IRIX Admin: Networking and Mail

356 Pages·2005·2.18 MB·English

IRIX® Admin:
Networking and Mail
007-2860-012
CONTRIBUTORS
Written by Arthur Evans and Jeffrey B. Zurschmeide
Updated by Pam Sogard, Helen Vanderberg, Bob Bernard, Terry Schultz, Julie Boney,
and Ken Jones
Production by Karen Jacobson and Ken Jones
Engineering contributions by Michel Bourget, Scott Henry, Carlin Otto, Kam Kashani, Chris
Wagner, Paul Mielke, Robert Stephens, Joe Yetter, Gretchen Helms, John Schimmel, Robert
Mende, Vernon Schryver, Michael Nelson, and Landon Noll
Illustrations by Dany Galgani
COPYRIGHT
©1996—2005SiliconGraphics,Inc.Allrightsreserved;providedportionsmaybecopyrightin
third parties, as indicated elsewhere herein. No permission is granted to copy, distribute, or
create derivative works from the contents of this electronic documentation in any manner, in
whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc.
LIMITED RIGHTS LEGEND
The software described in this document is “commercial computer software” provided with
restricted rights (except as to included open/free source) as specified in the FAR 52.227-19
and/ortheDFAR227.7202,orsuccessivesections.Usebeyondlicenseprovisionsisaviolation
of worldwide intellectual property laws, treaties and conventions. This document is provided
with limited rights as defined in 52.227-14.
TRADEMARKS AND ATTRIBUTIONS
Silicon Graphics, SGI, the SGI logo, Challenge, IRIS, IRIX, Onyx, and Origin are registered
trademarks and 4DDN, 4DLT, FDDI Visualyzer, IRIX NetWorker, IRIS 4D, and NetVisualyzer
aretrademarksofSiliconGraphics,Inc.,intheUnitedStatesand/orothercountriesworldwide.
DSIisatrademarkofDigicomSystems,Inc.FLEXlmisatrademarkofGLOBEtrotterSoftware,
Inc. Hayes is a registered trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. IBM 3270 is a
trademark of International Business Machines, Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel
Corporation.MacintoshisaregisteredtrademarkofAppleComputerCorporation.MS-DOSis
aregisteredtrademarkofMicrosoftCorporation.SunandRPCareregisteredtrademarksofSun
Microsystems,Inc.TektronixisatrademarkofTektronix,Inc.Telebitisaregisteredtrademark
of Telebit Corporation. Robotics is a registered trademark of U. S. Robotics, Inc. UNIX and X
Window System are registered trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other
countries. ZyXEL is a trademark of ZyXEL.
What’s New in This Guide
ThisrewriteoftheIRIXAdminNetworkingandMailguideincludesthefollowingchanges:
• Updated section “Setting Up an Anonymous FTP Account” in Chapter3.
• Miscellaneous corrections
007-2860-012 iii

Record of Revision
Version Description
006 February 2000
Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.7 release.
007 February 2002
Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.15 release.
008 February 2003
Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.19 release.
009 Novembor 2003
Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.22 release.
010 February 2004
Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.23 release.
011 May 2004
Incorporates information for the IRIX 6.5.24 release.
012 October 2005
Miscellaneous corrections.
007-2860-012 v

Contents
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi
What This Guide Contains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Conventions Used in This Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Obtaining Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii
Reader Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii
1. About Networking Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Networking Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Basic Network Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Networking Hardware Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Controller Interface Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Networking Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Optional Networking Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Planning a Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Planning the Physical Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
About Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, and Gateways . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
About Network Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
About Wide Area Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Internet Protocol Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Format of Internet Protocol (IP) Version 4 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Obtaining a Network Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Required Information for Obtaining an Internet Address . . . . . . . . . . 18
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Contents
Internet Protocol Version 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
IPv6 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
IPv6 Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Format of Internet Protocol IP Version 6 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . .21
IPv6 Header Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Installing and Configuring IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Domain Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Obtaining a Domain Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
About Subdomains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
About Internet Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Before Connecting to the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
About Local Network Information Centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Online Information Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
About Name-to-Address Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
/etc/hosts Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Domain Name System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Network Information Service (NIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Guidelines for a Subnetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
IP Address Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
About Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Common Network Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
About Electronic Mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
About Network File System (NFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3. Setting Up a Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Configuring a System for a Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Attaching Your Station to an Ethernet Network . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Checking Your Ethernet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Checking the Network Software Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
About the Hosts Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Modifying the Hosts Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Naming Your Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Testing Your Network Connectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
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Contents
Setting Up a Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Configuring a Router With Two Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Configuring a Router With More Than Two Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Configuring Routing Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Turning On Multicast Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
About Multicast Packets Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Setting Up Tunnels to Support Multicast Packets. . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Updating /etc/rpc for NIS Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Subnetting a Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Setting the Netmask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Rebooting the Station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Modifying the Network Interface Configuration With the /etc/config/netif.options File . . 56
Modifying the Interface Name in the /etc/config/netif.options File . . . . . . . 58
Modifying the Interface Address in the /etc/config/netif.options File . . . . . . 59
Assigning IP Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Changing Network Parameters in the ifconfig-#.options File . . . . . . . . . . 62
Configuring /etc/gateways Files for Networks That Do Not Support Broadcast or Multicast . 64
/etc/gateways File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Examples of /etc/gateways Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Configuring Multiple Network Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Dynamic Host Configuration With Proclaim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
DHCP Server Basic Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Configuring the DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Configuring the DHCP Relay Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Setting up the DHCP Proclaim Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Limitations of DHCP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Creating a Local Network Script. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Turning On Remote Access Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Setting Up Network-Wide Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Setting Up an Anonymous FTP Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Setting Up a Password-Protected FTP Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
About InfoSearch File Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Setting up Time Synchronization Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
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Contents
Accessing Network Services through Internet Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Reserving Resources With RSVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Installing RSVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Troubleshooting RSVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Troubleshooting Your Ethernet Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Troubleshooting Cable Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Troubleshooting Late-Collision Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Troubleshooting Packet Size Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Troubleshooting Server Contact Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Checking Additional Network Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Configuring a Dual-port Gigabit Ethernet Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
How To Change Your Primary Network Interface . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4. Introducing Network Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Resources for Network Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
About Network Management Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
About Network Startup and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Network Initialization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Network Shutdown Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Network Management Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Interpreting Network Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Testing Network Connectivity With ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Measuring Network Throughput With ttcp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Collecting Network Statistics With netstat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Network Tuning Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
About Setting MTU Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
About Setting Packet Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
About Setting Window Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
HTTP Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
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