Irrigation and Water Power Engineering

840 Pages·2021·116.71 MB·English

by  B.C. Punmia, Pande Brij Basi Lal

17th EDITION
9788131807637-0899
M.R.P. ` 899.00
EIW-0566-899-IRRIGA WATER POWER ENGG-PUN

IRRIGATION
AND
WATER POWER ENGINEERING

IRRIGATION
AND
WATER POWER
ENGINEERING
SEVENTEENTH EDITION
By
Dr. B.C. PUNMIA Dr. PANDE BRIJ BASI LAL
Formerly, Formerly,
Professor and Head, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, Principal, M.M.M. Engg. College
& Dean, Faculty of Engineering Gorakhpur
M.B.M. Engineering College,
Jodhpur
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IRRIGATION AND WATER POWER ENGINEERING
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Printed and bound in India
First Edition : 1969
Seventeenth Edition : 2021
ISBN : 978-81-318-0763-7
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Revised by :
DR. SRINIVAS VASAM
Professor in Department of Civil
Engineering, Siddhartha Institute of Technology & Sciences (SITS),
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C—0
PREFACE
India has unequal distribution of rainfall over the country—varying from less than 25 cm in the North
West deserts of Rajasthan to about 1150 cm in the Assam hills. Substantial variations in the quantity,
incidence and duration of rainfall in individual tracts from year to year, make irrigation of supreme necessity
in the country. The science of Irrigation Engineering in India has developed by leaps and bounds during
the last six decades. The Irrigation Engineering occupy prominent place in the World.
The purpose of this book is to present the science of the practice of irrigation engineering in a concise
form comprising practically all the modern developments. The book, written entirely in Metric Units covers
the syllabi of Indian Universities and A.M.I.E. Examination in ‘Irrigation and Water Power’. The various
original formulae in F.P.S. units have also been given side by side. Most of the diagrams and the charts
have been given in metric units.
The practices described are mainly those prevailing or coming into use in India, although many references
are made to the work of engineers in other countries. The approach to the subject has been practical
throughout. Indications are given to the most efficient way in which the work could be undertaken, without
neglecting the basic principles involved.
The book has been primarily written for the students to use it as a textbook at the first degree level.
Some advanced topics included in this book will be useful at the M.E. level. The book will also be useful
to the practising engineers, as a reference. A number of solved examples and detailed designs of major
irrigation works have been included.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the help received from many standard textbooks and publications
on irrigation engineering. The authors are thankful to Sri Kanhaiya Lal who has very nicely traced the
diagrams. The authors are also thankful for the co-operation received and efficiency with which the printing
was carried out.
Every effort was made to eliminate errors in the book, but should the reader discover some, we would
appreciate having these brought to our attention. Suggestions from the readers for the improvement in the
book will be most gratefully acknowledged.
Gandhi Jayanti B.C. PUNMIA
2-10-1969 PANDE B.B. LAL
v
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTEENTH EDITION
This is Seventeenth Edition of the book on Irrigation Engineering. Now Irrigation and water power
engineering is a key area which needs focus on proper utilization of water which is a precious natural resource.
The development, conservation and use of water, therefore, play a vital role in the country’s development.
The rainfall in the country is mostly confined to monsoon season and is unevenly distributed with respect
to both space and time. As a result, some parts of the country are affected by droughts whereas other parts
are affected by floods. Water will become a scarce resource in the near future due to increasing population
and increasing demands for various uses due to continuous improvement in the living standards of the
people. So, the monsoon rainfall should be conserved and utilized for drinking, irrigation, power generation,
industrial etc purposes.
This Textbook is very different in many respects because of a new analytical framework that explains
crucial aspects of the data. The unique features are:
• Each part covers with specific details and designs & drawings. Each and every chapter is dealt with
special attention to explain the subject matter in detail duly adding solved questions of different
examinations
• The basic principles, where ever found necessary, are incorporated in detail and are self-explanatory.
It is hoped that this book in its present form will be more useful to the undergraduate, diploma students
and also to some extent post graduate students of civil engineering in learning irrigation and water power
engineering, besides Professors, Lectures and Practicing engineers, dealing with irrigation and water
power engineering.
Suggestion from the readers for any improvement of the book are welcome.
1st Jan. 2021 Dr. SRINIVAS VASAM
(Revisor)
vi
CONTENTS
SECTION–I: Irrigation Practice
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................2–11
1.1. Definition ...................................................................................................................................2
1.2. Necessity and Importance of Irrigation ...................................................................................2
1.3. Scope of Irrigation Science ........................................................................................................3
1.4. Multipurpose River Valley Project ...........................................................................................4
1.5. Benefits of Irrigation .................................................................................................................5
1.6. Disadvantages and Ill-Effects of Irrigation .............................................................................6
1.7. Types of Irrigation .....................................................................................................................6
1.8. History of Irrigation Developments in India ...........................................................................9
2. METHODS OF IRRIGATION ................................................................................12–33
2.1. Modes (or) Methods of Applying Water to Crops ...................................................................12
2.2. Surface Irrigation ....................................................................................................................13
2.2 (i). Uncontrolled (or) Wild Flooding .............................................................................................13
2.2 (ii). Controlled Flooding (or) Flooding from Field Channels .................................................................13
2.3. Flooding by Contour Laterals .................................................................................................14
2.4. Border Strip Flooding Method ................................................................................................14
2.5. Check Basin Flooding .............................................................................................................19
2.6. Ring Basin Flooding ................................................................................................................22
2.7. The Zigzag Method ..................................................................................................................22
2.8. Furrow Method ........................................................................................................................23
2.9. Contour Farming .....................................................................................................................27
2.10. Sub-Surface Irrigation ............................................................................................................28
2.11. Sprinkler Irrigation .................................................................................................................29
2.12. Drip Irrigation .........................................................................................................................31
2.13. Examples from Competitive Examinations ...........................................................................33
3. WATER REQUIREMENTS OF CROPS ...............................................................34–79
3.1. Functions of Irrigation Water .................................................................................................34
3.2. Quality of Irrigation Water .....................................................................................................34
3.3. Types of Soils ...........................................................................................................................38
vii
viii CONTENTS
3.4. Preparation of Land for Irrigation .........................................................................................40
3.5. Classification of Soil Water .....................................................................................................40
3.6. Limiting Soil Moisture Conditions .........................................................................................45
3.7. Depth and Frequency of Irrigation ........................................................................................45
3.8. Principal Crops and Crop Seasons .........................................................................................47
3.9. Duty and Delta ........................................................................................................................48
3.10. Factors Affecting Duty ............................................................................................................50
3.11. Methods of Improving Duty ....................................................................................................52
3.12. Some Definitions .....................................................................................................................53
3.13. Consumptive Use of Water (Evapo-Transpiration) ...............................................................58
3.14. Irrigation Efficiencies ..............................................................................................................66
3.15. Soil Fertility.............................................................................................................................70
3.16. Crop Rotation ..........................................................................................................................71
3.17. Assessment of Irrigation Water..............................................................................................71
3.18. Examples from Competitive Examinations ...........................................................................74
SECTION–II: Water Resources Engineering
4. HYDROLOGY ....................................................................................................82–198
4.1. History of Hydrology ...............................................................................................................82
4.2. The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................................................................................................83
4.3. Meteorological Data ................................................................................................................84
4.4. Hydrological Data ..................................................................................................................86
4.5. The Water Budget ...................................................................................................................87
4.6. Precipitation ............................................................................................................................87
4.7. Measurement of Rain Fall ......................................................................................................90
4.8. Raingauge Network.................................................................................................................93
4.9. Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data......................................................................................94
4.10. Computation of Average Rainfall Over a Basin ....................................................................96
4.11. Presentation of Rainfall Data ...............................................................................................101
4.12. Interpretation of Rainfall Data ............................................................................................102
4.13. Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) .............................................................................107
4.14. Losses or Abstractions from Precipitation ...........................................................................114
4.15. Evaporation ...........................................................................................................................115
4.16. Infiltration .............................................................................................................................120
4.17. Run-off ...................................................................................................................................124
4.18. Factors Affecting Run-off ......................................................................................................127
4.19. Computation of Run-off .........................................................................................................128
4.20. Hydrograph Analysis ...........................................................................................................139
4.21. Computation of Direct Run-off or Rain Fall Excess from Storm Hydrograph ...................143
4.22. Unit Hydrograph (UH) ..........................................................................................................143
4.23. S-Hydrograph (Summation Hydrograph) ............................................................................147