IRIX™ Admin

253 Pages·2001·0.72 MB·English

IRIX™ Admin: Disks and Filesystems
Document Number 007-2825-001
CONTRIBUTORS
Written by Susan Ellis
Illustrated by Dany Galgani
Production by Gloria Ackley
Cover design and illustration by Rob Aguilar, Rikk Carey, Dean Hodgkinson,
Erik Lindholm, and Kay Maitz
© Copyright 1996, Silicon Graphics, Inc.— All Rights Reserved
The contents of this document may not be copied or duplicated in any form, in whole
or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc.
RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND
Use, duplication, or disclosure of the technical data contained in this document by
the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivision (c) (1) (ii) of the
Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 52.227-7013
and/or in similar or successor clauses in the FAR, or in the DOD or NASA FAR
Supplement. Unpublished rights reserved under the Copyright Laws of the United
States. Contractor/manufacturer is Silicon Graphics, Inc., 2011 N. Shoreline Blvd.,
Mountain View, CA 94043-1389.
Silicon Graphics, the Silicon Graphics logo, and IRIS are registered trademarks, and
IRIX, XFS, Extent File System, Indy, CHALLENGE, IRIS InSight, and REACT are
trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United
States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company, Ltd.
Network License System and NetLS is trademarks of Apollo Computer, Inc., a
subsidiary of Hewlett-Packard Company. NFS is a registered trademark of Sun
Microsystems. NetWorker is a registered trademark of Legato Systems, Inc.
EXABTYE is a trademark of EXABTYE Corporation.
IRIX™ Admin: Disks and Filesystems
Document Number 007-2825-001
Contents
List of Examples xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xv
IRIX Admin Manual Set xvii
About This Guide xix
What This Guide Contains xix
Conventions Used in This Guide xxi
How to Use This Guide xxii
Product Support xxiii
Additional Resources xxiii
1. Disk Concepts 1
Disk Drives Supported by IRIX 1
Physical Disk Structure 3
Disk Partitions 4
System Disks, Option Disks, and Partition Layouts 6
Partition Types 11
Volume Headers 12
Device Files 14
Block and Character Devices 15
Device Permissions and Owner 16
Major and Minor Devices 16
Device Names 16
iii
Contents
2. Performing Disk Administration Procedures 19
Listing the Disks on a System Withhinv 20
Formatting and Initializing a Disk Withfx 21
Adding Files to the Volume Header Withdvhtool 22
Removing Files in the Volume Header Withdvhtool 24
Displaying a Disk’s Partitions Withprtvtoc 25
Repartitioning a Disk Withxdkm 27
Repartitioning a Disk Withfx 27
Before Repartitioning 27
Invokingfx From the Command Monitor 28
Invokingfx From IRIX 30
Creating Standard Partition Layouts 31
Creating Custom Partition Layouts 32
After Repartitioning 36
Creating Device Files WithMAKEDEV 36
Creating Device Files Withmknod 37
Creating Mnemonic Names for Device Files Withln 38
Creating a System Disk From the PROM Monitor 38
Creating a New System Disk From IRIX 44
Creating a New System Disk by Cloning 48
Adding a New Option Disk 50
Adding a Disk on an Integral SCSI Controller 51
Adding a Disk on a Non-Integral SCSI Controller or a VME Controller 52
3. Filesystem Concepts 53
IRIX Directory Organization 54
General Filesystem Concepts 56
Inodes 58
Types of Files 59
Hard Links and Symbolic Links 59
Filesystem Names 61
EFS Filesystems 61
iv
Contents
XFS Filesystems 63
Network File Systems (NFS) 64
Cache File Systems (CacheFS) 65
/proc Filesystem 65
Filesystem Creation 66
Filesystem Mounting and Unmounting 66
Filesystem Checking 68
Filesystem Reorganization 69
Filesystem Administration From the Miniroot 69
How to Add Filesystem Space 70
Mount a Filesystem as a Subdirectory 70
“Steal” Space From Another Filesystem 70
Grow a Filesystem Onto Another Disk 71
Disk Quotas 71
Filesystem Corruption 72
4. Creating and Growing Filesystems 75
Planning for XFS Filesystems 75
Prerequisite Software 75
Choosing the Filesystem Block Size and Extent Size 76
Choosing the Log Type and Size 77
Checking for Adequate Free Disk Space 78
Disk Repartitioning 80
Dump and Restore Requirements 81
Making an XFS Filesystem 82
Making an EFS Filesystem 84
Making a Filesystem Frominst 85
Growing an XFS Filesystem Onto Another Disk 86
Growing an EFS Filesystem Onto Another Disk 87
Converting Filesystems on the System Disk From EFS to XFS 89
Converting a Filesystem on an Option Disk From EFS to XFS 96
v
Contents
5. Maintaining Filesystems 99
Routine Filesystem Administration Tasks 99
Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems 100
Manually Mounting Filesystems 100
Mounting Filesystems Automatically With the/etc/fstab File 101
Mounting a Remote Filesystem Automatically 103
Unmounting Filesystems 103
Managing Disk Space 104
Monitoring Free Space and Free Inodes 105
Monitoring Key Files and Directories 106
Cleaning Out Temporary Directories 107
Locating Unused Files 108
Identifying Accounts That Use Large Amounts of Disk Space 110
Running Out of Space in the Root Filesystem 112
Imposing Disk Quotas 113
Monitoring Disk Quotas 114
Copying XFS Filesystems Withxfs_copy 114
Checking EFS Filesystem Consistency Withfsck 115
Checking Unmounted Filesystems 115
Checking Mounted Filesystems 116
Checking XFS Filesystem Consistency Withxfs_check 117
6. Logical Volume Concepts 119
Introduction to Logical Volumes 120
vi
Contents
XLV Logical Volumes 122
Composition of Logical Volumes 123
Volumes 125
Subvolumes 126
Plexes 127
Volume Elements 130
XLV Logical Volume Names 133
XLV Daemons 133
XLV Error Policy 134
XLV Logical Volume Planning 134
Don’t Use XLV When ... 134
Decide Which Subvolumes to Use 134
Choose Subvolume Sizes 135
To Plex or Not to Plex? 135
To Stripe or Not to Stripe? 136
Concatenate Disk Partitions or Not? 136
Real-Time Subvolumes 137
Files on the Real-Time Subvolume and Commands 137
File Creation on the Real-Time Subvolume 137
Guaranteed-Rate I/O and the Real-Time Subvolume 138
lv Logical Volumes 138
7. Creating and Administering XLV Logical Volumes 141
Verifying That Plexing Is Supported 141
Creating Volume Objects Withxlv_make 142
Example 1: A Simple Logical Volume 142
Example 2: A Striped, Plexed Logical Volume 145
Example 3: A Plexed Logical Volume for an XFS Filesystem With an External Log
146
Displaying Logical Volume Objects 148
Adding a Volume Element to a Plex (Growing a Logical Volume) 149
Adding a Plex to a Logical Volume 150
vii
Contents
Detaching a Plex From a Logical Volume 153
Deleting an XLV Object 154
Removing and Mounting a Plex 155
Creating Plexed Logical Volumes for Root 158
Booting the System Off an Alternate Plex 160
CHALLENGE L, CHALLENGE XL, and CHALLENGE DM 160
All Other Models 160
Configuring the System for More Than Ten XLV Logical Volumes 162
Convertinglv Logical Volumes to XLV Logical Volumes 163
Creating a Record of XLV Logical Volume Configurations 164
8. Creating and Administeringlv Logical Volumes 167
Creating Entries in the/etc/lvtab File 168
Creating New Logical Volume Withmklv 169
Checking Logical Volumes Withlvck 170
Creating a Logical Volume and a Filesystem on Newly Added Disks 171
Increasing the Size of a Logical Volume 173
Shrinking a Logical Volume 174
9. System Administration for Guaranteed-Rate I/O 175
Guaranteed-Rate I/O Overview 176
GRIO Guarantee Types 178
Hard and Soft Guarantees 179
Per-File and Per-Filesystem Guarantees 179
Private and Shared Guarantees 179
Rotor and Non-Rotor Guarantees 180
An Example Comparing Rotor and Non-Rotor Guarantees 180
Real-Time Scheduling, Deadline Scheduling, and Nonscheduled Reservations 181
GRIO System Components 182
Hardware Configuration Requirements for GRIO 183
Configuring a System for GRIO 185
viii
Contents
Additional Procedures for GRIO 188
Disabling Disk Error Recovery 188
Restarting theggd Daemon 191
Modifying/etc/grio_config 191
Runningggd as a Real-time Process 192
GRIO File Formats 192
/etc/grio_config File Format 193
/etc/grio_disks File Format 196
/etc/config/ggd.options File Format 198
A. Repairing EFS Filesystem ProblemsWithfsck 199
Initialization Phase 200
General Errors 201
Phase 1 Check Blocks and Sizes 201
Phase 1 Error Messages 201
Phase 1 Responses 204
Phase 1B Rescan for More Bad Dups 204
Phase 2 Check Pathnames 205
Phase 2 Error Messages 205
Phase 2 Responses 207
Phase 3 Check Connectivity 207
Phase 3 Error Messages 208
Phase 3 Responses 209
Phase 4 Check Reference Counts 209
Phase 4 Error Messages 210
Phase 4 Responses 212
Phase 5 Check Free List 213
Phase 5 Error Messages 213
Phase 5 Responses 214
Phase 6 Salvage Free List 214
Cleanup Phase 214
Cleanup Phase Messages 215
Index 217
ix