Iron and steel PDF
Preview Iron and steel
IronandSteel Moderncivilizationasweknowitwouldnotbepossiblewithoutironand steel.Steelisessentialinthemachinerynecessaryforthemanufactureof allourneeds.Eventhewordsthemselveshavecometosuggeststrength. Phrasessuchasironwilled,ironfisted,ironclad,ironcurtain,andpumping ironimplystrength.Asteelyglanceisasternlook.Aheartofsteelrefersto averyharddemeanor.TheRussiandictatorStalin(whichmeans“steel” inRussian)chosethenametoinvokefearinhissubordinates.Thisbook isintendedbothasaresourceforengineersandasanintroductiontothe layman about our most important metal system. After an introduction that deals with the history and refining of iron and steel, the rest of the bookexaminestheirphysicalpropertiesandmetallurgy. William F. Hosford is Professor Emeritus of Materials Science at the UniversityofMichigan.Heistheauthorofnumerousresearchpublica- tions and the following books: The Mechanics of Crystals and Textured Polycrystals (1993); Physical Metallurgy (2005); Materials Science: An Intermediate Text (2007); Materials for Engineers (2008); Reporting Results: A Practical Guide for Scientists and Engineers with David C. VanAken(2008);MechanicalBehaviorofMaterials,2ndedition(2009); Wilderness Canoe Tripping (2009); Solid Mechanics (2010); Physical Metallurgy,2ndedition(2010);andMetalForming:MechanicsandMet- allurgy,4thedition,withRobertM.Caddell(2011). IRON AND STEEL William F. Hosford UniversityofMichigan cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107017986 (cid:2)C WilliamF.Hosford2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Hosford,WilliamF. Ironandsteel/WilliamF.Hosford. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-107-01798-6(hardback) 1.Iron–History. 2.Steel–History. 3.Iron–Metallurgy. 4.Steel–Metallurgy. I.Title. TN703.H67 2012 669′.1–dc23 2011037262 ISBN978-1-107-01798-6Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLs forexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Preface pagexi 1 GeneralIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Nomenclature 1 Phases 2 Production 3 2 EarlyHistoryofIronandSteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 NativeIron 4 WroughtIron 6 Steel 8 References 10 3 ModernSteelMaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 BlastFurnace 11 Coke 13 BessemerSteel-MakingProcess 13 Open-HearthSteel-MakingProcess 15 BasicOxygenFurnace 16 ElectricArcProcess 18 FurnaceLiningsandSlags 19 Casting 20 HotRolling 21 ColdRolling 22 Recycling 22 References 24 v vi Contents 4 ConstitutionofCarbonSteels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 MicrostructuresofCarbonSteels 25 PearliteFormation 30 References 34 5 PlasticStrength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 DislocationDensity 35 StrainHardening 35 GrainSize 37 SoluteEffects 39 TemperatureDependence 39 Hardness 40 Strain-RateDependenceofFlowStress 40 CombinedEffectsofTemperatureandStrainRate 46 Superplasticity 49 StrengthDifferentialEffect 49 References 50 6 Annealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 General 51 Recovery 51 ReliefofResidualStresses 54 Recrystallization 54 GrainGrowth 58 References 65 7 DeformationMechanismsandCrystallographicTextures. . . . . . .66 SlipandTwinningSystems 66 WireTexturesinbccMetals 66 RollingTexture 71 CompressionTexture 72 RecrystallizationTextures 77 References 79 8 SubstitutionalSolidSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 PhaseDiagrams 80 TernaryPhaseDiagrams 80 EffectsofSolutesontheEutectoidTransformation 80 EffectofSolutesonPhysicalProperties 81 SolidSolutionHardening 81 Carbide-FormingTendencies 88 Contents vii SoluteSegregationtoGrainBoundaries 89 References 89 9 InterstitialSolidSolutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 AtomicDiameters 90 LatticeSitesforInterstitials 90 LatticeExpansionwithC,N 92 SolubilityofCarbonandNitrogen 93 SnoekEffectinbccMetals 95 References 97 10 Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 General 98 MechanismsofDiffusion 99 DiffusionofInterstitials 102 References 103 11 StrainAging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 YieldingandLu¨dersBands 104 StrainAging 105 DynamicStrainAging 109 References 112 12 AusteniteTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 KineticsofAustenization 113 PearliteFormation 113 IsothermalTransformation 120 Bainite 123 ContinuousCoolingDiagrams 123 Martensite 125 RetainedAustenite 126 TransformationtoMartensite 128 MartensiteTypes 132 SpecialHeatTreatments 133 Miscellany 135 References 136 13 Hardenability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 JominyEnd-QuenchTest 137 HardenabilityBands 140 IdealDiameterCalculations 142 viii Contents Boron 146 Miscellany 149 References 149 14 TemperingandSurfaceHardening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Tempering 150 SecondaryHardening 156 TemperEmbrittlement 157 Carburizing 158 CarburizingKinetics 159 KineticsofDecarburization 162 Carboaustempering 163 Nitriding 163 Carbonitriding 164 CaseHardeningWithoutCompositionChange 165 FurnaceAtmospheres 165 References 165 15 Low-CarbonSheetSteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 SheetSteels 167 Strength 168 GradesofLow-CarbonSteel 168 WeatheringSteel 174 HeatingDuringDeformation 174 Taylor-WeldedBlanks 175 SpecialSheets 176 SurfaceTreatment 177 SpecialConcerns 178 References 178 16 SheetSteelFormability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 AnisotropicYielding 182 EffectofStrainHardeningontheYieldLocus 186 DeepDrawing 187 Stamping 189 FormingLimits 191 References 193 17 AlloySteels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 DesignationSystem 195 EffectofAlloyingElements 195 Contents ix Applications 197 References 197 18 OtherSteels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 HadfieldAusteniticManganeseSteel 198 MaragingSteels 198 ToolSteels 199 HeatTreatmentofToolSteels 201 NoteofInterest 202 References 204 19 StainlessSteels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 GeneralCorrosionResistance 205 FerriticStainlessSteels 205 MartensiticStainlessSteels 208 AusteniticStainlessSteels 209 OtherStainlessSteels 212 Sensitization 214 OxidationResistance 216 References 217 20 Fracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 DuctileFracture 218 BrittleFracture 222 TransitionTemperature 226 LiquidMetalEmbrittlement 227 HydrogenEmbrittlement 227 Fatigue 229 References 233 21 CastIrons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 Production 234 General 234 WhiteIrons 237 GrayIrons 237 CompactGraphiteIron 242 DuctileCastIron 244 MalleableCastIron 244 Matrices 246 AustemperingofCastIrons 250 x Contents DampingCapacity 254 References 255 22 MagneticBehaviorofIron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 General 256 Ferromagnetism 257 MagnetostaticEnergy 261 MagnetocrystallineEnergy 262 Magnetostriction 262 PhysicalUnits 263 TheB-HCurve 264 BlochWalls 266 SoftVersusHardMagneticMaterials 266 SoftMagneticMaterials 266 SiliconSteel 270 HardMagneticMaterials 272 Summary 274 References 275 23 Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 CorrosionCells 276 PolarizationandPassivity 279 PourbaixDiagram 283 TypesofCorrosion 284 CorrosionControl 285 Rust 287 DirectOxidation 287 References 289 AppendixI:PhysicalPropertiesofPureIron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 AppendixII:ApproximateHardnessConversions andTensileStrengthsofSteels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Index 295
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