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इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 13216 (1991): Code of practice for geological exploration for reservoir sites [WRD 5: Gelogical Investigation and Subsurface Exploration] “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda ““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee”” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” IS13216 : 1991 urn ~T!1flf ~ 3fernr~ ar;~ur ~ ~ m~ Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION FOR RESERVOIR SITES @) BIS 1991 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BRAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Octob" 1991 Price Group2 AMENI)MENT NO.1 OCf()IIER 1992 -'1'0 IS 13216: 1991 CODE OF PRACfICE FOR GEOLOGICAL EXPLORA1"ION I;OR RESERVOIRS SI'I'ES or (Foreword, line 10)- Substitute '8 degree for 'modicum'. ( Page 2, clause 4.1.1, line 4 ) - Substitute 'major dislocations' for 'jaor dislocations'. (Page3,clause4.2.4, line 12)- Substitute 'angleofinternal friction00'for 'angleofintemal friction(0)'. (Page 3, clause 4.2.5 )- Substitute 'IS6065 ( Part 1) : 1985'for 'IS 606S : 1985'. (Pag« 4, clause4.3.3, lines 5and7)- Substitute'5metre'for'S metres'. (Pa~~4,clause 4.J.7,/inc to ) - Substitute 'SOOcubic nlelre'for '500 cubic metres'. (Page4, clause4.3.7, line 11)- Substitute '60 metre'for '60metres'. (RVD5) HtprographyUnit,81S.NewDelhi.India AMENDMENT NO. 2 AUGUST 1998 TO IS 13216: 1991CODEOF PRACfICE FOR GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION FOR RESERVOIR SITES ( Page 1, clause Z.l ) - Insert 'SP 36 (Part 1) : 1987 Compendium of IndianStandards on soil engineering: Part 1 Laboratory testingofsoils forcivil engineeringpurposes'at theend. (Page3,clause4.2.3 )-Inserttbe followingattbeendoftheclause: 'Forconductinglaboratorytests, referenceshouldbemade to SP 36 (Part 1).' '+' (Page 3,clause4.1.4, line13)- Substitute for '0'. ( Page 4. clause 4.3.4, line 7 ) - Substitute 'angleof internal friction' for 'angleoffriction'. (Page4, clause4.3.4)- Insertthe followingat theend oftbe clause: 'Forconductinglaboratory tests, referenceshouldbemade toSP 36 (Part1).' (RVD05) RtproeraphyUnit,81S,NewDelhi,India Geological Investigation and Subsurface Exploration Sectional Committee, RVD S FOREWORD This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau ofIndian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Geological Investigation and Subsurface Exploration Sectional Committee had been approved by the River Valley Division Council. Keeping in view the thrust towards hydroelectric power generation and the enhancement of irrigation capacity as well as control of flood situations, in our country today, a number of projects are under way for the construction of dams. While identifying a suitable site for the proposed dam, it is ofparamount importance that the proposed reservoir site be thoroughly investigated and explored. The basis of planning for such explorations is to have a rapid economical and dependable preinvestment evaluation of sub-surface conditions. It is also necessary that a modicum ofuniformity be followed while carryingout subsurface explorations so that the frame ofreference ofthe investigation covers all requisite respects. This standard lays down guidelines defining the requirements to be fulfilled while carrying out subsurface explorations for reservoir site by defining the data requirements, the investigations needed and the areas to be investigated as well as the various stages of investigation from the reconnaissance stage to the post construction stage. IS 13216:1991- Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR .GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION FOR RESERVOIR SITES 1 SCOPE ., INVltSTlGATIONS 1.1 This code lays down the guidelinesfor sur 4.1 RecODDaI.....ee face andsub-surfacegeologicalexploration for reservoir sites. 4.1.1 In thereconnaissance stage, the objective of investigation is to bring out the overall geological features of the reservoir and the 2 REFERENCES adjacent area to enable the designers, cons truction enginers and geologists to pinpoint 2.1 The Indian Standards listed below are the geotechnical and ecological problems necessary adjuncts to this standard: which have to be tackled. The scale ofgeolo IS No. Title gical mappingfor this stage ofwork need not be verylargeand theavailablegeological maps 4453 : 1980 Code ofpractice for explora on 1: 50,000 or 1: 250,000 scale may be made tion by pits, trenches, drifts use of. It is advantageous to carryoutphoto and shafts (fiutrnuwn) geologicalinterpretationofaerial photographs ofthe area, ifavailable. If a geological map 5497 : 1983 Guide for topographic surveys ofthe area is not available, a traverse geolo for river valley projects (first gical map should be prepared at this stage revision) preferably using theaerial photosas base maps on which the engineering evaluation of the 5529 Code of practice for In situ various geotechnical features exposed in the (Part 1) : 1985 permeability tests: Part 1Test area should be depicted. Inoverburden ( first r"ision ) 4.1.2 A topographical index map on 1 : SO000 5529 Code of practice for In situ scale should be used at this stage to delineate ( Part 2) : 1985 ~ermeability tests: Part2Test the areas which would require detailed study, In bed rock (first revision ) subsequently. 6065 Recommendationsfor thepre 4.1.3 To prevent an undesirable amount of ( Part 1) : 1985 paration ofgeologicaland geo leakage from the reservoir, the likely zones of technical maps for rivervalley such leakage, such as major dislocations projects : Part 1 Scales (fir,' and pervious or cavernous formations running revision) across the divide of the reservoir should be 6935 : 1973 Method Cor determination of identified at this stage of investigation for water level in a bore hole further detailed investigations. 4.1.4 Major unstable zones, particularlyin the 3 DATA REQUIRED vicinity ofthe dam in tight gorges, should be identified at this stage for carrying out 3.1 Reservoir projects in river valleys are detailed investigations for the stability of the meant to hold water, therefore, the following reservoir rim. aspects ofthe reservoirs have to be properly investigated ( a ) water tightness ofthe basins 4.1.5 Ths locations Cor suitable construction ( b ) stability ofthe reservoir rim, (c) avail material available in the reservoir area should abilityofconstructionmaterial in thereservoir be pin pointed at this stage so that after area. (d) silting, (e) direct and indirect detailed surveys suchmaterials can be exploited submergence ofeconomic mineral wealth, and for proper utilisation during the construction ( f) seismotechtonics.These investigationsare stage prior to impounding ofreservoir. carried out by surface and sub-surfaceexplora tion ofproposed basin during the reconnais 4.1.6 Therate ofsiltingof the reservoir is vital sance, preliminary investigation, detailed for planningthe height ofthe damand working investiaation, construction and post-construc outthe economic life ofthe project. Since the tion atales ofthe project. rate of sUtinl, in addition to other factors, is 1 IS 13116:1"1 dependent on the type ofterrain in the catch 4.2 Pre1lmJ...ry layeltl••tloB ment area ofthereservoir, themajorgeological 4.1.1 The object of preliminary investigation formations and the ecological set up should of the reservoir area is to collect further be recognized at this stage to enable a more details of the surfaceand subsurfacegeological accurate estimationofthe rate ofsiltingofthe conditions, with reference to the likely prob reservoir. Por example, it should be possible lems identified during the reconnaissancestage to estimate atthis stage that forty percent of ofinvestigation by means of surface mapping the catchment ofa storage dam project is supplemented by photogeological interprets.. covered by Quaternary sediment and that this tion of aerial photographs, hydrogeological is a condition which is likely to a yield a high investigations,. geophysical investigations. silt rate or that ninety percent of the catch preliminary subsurface exploration and by ment ofanother storage dam projectis compo conducting geo-seismologlcal studies. of the sed of igneous and metamorphic rocks and area. is likely to yield a relatively low sediment rate. This information will also be useful in On the basis of studies carried out durin, examining whether or not tributaries flowing the reconnaissance stage it should be possible for long distances through soft or unconsolid to estimate the extent ofexploration that may ated formations, prior toforming theproposed be required during the preliminary stage of reservoir, can be avoided and if not, what investigation including the total number of remedial measures can be taken to control the holes required to be drilled and the total silt load brought by these tributaries. number and depth ofpits, trenches and drifts asalso the extentofgeophysical surveyswhich 4.1.7 The impounding of a reservoir may sub may be necessary. Por exploration by pits. merge economic/strategic mineral deposits trenches, drifts and shaftsguidelines laiddown occurring within the reservoir area or the in IS 4453 : 1980 should be-followed. resultant rise in the water table around the reservoir maycauseflooding, increased seepage 4.1.2 The potential zones ofleakage from the in quarries and mines located in the area and reservoir and the lateral extent of various water logging in other areas. It is, therefore, features, such as extent ofaeolian sand depo necessary that the economic mineral deposits, sits, glacial till, land slides, jaor dislocations which are likely to be adverselyaffected by the or pervious and cavernous formations running reservoir area are identified atthis stageofthe across the divide, should be delineated on a investigation. Por example, ifan underground scale of 1 : 5ססoo. working is located close to a proposed storage reservoirarea, it should be identified for regu The geohydrological conditions of the lar systematic geohydrological studies sub. reservoir rim should be established by surface sequently. These studies would establish and sub-surface investigation as well as inven whether the impoundment ofthe water in the tory, as a free ground water divide rising reservoir had adversely affected the under above the proposed level ofthe reservoir is a ground working or not. References should also favourable condition against leakage from be made to various agencies dealing with the the reservoir. The level ofwater in a bore economic minerals likely to be affected by the .hole should be determined as liven in impoundment in the reservoir for proper eva IS 693S: 1973. luation ofthe problemand suitable necessary 4.2.3 The extension of various features at action. depth, wherever necessary, is investiaated by 4.1.8 A dam and its reservoir are affected geophysical exploration and by means ofpits by the environment in which they are located trenches, drifts and drill holes. For example' and in turn they also change the environment. the resistivity survey should be able t~ Impoundment ofa reservoir sometimes results identify water saturated zones. The nature inan increase ofseismicactivityat, or near the of the material is investigated by means of reservoir. The seismic activity may lead to laboratory and inlitu tests, to determine microtremors and in some cases lead to earth permeability an:d assess the quantum of quakes of high magnitude. It is, therefore, leakage which may take place through these necessary to undertake the regional seismo zones on impoundment of the reservoir. techtonic study ofthe project area. The faults Moreover, permeability of rocks/overburden having active seismic status should be delinea in the reservoir,area is determined from water ted at this stage. Simultaneous action to plan table fluctuations and pumping tests ih wells. and install a networkofseismological observa For determining inlitu permeability in OVOr. tories encompassing the reservoir area should burdenand rock, reference should be made to also be taken. IS 5529 (Part I) : ~98S and IS; 5529 2 IS13116: 1'91 ( Part II) : 1985respectively. The information In the mines and quarries due to the impound. about permeability would enable the designers ment of water in the reservoir, directly or to estimate the treatment cost for controlling indirectly. leakage/seepage from the reservior and to 4.2.8 Large scale geological mapping and decide whether it would be desirable to terrace matching across the faults with seismi change the location of height ofthe dam to cally active status, delineated during the avoid these zones. reconnaissance stage, should be carried out 4.2.4 Major unstable zones along the reservoir on a scale of 1: 2000 and the trend, and identified during the reconnaissance stage and behaviour ofthe fault plane should be investi which are of consequence to the storage gated in detail by means ofsurface studies and scheme should be investigated in detail at this sub-surface exploration by pits, trenches and Itage by means of surface and sub-surface drifts etc. A networkof geodeticsurveypoints exploration. The areas should be geologically should be established on either side of the mapped in detail on a scale of 1 : 2000. The suspected faults to study micromovements suspect planes/zones of failure should be along these suspected faults, ifany, both prior identified and explored by means of drifts, to and after impoundment ofthe reservoir. trenches and pits. Disturbed and undisturbed Micro earthquake studies should be carried samples of the plastic material should be out using portable 3-station or 4-station tested for cohesion (c) and angle of internal networks in areas with proven seismically active fault features. friction (0) as well as for other relevant pro perties. The stability of slopes should also 4.2.9 The data from the seismological be evaluated considering the reservoirs ope observatories available till now should be rational conditions. These studies should evaluated so that shift or addition in the provide the designers with an idea of the network of the observatories, if necessary magnitude of the problems.that may be could be considered. ' encountered, so that they may be able to take remedial to stabilize zones or to abandon the 4.3 Detailed In,estigation Stage (Pre-construc site altogether, ifthe situation demands. tion stale) 4.2.5 The topographic survey ofthe reservoir 4.3.1 On the basis ofthe studies carried out area shall be carried out as per IS 5497 : 1983 during the preliminary stage it should be and the scale of mapping shall be as per possible to estimate the quantum of explora IS 606S: 1985. tion which mayberequired duringthedetailed stage of investigation including the total ~.2.6 Duringthe reconnaissance stage it should number ofholes required to be drilled and the have been possible to identify those reaches total number and depth ofpits, trenches and ofthe main river and tributories which, due to drifts as also the extent ofgeophysical survey their geological and ecological set up, are which may be necessary. likely to yield abnormally high silt loads. A systematic network of silt observation 4.3.2 Detailed surface and sub-surface investi stations should be set up to provide accurate gation of all features connected with the date for planning remedial measures such as reservoir should be carried out to provide check dams afforestation, etc. information on leakage ofwater through the peripheryand/or basin ofthe reservoir area. 4.%.7 The areas having potential economic Basedonthese investigations and analysis of mineral wealth and which are likely to be data it should be possible to decide as to adversely affected by the impoundment of the whether the reservoir area in question would reservoir should be explored by means- of .hold water without undue leakage. If, not, the surface and sub-surface investigation to dam site may have to be abandoned in favour establish their importance both in terms of ofsuitable alternative site. their value as well as strategic importance. This information would be necessaryfor arriv 4.3.3 The zones, which on preliminary investi ing at a decision regarding the submergence, gation are found to be potential zones of or otherwise, of the mineral deposit. The leakage/seepage from the reservoir, and which nature and amount of the existing seepage, if due to other considerations cannot be avoided any, in the existing mines and quarries in the are geologically mapped on a scale of 1: 2000 adjacent areas of the reservoir should be and investigatedin detailat this stage bymeans recorded and monitored regularly. This data of a close spaced sub-surface exploration is necessary, to ascertain whether or not there programme. The purpose of this stage of has been any changein thequantumofseepage investigation is to provide the designers 3