Iraqi Kurdistan’s Statehood Aspirations: A Political Economy Approach

166 Pages·2019·2.08 MB·English

by  Anwar Anaid

IRAQI
KURDISTAN’S
STATEHOOD
ASPIRATIONS
A Political Economy Approach
MET ANWAR ANAID
EMEL ELIF TUGDAR
Middle East
Today
Middle East Today
Series Editors
Fawaz A. Gerges
Department of International Relations
London School of Economics
London, UK
Nader Hashemi
Center for Middle East Studies
University of Denver
Highlands Ranch, CO, USA
The Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, and
the US invasion and occupation of Iraq have dramatically altered the
geopolitical landscape of the contemporary Middle East. The Arab
Spring uprisings have complicated this picture. This series puts forward
a critical body of first-rate scholarship that reflects the current political
and social realities of the region, focusing on original research about
contentious politics and social movements; political institutions; the role
played by non-governmental organizations such as Hamas, Hezbollah,
and the Muslim Brotherhood; and the Israeli-Palestine conflict. Other
themes of interest include Iran and Turkey as emerging pre-eminent
powers in the region, the former an ‘Islamic Republic’ and the latter an
emerging democracy currently governed by a party with Islamic roots;
the Gulf monarchies, their petrol economies and regional ambitions;
potential problems of nuclear proliferation in the region; and the chal-
lenges confronting the United States, Europe, and the United Nations in
the greater Middle East. The focus of the series is on general topics such
as social turmoil, war and revolution, international relations, occupation,
radicalism, democracy, human rights, and Islam as a political force in the
context of the modern Middle East.
More information about this series at
http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14803
Anwar Anaid · Emel Elif Tugdar
Editors
Iraqi Kurdistan’s
Statehood Aspirations
A Political Economy Approach
Editors
Anwar Anaid Emel Elif Tugdar
Department of Politics and Department of Politics and
International Relations International Relations
University of Kurdistan Hewler University of Kurdistan Hewler
Erbil, Iraq Erbil, Iraq
Middle East Today
ISBN 978-3-319-93419-8 ISBN 978-3-319-93420-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93420-4
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C
ontents
1 Introduction 1
Anwar Anaid and Emel Elif Tugdar
Part I Theoretical Framework of Political Economy
in Iraqi Kurdistan
2 The Nature of Political Economy Challenges
of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq 9
Anwar Anaid
3 Compatibility of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s
Institutions and Economic Development Within Iraq 27
Fahrettin Sümer and Jay Joseph
Part II Sectorial and External Approaches to Political
Economy in Kurdistan Region
4 Perspectives of an Independent Energy Export Policy
of Iraqi Kurdistan 57
Gülistan Gürbey and Caner Yildirim
v
vi CONTENTS
5 Technology Management and Policy of Kurdistan
Region of Iraq 87
Nabaz Khayyat
6 Kurdistan’s Democratic Developments Amid a Rentier
Oil Economy 99
Ari Mamshae
7 Public Sector Reforms in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq:
Tackling the Socially Constructed Barriers to Change 125
Jay Joseph and Fahrettin Sümer
8 Conclusion 155
Anwar Anaid and Emel Elif Tugdar
Index 161
n C
otes on ontributors
Anwar Anaid holds the position of Associate Professor and Dean of
School of Social Science at the University of Kurdistan Hawler. He holds
a Ph.D. from the University of Sydney (Australia) in Government and
International Relations and B.A. (Hons) majoring in Politics and IR
with a second major in Economics from the University of New South
Wales (Australia). His research agenda has a focus on political economy
of Middle East.
Gülistan Gürbey is Adjunct Professor of Political Science, Freie
Universität Berlin, Germany. Her main research interest lies in the areas
of peace and conflict studies, international protection of minorities, de
facto states, illiberal democracies and foreign policy with special regional
focus on Turkey, Kurdistan, Cyprus, Germany, European Union. She
is the author of several books and articles on Kurdish politics, Turkish
domestic and foreign policy, and the Cyprus conflict. She is the co-ed-
itor of Between State and Non-state. Politics and Society in Kurdistan-
Iraq and Palestine. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2017; (with Ferhad
Ibrahim) of The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Obstacles and Chances
for Peace and Democracy. New York/Frankfurt: St. Martin’s Press
and LIT Verlag, 2000. Among her recent publications are: “Kurds in
Turkey”, in: The Kurds: An encyclopedia, ABC Clio USA, forthcoming;
“The effects of the Islamist advance in Iraq on the Kurds”. In Orient.
German Journal for Politics, Economics and Culture of the Middle East,
Berlin, 2014; “The Role of Turkey: Secular Statehood and Islam”.
vii
viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
In Governance in the 21st Century. Conflict, Institutional Change, and
Development in the Era of Globalization. Northampton. Massachusetts:
Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011; “The Urgency of Post-nationalist
Perspectives: ‘Turkey for the Turks’ or an Open Society? On the Kurdish
Conflict”. In Turkey Beyond Nationalism. Towards Post-Nationalist
Identities. London/New York: I.B. Tauris 2006.
Jay Joseph is an Assistant Professor at the American University of
Beirut, specializing in corporate sustainability and entrepreneurship. He
is a Master’s in Business graduate from Victoria University of Wellington,
and Ph.D. graduate from the University of South Australia (2017).
Jay has published in change management and leadership, and is pur-
suing several projects concerning corporate sustainability in Australia,
and NGO entrepreneurial support in the Middle East. While working
as a Lecturer at the University of Kurdistan Hewlêr in 2017–2018, Jay
worked on topics concerning broader economic issues within Kurdistan,
which included the conceptualization of economic scenarios follow-
ing the 2017 independence referendum (The British Journal of Middle
Eastern Studies) and labor reforms required to restore the public sector
balance sheet (CRIS Magazine). He currently works with NGOs oper-
ating in the MENA region to evaluate and enhance funding models to
support small businesses; particularly those in post-conflict regions.
Nabaz T. Khayyat is an Engineering Economist, an Assistant Professor
of Economics, and Chair of the Department of Economics and Finance
(University of Kurdistan Hewler-Kurdistan Business School), and a
Dissertation Advisor and a member of External Faculty at the University
of Liverpool, School of Business, UK. Dr. Nabaz has received two
Ph.D.s, first in economics, from Swiss Management University, Zurich,
Switzerland, and a second Ph.D. with an M.Sc. in IT Engineering from
Seoul National University, College of Engineering, South Korea. In his
first Ph.D. thesis, he developed a new model to determine the energy
demand in the industrial sector for South Korea using a relatively new
methodology in the production risk literature. His second Ph.D. Thesis
identified the causal relationship between ICT investment and energy use
and its impact on productivity in the industrial sector. Where he devel-
oped a new productivity model by adding ICT capital as a quasi-fixed
factor of production using again a relatively new methodology called a
dynamic factor demand model.
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ix
Ari Mamshae has an M.A. degree in Public Policy at the Blavatnik
School of Government of University of Oxford and another M.A. in
International Studies from the University of Kurdistan Hewler, where
he also studied his bachelors in Politics and International Relations. Ari
Mamshae has been an executive staffer of President of Kurdistan Region
Masoud Barzani since 2012. He is also a frequent op-ed contributor
to Kurdish media outlets, covering international relations, politics, and
governance issues. He has been cited by Reuters, Washington Post, the
Independent, al-Jazeera, amongst others. His research interest includes
the political economy of natural resources and democracy in Kurdistan
Region of Iraq.
Fahrettin Sümer is a faculty member at the American University of
Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS). He earned his first M.A. degree in Political
Science from Rutgers University and his second M.A. in Economics from
the Moore School of Business of the University of South Carolina. In
2003 he completed his Ph.D. in International Studies, also from the
University of South Carolina. He has published several articles, a book
chapter, and a book titled The Neglected Impact of Non-Economic Factors
on the Development of Financial Crises and Governmental Responses: The
Mexican and Malaysian Cases of the 1990s. He taught multiple inter-
national studies and economics courses in South Carolina and Virginia
before joining AUIS in 2012. His research interests include: causes
and implications of globalization, financial crises and governmental
responses, international political economy, Turkey and the EU, and Iraq
and its neighborhood.
Emel Elif Tugdar holds the position of Visiting Scholar in the Studies
for Women, Gender and Sexuality at Harvard University. She holds
a Ph.D. in Political Science from West Virginia University (USA).
Her research agenda includes ethno-politics, human rights, politics
of gender with a major focus on Middle East, specifically Turkey and
Iraqi Kurdistan. She is the editor of another Palgrave edited volume
Comparative Kurdish Politics in Middle East: Actors, Ideas and Interests.
Caner Yildirim is a graduate student in Otto-Suhr Institute for Political
Science at Freie Universität Berlin. His research agenda has a focus on
Kurdish politics.