IS 13946-1: Determination of rock stress- Code of practice, Part 1: Using hydraulic fracturing technique

13 Pages·1994·1.4 MB·English

by  Bureau of Indian Standards

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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”
IS 13946-1 (1994): Determination of rock stress- Code of
practice, Part 1: Using hydraulic fracturing technique [CED
48: Rock Mechanics]
“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
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“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै”
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“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

IS 13946 ( Part 1 ) : IS84
m&T rn%

Indian Standard
DETERMINATIONOFROCKSTRESS-
CODEOFPRACTICE
PART 1 USING THE HYDRAULIC FRACTURING TECHNIQUE
UDC 624121.5

Q BIS 1994
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002 .
February 1994 Price Group 4
Rock scinahceM lanoitceS ,eettimmoC CED 48
DROWEROF
sihT naidnI dradnatS ( Part 1 ) was adopted yb the uaeruB of naidnI ,sdradnatS after the draft
dezilanif yb the Rock scinahceM lanoitceS eettimmoC had neeb devorppa yb the lrviC gnireenignE
noisiviD .licnuoC
lacitreV stress no a rock ssam seirav ni a erom elbatciderp noihsaf naht latnoziroh stress esuaceb the
remrof si yliramirp affected yb the thgiew of .nedrubrevo
nehW na gninepo si decudortni ni the ,ssamkcor the larutan state of stress si debrutsid yllacol as the
rock ssam sniatta a wen state of .muirbiliuqe ehT stress dnuora na gninepo gnitluser morf suoirav
edam-nam seitivitca si demret decudni< stress’ as opposed ot nigriv stress or etulosba stress hcihw
sebircsed the ,lanigiro debrutsidnu state of stress. ehT larutan state of stress si netfo demret as in-situ
stress.
dnuorgrednU in-situ stress si semitemos yltneiciffus hgih ( evitaler ot the rock ssam htgnerts ) ot esuac
rock gnitsrub ,gnillaps ,gnilkcub ,gnivaeh or other dnuorg lortnoc .smelborp nI hcus cases, egdelwonk
of the state of in-situ stress si of lacitirc ecnatropmi ot the ngised dna noitcurtsnoc of gnireenigne
serutcurts ni a rock .ssam nevE ni cases where the effects of stress are ssel ,citamard the mumitpo
shape, noitatneiro dna tuoyal of dnuorgrednu ,serutcurts as llew as the ssenevitceffe dna etamitlu cost
of rock troppus ,smetsys nac eb yltnacifingis decneulfni yb the in-situ stress.
srotcaF gnitceffa the sedutingam dna noitatneiro of in-situ stress edulcni the thgiew of gniylrevo dna
,slairetam cigoloeg serutcurts ( no lacol dna lanoiger selacs ), cinotcet forces nihtiw the earth’s ,tsurc
laudiser stress dna the lamreht stress. ehT ytixelpmoc of the snoitaler neewteb these factors dna the
utis-ni stress yllausu stibihorp elbailer noitamitse of rock stress. 111 ,noitidda stress tonnac eb derusaem
,yltcerid dna therefore, rock stress noitanimreted seuqinhcet yler no the tnemerusaem of emos esnopser
( e.g. ,tnemecalpsid ,niarts noitamrofed ) that si decudni yb a ecnabrutsid of the rock .ssam hT s
derusaem esnopser of rock ni a debrutsid-sserts enoz ( e.g. the llaw of a lennut ) si ,detalopartxe morf
the gninepo ,sdrawtuo hguorht a laciremun ledom or lacitylana ;seuqinhcet or stnemerusaem tsum eb
edam aiv a elohllird that sdnetxe otni na debrutsidnu noiger of the rock .ssam
lareveS sdohtem evah neeb deirt ot evirra at a elbailer snaem of gnirusaem in-situ stress. Each offers
tnereffid segatnavda dna segatnavdasid htiw respect ot a ralucitrap .elbacilppa
tnereffiD sdohtem for tnemerusaem of rock stress evah neeb derevoc ni gniwollof ruof parts hcihw evah
got ediw :ecnatpecca

Part 1 gnisU the ciluardyh gnirutcarf euqinhcet
Part 2 gnisU a MBSU epyt elohllird noitamrofed eguag
Part 3 gnisU -RISC or epyt-ORISC llec htiw 9 or 12 niarts seguag
Part 4 gnisU kcajtalf euqinhcet
ciluardyH gnirutcarf euqinhcet si the ylno rock stress noitanimreted euqinhcet that has neeb yllufsseccus
deilppa ot deep .elohllird sihT euqinhcet has, therefore, dnuof noitacilppa ni in-situ characterization
snoitagitsevni aiv lacitrev selohllird morf the .ecafrus gnirutcarfordyH yam osla eb enod across pre_
gnitsixe tnioj seloh ni the elohllird dna seulav of in-situ stresses ot eb .deniatbo
ehT eettimmoc elbisnopser for the noitalumrof of siht dradnats si nevig at xennA .A
IS 13946( Part 1 ) : 1994
Indian Standard
DETERMINATIONOFROCKSTRESS-
CODBOFPRACTICE
PART 1 USING THE HYDRAULIC FRACTURING TECHNIQUE
4 SLOBMYS
1 SCOPE
1.1 sihT standard ( traP 1 ) srevoc eht dohtem roF eht esoprup fo this standard, eht gniwollof
fo noitanimreted fo eht etats fo stress slobmys shall :ylppa
in-situ
dnuorgrednu hguorht a llird eloh using ciluardyh
htped at tset enoz woleb dnuorg
gnirutcarf .euqinhcet H =
;level
ehT tset ,sedivorp ni ,lareneg eht sedutingam citats erusserp daeh fo erutcarf
Pb =
and noitcerid fo eht mumixam and muminim ;diulf
sesserts ni eht enalp ralucidneprep ot eht llird
.eloh V = mass ytisned fo ;kcor
pcl - laitini erop retaw ;erusserp
2 SECNEREFER fP = erutcarf noitaitini ;erusserp
ehT gniwollof naidnI Standards ’era yrassecen ,P = gnipmup ;erusserp
stcnujda ot this standard: sP = suoenatnatsni ni-tuhs ;erusserp
Pr = erutcarf gninepoer ;erusserp
SI .oN eltiT
lacitrev stress;
II’C -
11315 dohteM rof eht evitatitnauq
muminim latnoziroh stress;
noitpircsed fo -iunitnocsid dmin =
seit ni kcor mass: mumixam latnoziroh stress; and
omsx =
T elohllird erutpur htgnerts fo eht
( traP 1 ) : 1987 noitatneirO =
.kcor
( traP 6 ) : 1987 erutrepA
5 SUTARAPPA
11358 7891: yrassolG fo smret and
slobmys elbacilppa ot kcor 5.1 Drilling Equipment
scinahcem 5.1.1 ynA gnillird tnempiuqe elbapac fo -cudorp
3 YGOLONIMRET gni a elbats eloh ot eht deriuqer tset htped yam
eb .desu ehT eloh retemaid dluohs suit eht
roF eht esoprup fo this standard, eht snoitinifed elbaliava rekcap tnempiuqe ro vice versa.
nevig ni SI 11358 : 1987 shall ,ylppa ni noitidda ehT gnillird tnempiuqe dluohs osla eb
5.1.2
ot eht .gniwollof
elbapac fo gniniatbo eroc samples ni eht ytiniciv
fo eht tset snoitces ni redro ot etaulave -llird
3.1 erutcarF noitaitinI erusserP
eloh erutpur htgnerts and ot enimaxe -itnocsid
gniruD noitazirusserp as eht erusserp is -saercni ytiun snoitatneiro and .scitsiretcarahc
de htob laitnegnat and lacitrev sesserts yam
emoceb .elisnet erutcarF lliw rucco fi eht 5.2 Packer Equipment ( see .giF 1 )
decudni elisnet stress sehcaer eht llird eloh
rekcaP tnempiuqe shall esirpmoc eht :gniwollof
erutpur .htgnerts
)a A metsys ot etalosi a tset noitces fo -llird
ehT llird eloh diulf erusserp at eht tnemom fo
.eloh elbatalfnI ,srekcap hguorht hcihw
elohllird erutpur is demret as erutcarf noitaitini
a retaw wolf epip runs, shall eb desu ot
erusserp ro nwodkaerb .erusserp
laes eht seloh gnilbane a tset noitces ot
eb .dezirusserp elbuoD rekcap ,metsys
3.2 erusserP-ni-tuhS
hcihw etalosi a trap fo eht ,eloh shall
retfA gnitcejni a tneiciffus emulov ot etagaporp yllareneg eb ,desu rub a elgnis ,rekcap
erutcarf htgnel lauqe ot tuoba eerht semit eht hcihw setalosi eht esab fo a ,eloh yam
elohllird ,retemaid noitcejni is deppots and osla eb .deredisnoc roF gnittes eht
ciluardyh metsys is delaes ro ni-tuhs gnidleiy eht srekcap and laes eht tset lavretni -uardyh
suoenatnatsni .erusserp-ni-tuhs cil ro gas noisnapxe shall eb .desu ehT
1
IS 13946 ( Part 1 ) : 1994
TO PUMP FLOWMETER
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS to PUMP
HIGH PRESSURE
ROD-,
IRE
,PRESSURE
TRANSDUCER C OMPASS
/.ii GNISUOH
IMPRESSION
PACKER-
4

S
m / PACKER
DRILLHOLE-
\
/ /- DRILLHOLE
a) gnirutcarfordyH Tool b) Impression rekcaP
FIG. 1 SCHBMATICR EPRESBNTATION
2
IS 13946 ( Part 1 ) : 1994
laitini rekcap gnittes erusserp sdneped no 5.5 Measuring Eqaipments
eht rekcap .epyt fI eht lanretni erusserp
gniwolloF gnirusaem stnempiuqe shall eb :desu
sehcaorppa eht rekcap ,erusserp eht
rekcap erusserp dluohs eb desaercni ot a )a erusserP srecudsnart rof tnemerusaem fo
level tneiciffus ot tneverp egakael past diulf erusserp at eht ecafrus ro -aidemmi
eht .srekcap ylet evoba eht .rekcap
)b roF gnitarapes eht srekcap srecaps shall eb
)b A erusserp eguag ro recudsnart ot -aem
.desu ehT htgnel fo eht tset noitces shall
erus rekcap noitalfni erusserp htiw a
eb nesohc morf eht noitavresbo fo eroc
elbitapmoc level fo ycarucca ot eht
ro/dna elohllird wall snoitidnoc yb snaem
lavretni erusserp .eguag
fo sdohtem debircsed ni 5.5. A muminim
htgnel fo evif semit eht elohllird retemaid )c tnemurtsnl ot drocer diulf wolf htiw .emit
is ylnommoc .dednemmocer ehT srekcap
dluohs .edivorp 6 PROCEDURE
5.3 Fluid Injection Equipment 6.1 Drilling and Inspection
diulF noitcejni tnempiuqe shall esirpmoc eht 6.1.1 eloH retemaid and ezis fo elohnwod
:gniwollof ciluardyh gnirutcarf tnempiuqe shall eb detceles
desab no eht tnempiuqe .elbaliava retfA -reted
a) A hgih erusserp gnipmup metsys elbapac noitanim fo eht tset noitacol and ,htped a -llird
fo gniniatniam a tnatsnoc wolf revo eht
eloh dluohs eb sunk htaeneb that htped ot
egnar fo erusserp detcepxe gmrud eht edivorp eht tset .slavretni laniF eciohc fo eht
.tset tset enoz htgnel and htped shall eb edam desab
nopu eht erutcarf citsiretcarahc fo derevocer
ehT gnipmup metsys dluohs evah tneiciffus
seroc ro no noitcepsni fo eht elohllird wall yb
yticapac ot emocrevo eht sessol-noitcirf
an lacitpo ro citsuoca gnigol .loot
ni eht ylppus sdor and ot etaitini
.serutcarfordyh
6.1.2 kcoR gnittuc ro/dna seroc shall eb -axe
denim fi liated ot enimreted kcor scitsiretcarahc
b) tneiciffuS ylppus ,sdor gnibut ro esoh
at eht tset .snoziroh ehT eciohc fo srekcap and
yllausu desu ot rewol eht rekcap otni eht
noitalfni erusserp yam eb detceffa yb kcor -drah
.elohllird
ness and ssenhguor fo eht elohllird wall.
5.4 Inspection Equipment
6.1.3 oT raelc eht passage rof eht rekcap
ynA fo eht gniwollof stnempiuqe yam eb desu
ylbmessa eloh yam eb dehsulf ot devomer
ot dnif eht noitcerid fo :serutcarfordyh
sirbed ro/dna eht llird tib yam eb derewol ot
4 elohllirD epocsirep ro noisivelet aremac eht tset htped ot raelc eht passage rof eht
rof lausiv .noitcepsni A oediv gnidrocer rekcap .ylbmessa
fo a gnitseterp noitavresbo is -egatnavda
suo rof nosirapmoc .sesoprup 6.1.4 ehT noitatneiro and serutrepa fo -igoloeg
lac seitiunitnocsid htiw eht tset noitces shall eb
b) citsuocA .reweivelet detamitse and dedrocer ni ecnadrocca htiw
c> SI 11315 traP( :)1 1987 and SI 11315 traP( )6 :
elohllirD repilac hcihw is lufpleh ot
1987 .ylevitcepser sihT osla sevres as a tset-erp
erusne that eht detangised tset noitces is
nur fo eht erutcarf noitatneiro .tnemerusaem
fo elbatius retemaid rof yrotcafsitas
gnitaes fo .srekcap
6.1.5 A elohllird repilac gol ni redro ot diova
4 noitatneirO loot ot erusaem tnemngila gnicalp srekcap ni sezisrevo snoitces fo eht
and straightness ni esac fo yna noitacidni eloh is .dednemmocer
fo evissecxe .noitaived
6.1.6 ehT rekcap ylbmessa shall eb detresni ot
e> citengaM ssapmoc desu ot tneiro saremac eht denimretederp ,htped eht htped shall eb
ro sreweivelet rof noisserpmi .srekcap ,dedrocer and eht srekcap era detalfni ot a
etanretlA snaem fo noitatneiro shall eb erusserp tneiciffus ot laes against eht deilppa
desu ni eht ygolorenim fo eht kcor hcihw diulf .erusserp
is ylekil ot tceffa eht ssapmoc .gnidaer
citengaM hcir kcor ( that is nori -rof 6.1.7 nehW gnillif eht noitcejni ,gnibut erac
snoitam ro cisab suoengi skcor ) yam eb shall eb nekat ot etanimile ria morf eht .metsys
.tcepsus cipocsoryG ,sessapmoc hcihw depparT ria yltaerg sesaercni eht -ibisserpmoc
maintain eht noitatneiro fo eht noitcepsni ytil fo eht metsys and has an esrevda tceffe no
ecived morf eht eloh ,ralloc yam eb eht etar fo erusserp pu-dliub gnirud tset lavretni
.desu .noitazirusserp
3
IS 13946 ( Part 1 ) : 1994
7 TESTING 7.6 ehT eloh noitcepsni shall eb deirrac tuo ot
evresbo and drocer erutcarfordyh snoitisop and
erusserP shall eb derotinom rehtie at eht
7.1 .noitatneiro
dnuorg ecafrus ro nihtiw eht tset .noitacol
nehW eht erusserp is derotinom at eht dnuorg 7.7 ehT elohllird erutpur htgnerts fo eht kcor
,ecafrus eht erusserp ni eht tset lavretni shall eb yam eb detamitse morf yrotarobal stset no eroc
desaercni vlwols ot erusne laminim erusserp samples ro yam eb deniatbo yb -rapmoc
in-situ
sessol ni eht .gnibut nehW erusserp is derotinom gni eht erutcarf noitaitini erusserp htiw -esbus
nihtiw eht tset ,noitces erusserp sessol era -nu tneuq gninepoer .erusserp
.tnatropmi oN standard rof noitazirusserp etar
ro wolf etar ;stsixe revewoh a nommoc egnar fo 8
CALCULATIONS
noitazirusserp etar fo 0. 0.2-I ces/aPM yam
erehW eht gnipmup erusserp is derusaem
eb .dewollof ehT noitazirusserp etar shall eb 8.1
dellortnoc yb eht tnatsnoc wolf etar .detheles yltcerid at eht tset ,enoz Pr, P, and P, yam eb
deniatbo yltcerid morf eht emit susrev erusserp
ehT etairporppa wolf etar ot eveihca eht derised
tolp ( ees .giF 2 .)
noitazirusserp etar shall yrav gnidneped no eht
llarevo ytilibisserpmoc fo tset ,metsys hcihw erugiF 2 stneserp an dezilaedi ciluardyh -rutcarf
ylegral stcelfer eht yticitsale fo eht ,gnibut eht gni erusserp .drocer ehT lareneg mrof fo eht
htgnel fo eht ,gnibut eht ytilibisserpmoc fo eht erusserp drocer sdneped no eht evitaler -ingam
diulf and eht emulov fo diulf ni eht tset .metsys sedut fo eht lapicnirp .sesserts
nI ,lareneg peed stset htiw egral retemaid gnibut
shall eriuqer rehgih wolf setar than eloh-trohs
nehW eht enalp fo gnirutcarfordyh is ylraen
stset htiw rellams retemaid .gnibut
lellarap ot eht elohllird ,sixa eht gniwollof
7.2 ehT rekcap erusserp dluohs eb yllaitini tes snoisserpxe yam eb desu ot niatbo eht lapicnirp
llew woleb eht detapicitna nwodkaerb ;erusserp :sesserts
eht rekcap erusserp dluohs eb desaercni at eht
emas etar as eht noitcejni .erusserp ehT -ecorp Omln D P8
erud secuder eht ytilibissop fo erutcarf noitaitini 3
desuac yb eht rekcap .erusserp ,revewoH retfa urnax a T - P, - Pi - P,
eht hguor egnar fo gnirutcarfordyh ,erusserp at ( rof laitini noitazirusserp elcyc )
a ralucitrap etis is ,nwonk eht tneuqesbus
,P3 -
srekcap nac eb detalfni ot eht deriuqer/derised @mar = P, - P,
erusserp ni elgnis .egats ehT tset lavretni rof( tneuqesbus noitazirusserper elcyc )
erusserp shall eb dedrocer against .emit As
erusserp ,sesaercni htob laitnegnat and lacitrev ehT elohllird erutpur htgnerts (T) is denimreted
evitceffe sesserts nac emoceb .elisnet ecnedivE fo morf yrotarobal ,stset hcihw ledom eht -uardyh
eruliaf shall eb deniatbo morf erusserp emit cil gnirutcarf ssecorp ( )elbareferp ro eht elisnet
evruc and erutcarf noitaitini erusserp shall eb htgnerts deniatbo morf tcerid ,noisnet ro
.deton nailizarB .stset etairporppA snoitcerroc rof eht
stceffe fo elpmas ezis and tset noitarugifnoc

7.3 retfA gnitcejni a emulov tneiciffus ot -aporp
yam deen ot eb .edam ehT lacitrev stress is
etag a erutcarf htgnel lauqe ot tuoba eerht yllausu assumed ot eb eht stress detareneg yb
semit eht elohllird ,retemaid noitcejni shall eb
eht htped and ytisned fo gniylrevo .kcor ehT
deppots and eht ciluardyh metsys shall eb
noitcerid fo ,,,T( is ni eht erutcarf enalp and
delaes ro shut ni gnidleiy eht suoenatnatsni lanogohtro ot .nInru
shutting erusserp .)SP( lanoitiddA noitazirusserp
selcyc shall eb desu ot enimreted eht erutcarf 9
REPORTING OF RESULTS
gninepoer erusserp ),P( and lanoitidda -erusaem
stnem fo eht ni-tuhs erusserp .)SP( 9.1 General Information
7.4 tneuqesbuS noitazirusserper elcyc dluohs eb ehT troper dluohs edulcni eht gniwollof lareneg
detcudnoc at ,ralimis tnatsnoc wolf ,setar rehgih :noitamrofni
ro rewol wolf etar selcyc yam eb dedda at eht )a A noitpircsed fo eht tset etis .noitacol
noitercsid fo eht .rotarepo esU fo rehgih ro
rewol swolf etar selcyc ni eht stress noitaluclac )b A lacinhcetoeg gol fo eht tset noitces
dluohs eb deificeps and denialpxe ni eht troper gnivig all elbaliava noitamrofni and -ni
fo .stluser gnidulc eht dedrocer lacigoloeg -itnocsid
ytiun scitsiretcarahc and elohllird wall
7.5 retfA eht tset is ,detelpmoc eht srekcap .snoitidnoc
shall eb detalfed and eht tnempiuqe shall eb
c>
derevocer morf eht .elohllird eraC dluohs eb A lacigoloeg noitpircsed fo kcor ,detset
nekat that eht srekcap era ylluf detalfed erofeb gnidulcni kcor epyt and ytilibaliava fo
gnitpmetta ot evom .meht .eroc
4
1 ) : 4991
I§ 13946 ( Part
Pf = FRACTURE INITIATION
PRESSURE
[P FRACTURE REOPENING
PRESSURE
P,=SHUT IN
PRESSURE
P,=SHUT IN PRESSURE
PO = FORMATION
PORE PRESSURE
-.
I_
TIME-
.GIF 2 DEZILAEDI CILUARDYH GNIRUTCARF ERUSSERP RECORD
)d ehT tset ,htped htgnel fo eht tset enoz )c snoitatneserpeR fo erutcarf ,srecart -snoc
and elohllird .ezis detcurt morf noisserpmi ,srekcap no
shpargotohp ro/dna citsuoca reweivelet
la, DETAILED INFORMATION sgol fo tset .slavretni
ehT troper dluohs edulcni eht gniwollof deliated )d A noitpircsed fo eht dohtem desu rof

noitamrofni rof hcae tnemerusaem :noitacol gnitaluclac .,,,TC nI esac eht elohllird

erutpur htgnerts is denimreted yb
)a shparG gniwohs gnipmup ro wolf ,etar
yrotarobal ,stset eht yrotarobal tset
noitcejni erusserp susrev emit rof hcae
stluser and eht dohtem fo data ,noitcuder
tset and a ’noitpircsed fo eht )s(dohtem
gnidulcni snoitauqe ,desu dluohs eb
desu ot noitceles and fi tcnitsid
Pf, Ps P,,
detroper ni tneiciffus .liated
serusserp era ton .suoivbo
b) detalubaT seulav fo tseT stluser gniwohs substantial seicnapercsid
H, Pr, PO, Pr, P,, P,
mumixam and muminim latnoziroh htiw rehto data and gnivig elbissop ro elbaborp
sesserts and stress .snoitcerid snoitanalpxe fo eht .sesuac