf tner$lfid depths. sihT nevE nihtiw the nepo or deneercs noitces of
gnilpmas dohtem si therefore, ylno dednemmocer ,seloherob depth gnilpmas nac ylno eb of detimil
where retawdnuorg ytilauq si yllacitrev mrofinu eulav esuaceb larutan or decudni swolf nihtiw the
or where a etisopmoc lacitrev elpmas of -ixorppa eloherob nac ekam the nigiro of the selpmas
yletam egareva noitisopmoc si at1 that si ,deriuqer .niatrecnu Depth gnilpmas si ylno elbatius fi
as thgim eb the case nehw gnilpmas water the suigiro of the selpmas ( ni smret of the depths
detcartsba morf a eloherob for elbaton ylppus of water wolfni otni the eloherob ) are .nwonk
.sesoprup nI these cases, ’gnidneped no the -llew sihT yam eb deveihca yb gninimreted the depths
head ,noitcurtsnoc the water elpmas dluohs eb of water wolfni ot the eloherob dna swolf nihtiw
detcelloc as esolc as elbissop ot the tixe morf the the eloherob nmuloc morf noitaterpretni of
,eloherob ni order ot diova elpmas ytilibatsni elohnwod sgol of ,erutarepmet ytivitcudnoc dna
smelborp ( see 5.4 ). wolf rednu gnipmup dna citats .snoitidnoc
4
1s 13969 : 1994
erehW ti si yrassecen ot egrup seloherob si tseb deirrac tuo gnisu hguorhtwolf llec smetsys
( see 5.3.1 ) morf hcihw depth selpmas are ot eb that tneverp tcatnoc neewteb elpmas dna
,nekat ti si dednemmocer that the eloherob si .erehpsomta
depmup gnisu na ria tfil ,ecived roirp ot
.gnilpmas
etis-nO noitartlif of selpmas si dednemmocer for
gnisilibats ,selpmas ylraIrtc:rrap erehw noitacificeps
5.3.1.3 Other sampling methods si rednu .yduts A ediw egnar of noitartlif aidem
nO snoisacco nehw the evoba gnilpmas sdohtem si elbaliava dna sedulcni esolullec desab -mem
tonnac eb desu or are thguoht ot eb ,etauqedani enarb ,sretlif ni noitidda ot ssalg erbif dna
ti si dednemmocer that selpmas morf etercsid etanobracylop .sretlif No elgnis muidc.rr nac eb
stniop ni the refiuqa dluohs eb deniatbo yb eno yllasrevinu ,dednemmocer hguohtla ssalg erbif
of a yteirav of utis-ni gnilpmas .secived esehT sretlif evah emos egatnavda revo other aidem of
edulcni suorop spuc or retemozeip stniop morf ralimis pore ezis ( e.g. esoluilec sretlif ) ecnis yeht
hcihw water si extracted yb muucav or gas -sid kcolb ssel yltneuqerf tey edivorp ralimis noitartlif
.tnemecalp lareveS stnemurtsni nac eb dellatsm ycneiciffe ni smret of elcitrap ezis .noitneter ehT
ni a elgnis eloherob dna emos of the secived are dednemmocer pore ezis for lareneg esoprup
osla elbatius for esu ni the detarutasnu .enoz retawdnuorg work si 0’4 ot 0’5 ,m hg!lohtla
selpmaS morf ralucitrap depths yam osla eb other pore sezis yam eb ,elbareferp gnidneped
deniatbo yb retaw-erop .gnilpmas sihT sevlovni nopu the ralucitrap gmlpmas esoprup dna the
gnitcartxe water ( yllausu yb noitagufirtnec ) morf dnaninrreted of .tseretni revetahW muidem si
lios or rock selpmas deniatbo yb dcsilaiceps core desu for ,noitartlif ti si dednemmocer that -bus
.gnillird tI sedivorp the tsom evitceffe dohtem tneuqes stluser ( gniwollof sisylana ) eb reported
of gniyfitnauq lacitrev snoitairav ni ytilauq dna as ’elbaretlif‘ seiceps ( gnitouq the etairporppa
si osla a yrev evitceffe dohtem of gnilpmas the pore ezis of the retlif ) rather naht ’devlossid‘
detarutasnu .enoz ,revewoH for cidoirep .seiceps tI si ylralucitrap tnatropmi that no
gnirotinom ti has the egatnavdasid of gniriuqer etis noitartlif of ciboreana retawdnuorg dluohs
repeated gnillird dna si therefore na evisnepxe eb deirrac tuo rednu ciboreana .snoitidnoc
dohtem of .gnilpmas
nI lla cases ti dluohs eb derusne that elpmas
5.4 ‘Transport, Stabilisation and Storage of sreniatnoc are dereviled ot the yrotarobjl ni a
y!thgit delaes ,noitidnoc protected morf the
Samples
effects of thgil dna evissecxe :taeh fi siht si ton
retawdnuorG selpmas are netfo nekat at setis ,enod elpmas ytilauq yam egnahc yldipar eud ot
etomer morf yrotarobal .seitilicaf ehT rennam ni ,egnahcxe-sag lacimehc snoitcaer dna the
hcihw retawdnuorg selpmas are stored dna msilobatem of .smsinagro oslA ti dluohs eb-
deldnah erofeb sisylana si therefore ylemertxe derusne that selpmas hcihw tonnac eb desylana
tnatropmi fi stluser are ot eb evitatneserper of nihtiw a yad are desilibats or .devreserp roF
snoitidnoc at the emit of .gnilpmas roF lareneg storage revo short ,sdoirep gnilooc ot C°4 yam
ecnadiug no these aspects, refer ot SI 3025 eb ;deilppa for gnipeek revo regnol ,sdoirep
( Part 1 ) : 1986 tub tnuocca dluohs eb nekat of gnizeerf ot C°02- si .elbasivda fI the rettal
the gniwollof cificeps .ecnadiug euqinhcet si ,desu ti si yrassecen ot erusne that

the elpmas si yletelpmoc thawed erofeb esu as
ehT tsom tnacifingis melborp ni dnuorg water the gnizeerf process yam evah the effect of -noc
gnilpmas si that of gniniatbo na etarucca -acidni gnitartnec emos stnenopmoc ni the renni part of
noit of water ytilauq ni the .ecafrus-bus smelborP the ,elpmas the part that freezes .tsal
esira esuaceb of the lacisyhp dna lacimehc
segnahc that rucco as selpmas are devomer morf
selpmaS yam osla eb devreserp yb the noitidda
.refiuqa tsoM retawdnuorg gnilpmas sdohtem
of ,slacimehc tub care dluohs eb nekat that the
tluser ni the elpmas gniogrednu erutarepmet dna
nesohc dohtem of noitavreserp does ton erefretni
erusserp segnahc hcihw nac retla hcus selbairav
htiw the tneuqesbus yrotarobal .noitanimaxe
as pH, lacirtcele ,ytivitcudnoc lacimehcortcele
,laitnetop edihplus tnetnoc dna devlossid gas
6 YTEFAS SNOITUACERP
tnetnoc ( ylralucitrap negyxo dna nobrac
edixoid ). nI nrut these segnahc yam retla the
lareneG ecnadiug no ytefas srettam si nevig ni
noitaiceps of emos .stneutitsnoc cirehpsomtA
1s 3025 t Part 1 ) : 1986 tub the gniwollof ytefas
tcatnoc yam gnirb tuoba ralimis segnahc dna
osla tluser ni ,noitadixo desae-icni lacigoloiborcim aspects dluohs eb deredisnoc nehw gnilpmas
,ytivitca ,noitatipicerp noitasilitalov dna segnahc .sretawdnuorg
ni ecnaraeppa ( e.g. ruoloc dna ytidibrut ). tI si
tnatropmi for retawdnuorg selpmas that as ynam ehT ecafrus area dnuora sllew dna seloherob
snoitanimreted as si elbacitcarp are deirrac tuo dluohs syawla eb regarded htiw emos noituac
etis-no or as noos as elbissop after the elpmas has ecnis there yam eb ksir of ecafrus ,espalloc
neeb .detcelloc sihT si ylralucitrap tnatropmi yllaicepse dnuora dlo .sllew gnigatS dna sreddal
ni respect of ,erutarepmet pH, lacimehcortcele nihtiw shafts yam eb efasnu dna a proper ytefas
,laitnetop lacirtcele ,ytivitcudnoc ytinilakla dna ssenrah tsum syawla eb nrow nehw gniretne .sllew
devlossid gases ( yllaicepse negyxo ). A -noc tA tsael two snosrep dluohs eb tneserp gnirud
suounit tnemerusaem euqinhcet si elbareferp dna yna gnilpmas :noitarepo eno nosrep dluohs

5