Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

747 Pages·2015·59.904 MB·English

by  Peter Waller, Muluneh Yitayew

Peter Waller
Muluneh Yitayew
Irrigation
and Drainage
Engineering
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

Peter Waller • Muluneh Yitayew
Irrigation and Drainage
Engineering
PeterWaller MulunehYitayew
AgriculturalandBiosystemsEngineering AgriculturalandBiosystemsEngineering
UniversityofArizona UniversityofArizona
Tucson,Arizona,USA Tucson,Arizona,USA
Additionalmaterial tothis bookcan bedownloaded from http://extras.springer.com
ISBN978-3-319-05698-2 ISBN978-3-319-05699-9 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-05699-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015955638
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Preface
Thisbookwaswrittenforthreesemester-longclasses:SoilandWaterResourcesEngineering,
IrrigationSystemsDesign,andAgriculturalDrainageandEffluentTreatment.Almostallthe
chapters are accompanied with Excel/VBA programs that enable students to understand as
well as apply the principles as practicing engineers. Homework problems focus on both the
Excel/VBAprogramsandmanualcalculations.
Thefirstsectionpresentsthefundamentalprinciplesofirrigationanddrainageengineering:
economics,soils,evapotranspiration,lateraldesign,mainlinedesign,pumps,groundwaterand
wells,andopenchannelflow.Westartedwitheconomicsbecausethatisbasisforanalysisof
anyagriculturalenterprise.Soilsandevapotranspirationarethefundamentaldesignvariables
in irrigation system design. The four fundamental components of irrigation systems are
coveredinthelastfivechapters.
The second section describes the design process for the following irrigation systems:
center pivot, turf sprinkler, wheel-line sprinkler, orchard sprinkler, landscape drip and
bubbler,agriculturalsubsurfacedrip,surface,greenhousehydroponic,andlow-headgravity
bubbler.TheExcel/VBAprogramsassociatedwiththissectionenablestudentstooptimize
systems with respect to crop growth, water savings, energy use economics, and environ-
mental impact. The programs help students bridge the gap between basic principles and
complexdesigns.
Thelastpartofthisbookfocusesontheuseofwetlandsandagricultureforwastetreatment,
subsurface drainage, and the WINDS model (Water-use, Irrigation, Nitrogen, Drainage, and
Salinity). The theoretical development in these chapters is focused on the algorithms in the
WINDSmodel,whichmodelsevapotranspirationandsimulatessalinity,nitrogen,andwater
transport in soil layers. Water and solutes are routed with the tipping bucket approach after
large storms and the Richards equation (energy differences)between infiltrationevents. The
nitrogen model simulates fertilization, mineralization, denitrification, and plant uptake. The
drainagealgorithmusestheKirkhamstreamtubeapproachaswellastheinteractionbetween
thewater table andthe vadosezone. Traditionaldrainage algorithmsused bythe USBRand
DRAINMODarealsopresentedwithanemphasisontheeconomicevaluationofalternative
drainagesystemsdesigns.
Agriculturalfoodproductionandwaterdemandareexpectedtobecriticaltothesurvival
ofagrowingglobalpopulation.Ourhopeisthatthisbookwillhelpstudentsandpracticing
engineers develop food production systems with limited water resources and limit the
environmental impacts of those systems. In this way, we can develop sustainable food
production systems to meet the needs of the growing population. Agricultural engineers
v
vi Preface
with problem solving and water management expertise will play an important role in the
comingdecades.
Tucson,AZ,USA PeterWaller
Tucson,AZ,USA MulunehYitayew
Acknowledgements
Wewouldliketoacknowledgethefollowingindividualsandorganizationsfortheirdirector
indirectcontributionsthroughtheirknowledge,research,anddevelopmentofmaterialsused
in this book: Donald Slack, Doug Hunsaker, Armando Barreto Munoz, Armando Uribe
Chavez, Eduardo Bautista, Julio Haberland, Curt Reynolds, Stephen Poe, Paul Colaizzi,
Alan Mathias, Robert Evans, W-128 Western Regional Research Committee on
Microirrigation,NaturalResourcesConservationService,AgriculturalResearchService.
Wewillliketoalsothankourstudentswhotookourcoursesthroughouttheyearsfortheir
feedback and the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department at the University of
Arizonaforencouragingustodevelopandfinishthisbook.
vii

Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
HistoryofIrrigationandSubsurfaceDrainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FoundationalPrinciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
IrrigationSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SprinklerIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
LandscapeIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
AgriculturalDripIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
SurfaceIrrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
HydroponicDripIrrigationSystems. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 15
Low-HeadBubblerIrrigation.. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . 15
BelowtheSurfaceoftheSoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
ContaminantsandWasteApplicationtoSoils.. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 16
TheWINDSModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
SubsurfaceDrainageSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
TheValueofWater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Questions. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 IrrigationEconomics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
CropWaterProductionFunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
EnvironmentalCost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
TransferringaCWPFfromOneClimaticZonetoAnother. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CombinedEstimationofCropYield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
IrrigationUniformityandEconomics.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 23
EngineeringEconomicAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CashFlowDiagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
CustomerRelationsandSales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Questions. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 SoilPhysics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
SoilDevelopmentandLayering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
SoilTexture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
SoilStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
RootZone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Soil-WaterRelationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
CharacterizationofSoilLayers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
MohallSeries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Infiltration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
SoilMoistureSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Questions. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
ReferencesandResources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ix