Iran and the CIA: The Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited PDF
Preview Iran and the CIA: The Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited
Iran and the CIA The Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited Darioush Bayandor Iran and the CIA This page intentionally left blank Iran and the CIA The Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited Darioush Bayandor ©DarioushBayandor2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-57927-9 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2010by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-36788-7 ISBN 978-0-230-27730-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230277304 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 For my grandchildren Max, Tara, Angelika and Arthur; hoping this book may serve them as a bridge to their roots History, unresolved, can be a heavy weight President Barack Obama Contents ListofIllustrations x Acknowledgements xii Preface xiv Introduction 1 Howthestoryevolved 3 HowdidamythabouttheCIAroledevelopandprevail? 5 WhydidtheCIAfilesremainunclassified? 9 1 TheContext 11 ForeigninfluenceasaprimemoverinIranianpolitics 12 TheTudehParty 13 TheAzerbaijanCrisis,1945–46 14 ShahMohammad-RezaPahlavi 16 TheUlamaasasocio-politicalforce 18 AyatollahSeyyedAbol’qassemKashani:theprecursor ofclericalactivism 20 Razmara:preludetotheoilnationalizationcrisis 22 2 TheAdventofMosaddeqandtheOilCrisis 27 TheriseoftheNationalFront 27 ThenominationofMosaddeq 29 DoctorMohammadMosaddeq:asketch 31 TheinitialBritishreactiontooilnationalization 33 TheearlyAmericanattitudetotheoildispute 35 Politicalline-upsinTehran 39 Earlyconductoftheoildispute 40 TheBritishcomplainttotheSecurityCouncil 43 TheWashingtonoiltalks 44 TheWorldBankproposal 48 Earlyforebodings 50 vii viii Contents 3 Mosaddeq’sSecondGovernment,July1952to August1953 52 TheQavamhiatusandtheSiy’eTyrpopularuprising (21July1952) 54 RiftamongMosaddeqsupporters 57 Awedgetobreaktheoillog-jam:theTruman-Churchill jointoffer 59 Mosaddeq’sreformsandthetheoryoflegitimacy 62 TheBritishtwo-prongedstrategy:subversionand engagement 64 Thecoverttrack 65 Theengagementtrack 68 DiplomaticrelationswithBritainarebrokenoff 69 Finalattemptstoresolvetheoildispute 70 AdayforgottenintheIraniancollectivememory 72 4 TheDownslide 74 Theclashatthehelm;theFebruary1953jumble 75 TheGrandAyatollahBoroujerdi:aretrospectivesketch 78 GeneralFazlollahZahedi 81 Internalconspiracies 82 Theabductionofthepolicechief 84 Thelink-up:TPAJAXandtheinternalcabal 84 Thesummerofalldangers 87 ThetamingoftheShah 89 ThefailureoftheTPAJAXcoup 94 5 TheDownfall 98 Thegatheringstorm,16–18August1953 99 Thebacklash:eventsleadingtothefallofMosaddeqon 19August 105 MonitoringbytheUSEmbassy 110 Thefinalhours 111 ThemilitaryfactorinthefallofMosaddeq 113 TPAJAXmilitaryplanningandtheroleofIranianofficers 115 6 TheAnatomyof19August 118 CIAstationactivisminTehran,16–19August 123 TheroleofIranianagents 125 SurpriseinWashington 131 AmbassadorHenderson’slastmeetingwithMosaddeq 133 TheCIAmoney 136 Contents ix AnorphanBritishsecretdocument 140 AnalysisoftheBritishsecretdocument 141 Acoupd’état,apopularuprisingorsomethingelse? 144 7 WhereDidtheSparkComeFrom? 147 Themissinglink:theBoroujerdifactor 150 8 SummaryandConclusions 155 Powerstructureandinternaldynamicsintheearly1950s 155 Mosaddeq’srule 158 Thehandlingoftheoilcrisisandstalemate 161 Externalandinternalconspiracies 162 TheTPAJAXcoupanditsaftermath 165 Theinvolvementofulama 172 ThecausesofMosaddeq’sdefeat 173 Notes 176 DirectSourcesoftheStudy 234 Index 238
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